EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed.pptxDenish Jangid
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed
Origin of Electronic Distance Measurement
Principle of E.D.M. (Electronic Distance Measurements), Modulation,
Types of E.D.M., Distomat,
advantages and application.
electromagnetic waves
EDM Range 100 KM
EDM accuracy of 1 in 105
Electromagnetic Spectrum Range
microwaves, infrared waves and visible light waves
Measurement of distance with EDM and a Reflector
Classification of Electronic Distance Measurement Instrument
EDM instruments are classified based on the type of carrier wave as
Microwave instruments
Infrared wave instruments
Light wave instruments.
Parts of EDM instruments
Geodimeter
Tellurometer
Distomat
Errors in EDM
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed.pptxDenish Jangid
EDM-Electronic Distance Measurement by Denis Jangeed
Origin of Electronic Distance Measurement
Principle of E.D.M. (Electronic Distance Measurements), Modulation,
Types of E.D.M., Distomat,
advantages and application.
electromagnetic waves
EDM Range 100 KM
EDM accuracy of 1 in 105
Electromagnetic Spectrum Range
microwaves, infrared waves and visible light waves
Measurement of distance with EDM and a Reflector
Classification of Electronic Distance Measurement Instrument
EDM instruments are classified based on the type of carrier wave as
Microwave instruments
Infrared wave instruments
Light wave instruments.
Parts of EDM instruments
Geodimeter
Tellurometer
Distomat
Errors in EDM
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Study for the Different Methods of Generating Millimeter WavesIJERA Editor
In this paper a analytical comparison and experimental implementation of different methods used in generating a low phase noise millimeter wave signals is presented. Four techniques were experimented and compared, Multiplication, phase lock loop (PLL), Injection locking (IL), and Injection locking with phase lock loop (ILPLL). The comparison and experimental results of a laboratory discussed.
Designing an Antenna System That Can Perform Conditional RF to DC Harnessing ...IOSRJECE
Electromagnetic energy or RF energy will play a pivotal role in wireless technology and wireless communication in the impending future. The paper proposes a concept for a patch antenna based system that can harness RF energy upon triggering and can convert the harnessed RF to DC from the radio frequency of 1 GHz to 3 GHz, the design frequency is 2.4GHz. The patch antenna system contains a high gain patch antenna along with a wireless communicating module and a conversion circuit. The return loss of the antenna is approximately 27.1dB. The power gain is 30.1 dBm .The converter circuit is designed in), Multi-Sim to get an output voltage of around 5V that can be used to power a mobile-device or maybe stored in a battery. The triggering part is done with the help of a T-mote which is simulated in a network simulator, Cooja. The patch antenna is simulated in High Frequency Structural Simulator
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Experimental Study for the Different Methods of Generating Millimeter WavesIJERA Editor
In this paper a analytical comparison and experimental implementation of different methods used in generating a low phase noise millimeter wave signals is presented. Four techniques were experimented and compared, Multiplication, phase lock loop (PLL), Injection locking (IL), and Injection locking with phase lock loop (ILPLL). The comparison and experimental results of a laboratory discussed.
Designing an Antenna System That Can Perform Conditional RF to DC Harnessing ...IOSRJECE
Electromagnetic energy or RF energy will play a pivotal role in wireless technology and wireless communication in the impending future. The paper proposes a concept for a patch antenna based system that can harness RF energy upon triggering and can convert the harnessed RF to DC from the radio frequency of 1 GHz to 3 GHz, the design frequency is 2.4GHz. The patch antenna system contains a high gain patch antenna along with a wireless communicating module and a conversion circuit. The return loss of the antenna is approximately 27.1dB. The power gain is 30.1 dBm .The converter circuit is designed in), Multi-Sim to get an output voltage of around 5V that can be used to power a mobile-device or maybe stored in a battery. The triggering part is done with the help of a T-mote which is simulated in a network simulator, Cooja. The patch antenna is simulated in High Frequency Structural Simulator
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY,
DINDIGUL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GI-8013-ADVANCED SURVEYING-III-CIVIL
PRESENTED BY,
MRS.S.PREMASUNDARI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
1
2. UNIT III- TOTAL STATION SURVEYING
9 HOURS
Classification – basic measuring and working
principles of an Electro – optical and
Microwave total station- sources of errors in
Electro – optical and Microwave total station –
Care and Maintenance of total station –
trilateration – Applications.
3. • It is an optical instrument used in
modern surveying.
It is a combination of an electronic
theodolite and electronic distance
meter and software running on an
external computer know as data
collector.
