Specifications, reports and tenders - Estimation, Costing and Valuation Engineering

SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
An Autonomous Institutions
Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ & ‘A+’Grade
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COURSE NAME:
CE8701 - ESTIMATION, COSTING AND VALUATION ENGINEERING
IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER
Unit III: SPECIFICATIONS, REPORTS AND TENDERS
Topic 1 : SPECIFICATIONS

12/4/2020
UNIT III - SPECIFICATIONS, REPORTS AND TENDERS
SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil
Specifications – Detailed and general specifications – Constructions –
Sources – Types of specifications – Principles for report preparation –
report on estimate of residential building – Culvert – Roads – TTT Act 2000
– Tender notices – types – tender procedures – Drafting model tenders , E-
tendering-Digital signature certificates- Encrypting -Decrypting – Reverse
auctions.
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Specification
.
Specifications describe the nature and the class of the work,
materials to be used in the work, workmanship etc. and is very
important for the execution of the work.
The cost of a work depends much on the specifications.
Specifications should be clear.
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Purpose of Specification
The cost of an unit quantity of work is governed by its specifications.
To describe the quality and quantity of different materials required for a
construction work
It’s one of the essential contract documents.
Specifies the workmanship and the method of doing the work.
 It’s serves as a guide to a supervising staff of a contractor as well as to
the owner to execute the work to their satisfaction.
Work is carried out according to its specification and the contractor is
paid for the same.
Any change in specification changes the tendered rate.
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Purpose of Specification
.
As the rate of work is based on the specification.
A contractor can calculate the rates of various items of works in tender
with his procurement rates of materials and labour.
Tender rate without specification of works is baseless, incomplete and
invalid.
Necessary to specify the equipment tools and plants to be engaged for a
work and thus enables to procure them beforehand.
To verify and check the strength of materials for a work involved in a
project.
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Types of Specification
General
Specifications
Detailed
Specifications
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General Specification
In general specifications, nature and class of works and names of
materials that should be used are described.
Only a brief description of each and every item is given.
It is useful for estimating the project.
The general specifications do not
form a part of contract document.
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Detailed Specifications
The detailed specifications form a part of a contract document.
They specify the qualities, quantities and proportions of materials and
the method of preparation and execution for a particular item of works in
a project.
 The detailed specifications of the different items of the work are
prepared separately and they describe what the work should be and how
they shall be executed.
While writing the detailed specifications, the same order sequence as the
work is to be carried out is to be maintained.
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Specifications for RCC Construction
.
Shuttering shall be done using seasoned wooden boards of thickness not
less than 30mm.
Surface contact with concrete shall be free from adhering grout, nails,
splits and other defects.
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All the joints are perfectly closed and lined up.
The shuttering and framing is sufficiently braced.
All the props of approved sizes are supported on double wedges and
when taken out, these wedges are eased and not knocked out.
All the framework is removed after 21 days of curing without any shocks
or vibrations.
All reinforcement bars conform IS specifications and are free from rust,
grease oil etc.
The steel grills are perfectly as per detailed specifications.
The covers to concrete are perfectly maintained as per code.
Bars of diameter beyond 25mm diameter are bent when red hot.
The materials proportion should be as per the specifications of the
concrete.
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Number of Cement bags required for a specific cement concrete ratios.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:1:2(1 cement:1sand/coarse sand:2graded
stone aggregate) require 11no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:1.5:3 require 7.8no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:2:4 require 6 no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:3:6 require 4.25no bags of 50kg.
For cement concrete of ratio 1:4:8 require 3.2 no bags of 50kg.
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Specifications for Brick masonry in Cement
Mortar

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Specifications for Brick masonry in Cement Mortar
The bricks shall be of first class, regular in shape, size and colour.
The bricks should be free from flaws, cracks and lumps of any kind.
Shall have minimum crushing strength 10.5N/mm2.
The bricks shall not absorb the water more than one sixth of the weight
of the brick.
The sand used shall be medium coarse, clean, sharp, free from clay, mica
and other organic matter.
The cement used shall satisfy the requirement of Bureau of Indian
Standard.
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Specifications for Brick masonry in Cement
Mortar
The mortar is designated in specified proportion of cement and sand.
The materials are weighed or measured and mixed on watertight
platform after allowing bulkage of sand.
Bricks before laying shall be thoroughly soaked in water.
The bricks laid truly horizontal in course with frogs upwards.
The brickwork shall be raised 1m in height at a strength all round the
building.
Only fresh mortar within ½ hour for cement mortar, the time of adding
water shall be used.