TOTAL STATION-EFINITION
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4. Distance measuring instrument (EDM)
Angle measuring instrument(Thodolite)
A simple processor
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It consists of the following,
5. Based on Wavelength
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Classifications
7. 1.Manual
Horizontal and vertical angles can be measured manually
and slope distance by electronically .
2.Semo-automatic
Horizontal angle-Manually
Vertical angle-Digitally,
Slope distance-Electronically
3.Automatic
Horizontal ,Vertical angle and slope distance measured
electronically.
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TYPES OF TOTAL STATION
8. Basic Principles:
The Determination of time required for electromagnetic
waves to travel between two station.
Electro magnetic energy propagates through to
atmosphere in accordance with the following equation.
V = f λ
Where,
V- Velocity of Electro magnetic energy (m/s)
f- Modulated frequency of the energy (HZ)
λ- Wavelength(m)
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Principles of EDM instruments
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• EDM is very useful in measuring distances that are
difficult to access or long distances.
It measures the time required for a wave to sent to a
target and reflect back.
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• A wave is transmitted and the
returning wave is measured to
find the distance traveled.
11. Distances determined by calculating the number of
wavelengths traveled.
Errors are generally small and insignificant for short distances.
For longer distances they can be more important.
Errors can be accounted for manually, or by the EDM if it has
the capability.
Velocity of light can be affected by:
Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Water vapor content
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13. The general principle involves sending a modulated Electro-
magnetic (EM) beam from one transmitter at the master
station to a reflector at the remote station and receiving it
back at the master station.
The instrument measures slope distance between
transmitter and receiver by modulating the continuous
carrier wave at different frequencies, and then measuring
the phase difference at the master station between the
outgoing and the incoming signals. This establishes the
following relationship for a double distance (2D):
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1.Pulse method
15. The measured distance is calculated from the
velocity of the signal multiplied by the time.
2D=c.∆t
D=c.∆t /2
C=the velocity of light in the medium
through which it travelled.
D=the distance between the instrument
and target.
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Pulse method
16. The EDM instruments mostly used this form of
measurement.
The instrument measures the amount (λ) by
which the reflected signal is out of phase with
the emitted signal.
The double distance is equal to the number of full
wavelength(λ) plus the fraction of
wavelength(λ).
2D=mλ+λ
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2.Phase difference method
20. Depending on the type of carrier wave employed,
EDM instruments can be classified under the following
three heads:
(a) Microwave instruments(Tellurometer)
(b)Visible light instruments(Geodimeter)
(c) Infrared instruments(Distomats)
TYPES OF EDM INSTRUMENTS
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21. Main Types:
Electro-Optical Instruments: Use the light and infrared
waves.
Microwave Instruments: Use the radio waves.
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22. *These instruments under the category of long
range instruments,
*where in the carrier frequencies of the range
of 3 to 30GHz(1 GHZ=10^9)
*Distance measurements upto 100 km
range(30 km to 80 km).
(eg)Tellurometer
1.MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS(Tellurometer)
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24. *It works based on propagation of radio
waves.
*Invented in 1950’s in south africa –T.L.Wadley.
*It can be used both during day and night.
*Phase comparison technique is used for
distance measurement.
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25. *2 instruments
Reflector-@ the remote end of the line.
Master instrument-Passive reflector-@the other end
* Remote instrument- An electrical signal is required to be
erected @ the reflecting end of the line.
It receives the transmitted signal, amplifies it and
transmits it back to the master.
*Master instrument-Placed @ measuring end.
*This means that microwave EDM instruments require two
instruments and two operators.
*Frequency modulation is used microwave instruments.
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26. *High frequency radio waves( or microwaves) are used
instead of light waves.
*worked with a light weight-12 or 24 volt battery.
*instrument –highly portable
*Observations- during day as well as night.
*2 such tellurometers are required
*one to be stationed @ each end of the line
*2 highly skilled persons, to take observations.
TELLUROMETER
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27. *1 instrument-master set or control set.
*other instrument-remote set or slave set.
*Model- MRA-2(Manufactured by
M/s.Cooke, Troughton and Simms Ltd).
*each set –master set or remote set by
switching at ‘master’ and ‘remote’ positions
respectively.
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29. *Radio waves are emitted by the master instrument at a
frequency of 3000 Mc.s (Modulation coding schemes)
from a klystron and have superimposed on them a
crystal controlled frequency of 10 Mc.s.
*The high frequency wave is termed as carrier wave.
*Waves at high frequencies can be propagated in
straight line paths.
*Waves at low frequency wave is known as pattern
wave-used for accurate measurements.