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Specifications for Brick masonry in Cement Mortar
During rains, no brickwork is carried out when special arrangements
are made.
The brickwork shall be kept wet for at least 10 days.
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Specifications for Coursed Rubble Stone (CRS)
Masonry
Material Specifications
Stone shall be hard, sound, free from decay and weathering. Stones with
porous matter or with boulder skin shall be rejected.
The size of stones shall not be less than 15cm in any direction.
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Specifications for Coursed Rubble Stone (CRS) Masonry
Material Specifications
Cement and sand for cement mortar or lime and surkhi for lime mortar
shall be of standard specification.
Laying Technique specified
All the stones shall be thoroughly wetted before laying.
Every course of stone shall be hammer dressed and laid truly horizontal
and every vertical joint shall be truly vertical.
Faces shall be accurately squared and each face joint shall be dressed at
right angles.
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Specifications for Coursed Rubble Stone Masonry
Laying Technique specified
The face stones shall be laid in alternate headers and stretchers fashion.
 The masonry shall shall be carried up regularly and true to plumb.
The thickness of joints shall not exceed 12mm.
Bond or through stones
The stones going through in the walls shall be well distributed by
arranging them in a staggered fashion in successive courses.
The intervals of through stones shall not be less than 1.5m in each
course.
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Specifications for Coursed Rubble Stone (CRS)
Masonry
Bond or through stones
For walls up to 60cm thickness, a through stone shall extend from one face
of the wall to the other.
Laying of Quoins
Corner stones or quoins shall be dressed to correct angle.
The short bed of the stone shall be at least equal to height.
The quoins shall be laid with header and stretcher in alternate layers.
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Curing Method
The work shall be protected from rain or sun while it is green.
 At the end of the day’s work, the top surface of the walls shall be kept
flooded so that it acquires the required strength.
The masonry shall be kept moist on all the faces for at least 7 days.
Specifications for Coursed Rubble Stone Masonry

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Specifications for Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
Materials Specifications
Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard,
sound, durable, non-absorbent and capable of developing good bond
with mortar.
Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar
stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters.
The stone ballast shall be of 20mm size and smaller.
All the coarse material should be retained in a 5mm square mesh and
should be well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42%.

12/4/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil
Materials Specifications
Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and
angular grains and shall pass through a screen of 5mm square mesh.
Sand shall be of standard specifications, clean and free from dust, dirt
and organic matter. Sea sand shall not be used.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard ISI specifications and
shall have the required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and
suitable for drinking purposes.
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Proportion Specifications
1:2:4 (cement : sand : stone ballast) by volume when specified.
Minimum compressive strength of concrete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be
140 kg/cm2 in 7 days.
Hand mixing
Mixing shall be done on masonry platform or sheet iron tray.
Machine mixing
Stone ballast, sand and cement shall be put into cement concrete mixer to
have the required proportions.
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Slump
Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water
and to maintain the required consistency.
A slump of 7.5cm to 10cm may be allowed for building work.
Formwork
Formwork centering and shuttering shall be provided as required as per
the standard specification before laying concrete to confine to support or to
keep the concrete in position.
The inner surface of shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking
to it.
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Laying Technique
Concrete shall be laid gently (not thrown) in layers not exceeding 15cm
and compacted by pinning with rods and tamping with wooden tampers or
with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained.
Curing Method
After about two hours of laying of concrete, when the concrete has begun
to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet
sand for 24 hours.
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Proportion Specifications
1:2:4 (cement : sand : stone ballast) by volume when specified.
Minimum compressive strength of concrete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be
140 kg/cm2 in 7 days.
Hand mixing
Mixing shall be done on masonry platform or sheet iron tray.
Machine mixing
Stone ballast, sand and cement shall be put into cement concrete mixer to
have the required proportions.
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Specifications for I,II,III & Iv th class building
.
Sun dried
or kutcha
bricks in
mud
mortar
Fourth Class
2nd class
brickwork
in lime
mortar
Third Class
1st class
brickwork
in lime
mortar
over lime
concrete
Second
Class
1st class
brickwork
in 1:6
cement
mortar
over 1:4:8
cement
concrete
First Class
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• Nil
Fourth Class
• 1:2 cement
mortar of
2cm
thickness
with
standard
water
Third Class
• 1:2 cement
mortar of
2cm
thickness
with
standard
water
proofing
material
Second Class
• 1:1.5:3
cement
concrete of
1st thickness
with
standard
water
proofing
material
mixed with
cement and
water
First Class
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Happy Learning
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SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
COURSE NAME:
Topic : REPORT

Report Writing
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Report Writing
Each Estimate is accompanied with a report describing the various
features of the work.
Given at the beginning of the estimate followed by calculations, design,
general and detailed specifications, analysis of rates, material statement
and then the detailed estimation.
Plan and drawings are enclosed at the end.
In the last page of the abstract of estimate there are space for signature
for the AE, EE, Superintending Engineer and sanctioning authority.
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Report Writing / Preparation
A report is a written document that provides information.
In the construction industry, reports are typically formal documents that
provide information about key events, project stages or processes to
a client, local authority, purchaser and so on.
In report consist of more general information about the state of something,
ranging from individual components to the entire construction industry or
the wider economy.
Ideally, reports should be concise, written in easy-to-understand language.
 Easy to navigate
It contain only information that is necessary.
 Should not duplicate information that can be found elsewhere.
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Principles of Report writing
Report writing differs from person to person depending on personality,
imaginative and creative abilities, experience, and training.
1. Selectiveness
It is important to exclude the matter, which is known to all.
Only necessary contents should be included to save time, costs, and energy.
Care should be taken that the vital points should not be missed.
2. Comprehensiveness
Report must be complete. It must include all the necessary contents.
In short, it must contain enough detail to covey meaning.
3. Cost Consideration
It must be prepared within the budgeted amount should not result into
excessive costs.
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.
4. Accuracy
As far as possible, report must be prepared carefully.
 It must be free from spelling mistakes and grammatical errors.
5. Objectivity
Report must be free from personal bias, i.e., it must be free from one’s
personal liking and disliking.
The report must be prepared for impersonal needs.
The facts must be stated boldly.
 It must reveal the bitter truth.
It must suit the objectives and must meet expectations of the relevant
client or owner.
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6. Clarity
Report must reveal the facts clearly.
Contents and conclusions drawn must be free from ambiguities.
 In short, outcomes must convey clear-cut implications.
7. Preciseness
Should not be unnecessarily lengthy.
It must contain only necessary parts with adequate description.
8. Simplicity
Report must be simple to understand.
Unnecessary technical words or terminologies (jargons) should be
avoided.
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.
9. Proper Language
Use a suitable language.
Language should be selected as per its target users.
10. Reliability
It must be reliable.
Client can trust on it.
11. Proper Format
An ideal repost is one, which must be prepared as per commonly used
format.
One must comply with the contemporary practices; completely a new
format should not be used.
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12. Attractive
Report must be attractive in all the important regards like size, colour,
paper quality, etc.
Similarly, it should use liberally the charts, diagrams, figures, illustrations,
pictures, and multiple colours.
Reference link :
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_reports#:~:text=
A%20report%20is%20a%20written,authority%2C%20purchaser%20and%
20so%20on.
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Report Writing
1.Report on estimates for the construction of Residential Building.
Report Link –
Report Residential building.docx
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Report Writing
2.Report on estimates for the construction of a Culvert.
Report Link –
Culvert Report.docx
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Report Writing
3.Report on estimates for a Road Construction.
Report Link - Report for Road.docx
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Report Writing
4.Report on estimate of Water Supply System for a Village.
Report Link - Report for Water supply.docx
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Report Writing
.
5.Report on estimate for sanitary installations.
Assignment
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Thank You
HAPPY LEARNING
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SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
COURSE NAME:
Topic : TENDERS

Tenders
Tender is an offer in writing to execute some work or to supply some
specified articles at certain rates, within a fixed time under certain
conditions of contract and agreement, between the contractor and the
department or owner or party.
The construction of work is usually
done by contract.
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Tenders
Overseas Tender (businesses) often offer tenders for various reasons
among which cheap labour being the main cause.
Example: TCS, IBM, Cognizant etc companies in India flourish from the
software tenders of international organizations.
TherearethreekindsoftendersinIndia
3. Overseas Tenders1.GovernmentTenders 2. PrivateTenders
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Tenders
Procedure for inviting tender
Preparation of tender documents.
Issue of notice inviting tender or tender call notice.
Submission and opening of tenders and their scrutiny.
Acceptance of tender and award of contract.
Information to be given in a tender notice
Name of the department inviting tender
Name of work and location
Designation of officer inviting tender
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Tenders
Information to be given in a tender notice
Last date and time of receipt of tender
Period of availability of tender document
Cost of tender document
Time of completion and type of contract
Earnest Money Deposit to be paid
Date, time and place of opening the tender
Designation of the officer opening the tender
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Tenders
.