Carrier wave
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30. *The light frequency pattern wave is thus
said to be frequency modulated(F.M.) by low
frequency pattern wave.
*This modulated signal is received at the
remote station where a second klystron is
generating another carrier wave at 3033 Mc.s.
Frequency modulated wave:
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31. *The difference between the two high
frequencies,
*3033-3000=33 Mc.s– is obtained by
electrical mixer,
*used to provide sufficient sensitivity in the
internal detector circuits at each instrument.
INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY
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32. Developed in the year of 1957.
2 functions of tellurometer.
(i) Master mode (ii)Remote mode
major difference b/w electro optical EDM
& Micro wave EDM.
PRESENCE OF A PARABOLIC OR HORN
RADIO ANTENNA & THE ABSENCE OF
OPTICAL PARTS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
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33. OSCILLATOR
It can be switched through different quartz
crystals to produce modulation frequencies.
Klystron
*Electronic tube producing a microwave.
*Antenna- parabolic shape &2 small diapoles
@its focus.
*There are perpendicular to each other-45º
vertical.
*Transmitted and received signals are polarized.
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34. DEMODULATORS:
Demodulate amplitude modulated signals into
alternating currents.
TO OBTAIN A DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
THE MASTER AND REMOTE STATIONS TRANSMIT
FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNALS AT SLIGHTLY
DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES OF CARRIER AND
MODULATION.
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35. *Two operators are needed to measure a
line.
*Sometimes there is difficulty to set up two
units on both sides.
*The accuracy is affected by the
atmosphere.
*Less accuracy than the electro-optical
type.
Disadvantages of Microwave Type
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36. *It works based on the propagation of light waves.
*This type of instrument was first developed in Sweden
and was named as Geodimeter.
*During night its range is up to 2.5 km while in day its
range is up to 3 km
*Accuracy of these instruments varies from 0.5 mm to 5
mm/km distance.
*These instruments are also very useful for civil
engineering projects.
2.GEODIMETER-ELECTRO OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS(Visible Light Wave Instruments)
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37. *Model 2 A-Night time only.
*Model-4-limited day time
observations.
*Instrument-@one end
*Reflector-@other end
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38. *Use the velocity of light waves to determine
the distance between two points.
*Those instruments use both the visible lights
(wavelength between 0.4-0.7) and
* the infrared lights
(wavelength between 0.7-1.2).
*Infrared light much preferable because of the
long wavelength.
*Source of light: Mercury lambs, Tungsten.
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41. 1.Incandescent lamp:
The light from an incandescent
lamp is focused by means of an
achromatic condenser(four lens
elements) and passed through a
Kerr cell.
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42. *The Kerr cell consists of two closely spaced
conducting plates.
*The space between which is filled with
nitrobenzene(applying a voltage to the fluid).
*When high voltage is applied to the plates of the
cell and a ray of light is focused on it,
*The ray is split into 2 parts, each moving with
different velocity.
2.Kerr cell
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43. *2 Nicol’s prism are placed on either side of the Kerr cell.
*The light leaving the first Nicol’s prisms is plane
polarized(Vibration).
*The light is split into two (phase difference) by the Kerr
cell.
*On leaving the Kerr cell, the light is recombined.
*Because of phase difference is resulting beam is
elliptically polarised.
3.Nicol’s Prisms(used generate polarized light)
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44. *Diverging light from the second polariser can be focused
to a parallel beam by the transmitter objective,&
*Then be reflected from a mirror lens to a large spherical
concave mirror.
On the other hand,
*A spherical mirror, which reflects the beam of light back
to the geodimeter.
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45. It consists of the following,
*Spherical concave mirror
*Mirror lens
*Receiver objective
Receiver system
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46. *The light of variable intensity after
reflection ,affects on the cathode of the
photo tube.
*In the photo tube, the light photons affects
on the cathode causing a few primary
electrons to leave and travel,accelerated by a
high frequency voltage, to the first dynode,
4.Photo tube
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47. *where the secondary emission takes
place.
*This is repeated through a further
eight dynode.
*The final electron current at the
anode is some hundreds of thousand
times greater than that at the
cathode. 1/7/2021
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48. The passages of this modulating
voltage through the instrument is
delayed by means of an adjustable
electrical delay unit.
5.Variable eletrical delay unit
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49. The difference between the
phototube currents during the
positive the negative bias period
is measured on the null indicator.
6.Null indicator
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50. The variation in the intensity of
this reflected light causes the
current from the photo multiplier to
vary ,
where the current is already
being varied by the direct signal
from the crystal controlled
oscillator.