Information to be given in a tender document
1. General conditions of tender.
2. Schedule of items of work with clear specifications.
3. Special conditions.
4. The notice inviting tender in specified form like PWD 6
5. Layout plan, location of work.
6. Division in which location is situated.
7. Schedule of quantities of work .
8. Nearest road/railway link.
9. Set of drawings including working drawings.
10. Availability of materials in the vicinity.
11. Detailed specifications or reference to standard specifications for
each item of work.
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Tenders
12. Complete architectural and structural drawings.
13. Schedule of stores to be issued by the owner of the project indicating
the rates and their place of supply.
14. Schedule of tools & plant and other facilities to be made available by the
owner, indicating the conditions, hire charges and place of delivery.
15. Rate of supply of power and the point of supply.
16. Location of water supply point.
17. Time for completion and the progress to be made at intervals of time.
18. Conditions regarding employment of technical personnel.
19. Weather conditions in the area.
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Tenders
.
20. Amount of EMD and the form in which it is to be paid.
21. Insistence on Income tax and sales tax clearance certificate.
22. Amount of Security deposit to be paid/ deducted from running bills
of contractors should be notified in the tender call notice.
23. Mode of payment for work done.
24. Power to reject tenders without assigning reasons.
25. Penalty conditions for slow progress and delay in the completion of
work.
26. Designation of arbitration authority in case of disputes.
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Tenders
Short Tender Notice
When work is to be completed very quickly or no contractor prefers to
accept the work (THE TENDER IS FLOATED), then a notice with short
duration is again published by the client.
 Such a tender notice is called “SHORT TENDER NOTICE”.
The terms and conditions remain the same as that for ordinary tender
notice.
Quotations
For small jobs, the owner/engineer gives an offer to the contractor for
quoting rates for works and supplies required.
No EMD is required with a quotation.
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Tenders
Earnest money deposit.
It is the amount of money to be deposited along with the tender
document to the department by the contractors quoting a tender.
This money is a guarantee against the refusal of any contractor to take
up the work after the acceptance of his tender.
In case of refusal, this amount is forfeited.
EMD of contractors whose tenders are not accepted will be
refunded.
1% - 2% of the estimated cost of work is the Earnest Money Deposit.
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Tenders
Liquidated damages
It is an amount of compensation payable by a contractor to the owner
due to delayed construction.
 This amount of compensation is not related with real damage.
This does not relieve the contractor from his obligations and liabilities
under the contract.
In case if a part of the project or premise is used by the owner before its
completion, the amount to be paid is reduced in proportion to the value
of the part that has been utilised, after issuing the certificate of
occupancy.
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Tenders
Un-liquidated damages
It is an amount of compensation payable when a contract is broken.
The party who suffers such a breach is entitled to receive this amount
from the party who has broken the contract.
Firm price and firm
Sometimes owner award the work at a firm price or fixed rate.
As the labour wages and materials cost increases, it is advisable to
provide escalation and over run compensation.
Firm period is the duration of time over which the firm price is valid.
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Tenders
Security Money
Security deposit is the amount the contractor has to deposit with the
owner before awarding a work, after his tender is accepted.
This amounts to generally 5% to 10% of estimated cost of the project
and is inclusive of the EMD already deposited by the contractor along
with the tender.
This will be refunded to the after the completion of the project. No
interest is paid on SD.
The contractor has to fulfil all the terms and conditions laid down in the
contract and maintain quality and speed satisfactorily.
If he fails to do so, a part or whole of the SD is forfeited by the
department.
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Tenders
.
Security Money
If thereis any fault inthe construction and the contractor refuses to
demolish and reconstruct then the department will carry out that work
using the SD.
If the cost of the project is a huge amount, the contractor is made to
deposit only 50% of the amount in the initial stage and then the rest of the
SD is deducted in instalments from the running bills of the contractor.
SD is not collected in the case of a contract for supply of materials, as the
supplied materials become the security.
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Tenders
TTT Act 2000
Tamilnadu Transparencies in Tender act, 2000 (TTT Act)
Tender inviting authorities shall decide method of tendering.
Categories of procurement
Construction
Supply of goods
Service
TTT Act 2000 - tender_rules.pdf
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Tenders
.
Classification/ Types of Tender
1. Open tender
 An oral talk or written document between the engineer and the
Contractor for certain small jobs to be performed. Sometimes it is
advertised.
2. Sealed tender
 Invited for important or huge projects wide publicity is given
always written documents are made.
3. Limited tender
 Only a selected number of contractors are invited to quote their
rates.
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Tenders
4. Single tender
 Invitation is given to only one firm to render a service by quoting
their rates.
 If the quoted rates are high, it will be negotiated prior to the
agreement of the contract.
5. Rate contract
 Usually adopted for supply of materials, machine, tools & plant, etc
(items to the store).
 It specifies the supply at a fixed rate during the period of contract.
 The quantities are not mentioned in type of contract and the
contractor is bound to accept any order which would be placed
before him.
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Tenders
.
E –Tendering
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Tenders
E –Tendering
The popularity of E-Tenders is increasing day by day due to many
government and private institutions opting for them instead of the
traditional tenders.
Advanced technology makes it possible to complete the entire tendering
process online through e tender.
E-Tenders or electronic tenders are an internet based process of floating
tenders and receiving quotes.
 The entire process of tendering right from the advertisement of the
tender to the selection of vendors is done online.
Transparency, speed of execution, efficiency and cost savings.
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Tenders
E –Tendering
organizations to reach to vendors throughout the world and get the
best solutions to address their issues.
increased competition among different vendors ensures that these
organizations get the most competitive rates.
Types of E-Tender
1. Open Tenders
2. Selective Tendering
3. Negotiation Tendering
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Tenders
3. Negotiation Tendering
 It is used for projects, which require specialized services.
 They are more common in construction and engineering.
 The client approaches a contractor directly and negotiates for the
price and other terms of the project.
 This process is usually used for a single contractor and sometimes
can be scaled for up to three contractors.
Process of E-Tender
1. Determining the Tender Process
• Expression of Interest (EOI)
• Request for Information (RFI)
• Request for Proposal (RFP)
• Request for Quotation (RFQ)
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Tenders
Process of E-Tender
2. Preparing the Request for Tender
3. Publishing the Tenders
4. Receiving Tenders
5. Evaluation of the Tender and Selection
6. Notification
Reference
https://www.tendersontime.com/e-tender/
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Tenders
.
Digital signature certificate (DSC)
Digital Signature Certificates or DSC or Digital Signature are being
adopted by various government agencies and now is a statutory
requirement in various applications.
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Tenders
Types of Certificates
Sign
•Sign DSC can only
be used for signing
documents.
Encrypt Sign & Encrypt
Our Sign & Encrypt
DSC can be used both
signing and
encrypting.
It ispopularly
used in the tender
portal
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Tenders
.
Validity of the Certificate
 You could buy certificates with a validity up to three years. (The
validity is controlled by law, and you cannot buy certificates more
than three years and less than One year validity).
Classes of the Certificate
Class II
•Income Tax e-filing
•LLP registration
•GST application
•IE code registration
•Form 16,etc
Class III
•E-tendering
•Patent and trademark e-filing
•Customs e-filing
•E-procurement
•E-biding
•E-auction,etc
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Tenders
List of circumstances where in lowest tender rejected
 When tender is not submitted in particular form sold by the
department.
 If there is any uncertainty or any condition of unusual contractor.
 If it exceed the amount up to which be example to accept the tender.
 Earnest money required is not enclosed along with tender.
 When contractor has put some condition which are not acceptable to
 the department.
 The lowest tenders has become bankrupt (திவாலானவர்), therefore,
no sufficient amount to finance the work.
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Tenders
List of circumstances where in lowest tender rejected
Lack of experience:
The contractor may not be having necessary experience of the
particular work to be executed.
Bad reputation:
 The lowest tender might have earned bad name in market.
 If it involves liabilities exceeding the amount of the expenditure
sanctioned.
 If it is not technically sanctioned or exceed the sanction amount
for the work.
 When tender is informal.
 If adequate competition and fair rate are not received.
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Tenders
Rejecting all Tenders
After the publication of tender notice, if it is found that the change in
design.
If it is suspected that there is collisions among the contractor.
The lowest tender has quoted very high rates than estimated rates.
Unbalanced bid (ஏலம்)
For item rate tender contractors quote their rates of quantities of each
and every item but on the basis of clever/judicious anticipation or
from outside information a contractor may quote high price for item
of work which are likely to be increase and low price for item of work
which are likely to be decreased.
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Tenders
Unbalanced bid (ஏலம்)
If contractors anticipation proves to be correct the tender becomes
unbalanced & thus the department lose heavily on the other hand for
the reverse case contractor would stand to lose for item rate tenders
unbalanced tender may occur.
As the quantities of items are approximate and likely to vary the total
amount tendered to not to be taken as criterion for the award of
contract.
However the rates quoted by different bidder have to vary carefully.
Scrutinized with a view of identifying and rates which seem
extraordinary.
The lowest tender may ultimately proves far more costly than other if
tendered sum is worked out on the basis of an “Unbalanced bid”.
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Specifications, reports and tenders - Estimation, Costing and Valuation Engineering

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Specifications, reports and tenders - Estimation, Costing and Valuation Engineering