7.oscillator
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51. The phase difference between
the 2 pulses received by the cell are
a measure of the distance between
geodimeter and the reflector
(Length of the line).
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52. Prism reflector:
It is a combination of ranging rod, staff
and and optical cuboidal mirror.
having 2/3 lifts with 5cms interval
graduations.
adjustable height from 1.5m to 3.75m.
More number of prisms, will give more
accuracy.
Basic components of Total station
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54. GUN: data screen LCD
eye piece
telescope 24x to 43x
environmental box
microprocessor with memory card of 1 or 2 GB capacity
1MB can store 800 points.
Tripod: with different material
Aluminum tripod weighs 13 to 14lbs
Wooden tripod will be about 18 lbs.
Optical and Laser plumb bobs.
Battery –as an external attachment
with indicators
1.5hours charged battery can work for 3to 5 hours
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Functions of T.S:
1. It simultaneously measures angles & distances and Record
2. Correcting the measured distance with:
1. Prism constant
2. Atmospheric Pressure
3. Temperature
4. Curvature of earth
5. Refraction correction
3. Computing the point elevation
4. Computing the coordinates of every point
5. Remote elevation measurement
6. Remote distance measurement
7. Area calculations
8. Data Transferring facility from instrument to S/W and S/W
to instrument
9. Format of conversion of units
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Operations involved while using Total Stations :
1. Establishing the site Datum:
a) Selecting the site Datum
b) Establishing North
2. Setting up the Total station:
a) Placing and leveling Tripod on Datum
b) Placing and leveling the Gun on Tripod
c) Linking the data connector to Gun
3. Data collector options and setting
a) Main menu
b) Basic settings
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4. Creating and Operating Job files:
a) Creating a new Job file
b) Opening an existing file
5. Shooting points
a) Identifying the important points to shoot
b) shooting points
c) Shooting additional points
d) Noting the special features
6.Post Processing – Data down loading,conversion
7.Plotting/Map generation.
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Computer software packages
The following post processing computer software packages
are in use for various engineering applications.
1.Arc Pad, arc view, arc info
-conversion from raster to vector form
2.Micro Station - Map generation
3.Erdas – Image processing s/w
4.Surfer, Auto plotter, Civil cad, Pythagarus
– preparation of contours
5. Survey aid – to draw c/s and l/s
The information received is to be analyzed depending on the
users requirement.
61. 1/7/2021
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Limitations:
• It is not a Rugged instrument (Sensitive).
• Prism verticality is questionable.
• Visibility is must.
• More Expensive.
• Requires calibration at every six months.
• Amount of error is greater at short distances.
• Height of instrument and prism is to fed.
• Awareness on battery maintenance.
• To establish north- compass is required.
62. Have keen observation on the prism boy’s attitude. When
high precision is required, use the prism tripod, to avoid
human error.
The position of prism shall always be on hard surface
instead of soft soil.
Focusing shall be exactly at the centre of prism, with
the help of cross hairs and prism plate.
While measuring the instrument height and prism height,
enough attention shall be diverted. Also, have keen
observation while entering the above data.
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HOW TO SUPERVISE THE TOTAL
STATION WORK?
63. Note the location and coordinates of station
point and back sight so that specified
intermediate points can be checked at later
date.
Obtain a soft copy of field work raw data
from the survey agency so that the results can
be checked at any time.
Obtain more number of points to get an
average.
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64. All reflectors and holders are to be cleaned.
Cotton swap dipped in Alcohol should be used on the glass
surfaces.
Tribarchs are to be cleaned and dusted daily.
Dust from all instruments should be removed by a fine brush.
If any instrument is exposed to moisture, it should be throughly
dried and kept in an open case.
The data collector is to be downloaded to the computer. 1/7/2021
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General equipment maintenance
65. All files generated from the download are to be backed
up and checked for the integrity of the backup files
before erasing the field data from the data collector.
Batteries are to be cleaned and to be connected to the
charger.
Generally 14 to 20 hrs are needed to charge the
batteries.
Hence one set of batteries may have to be charged while
a second set is in operation.
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66. Focusing directly at the sun, can result - loss of eyesight
on the spot. Use a filter when observing the sun.
Never remove the hand grip carelessly. If the grip is
loosely or incompletely attached, the instrument could
fall and may cause a serious injury.
Make sure not to short the battery terminals. If these
are shorted, the resulting high current would not only
damage to the battery, but also start a fire.
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67. If the instrument or battery comes in contact
with water, wipe it off as quickly as possible
and set it in a dry place for a while. When it is
completely dry, put it back in the case.
Never disassemble the instrument, if you find
a problem. Contact the dealer.
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