The document discusses the concept of wildlife welfare and how it relates to conservation decisions, noting that welfare can mean different things for wild versus domesticated animals. It examines how we can assess welfare in wild populations and whether welfare values should inform conservation actions. The document also questions whether individual wild animals always benefit from conservation and provides examples looking at how welfare is considered for deer and vicuña management.
Iowa State University's College of Veterinary Medicine student Allison O'Connor presents a case of Tetanus in a canine patient seen at Iowa Veterinary Specialties.
Anatomy of foot , shoeing tools, types of shoes and nails and their usesali saqlain
This document summarizes the anatomy of the horse's hoof and leg and describes various tools used in horse shoeing. It discusses the bones and structures of the hoof, as well as common shoeing tools like hoof picks, knives, rasps, hoof stands, testers, nail pullers, hammers, forges, and tongs. It also explains different types of horseshoes like egg bar shoes, heart bar shoes, rim shoes, and comfort fit shoes which provide support for various hoof issues. References are provided for additional information.
This document provides information on procedures for examining urine, skin scrapings, and milk from various animal species. It describes how to collect and store samples, and outlines the steps for chemical, microscopic, and cultural examinations. Key points covered include normal versus abnormal findings for pH, glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, blood, and sediments in urine. Examination of milk involves assessing color, odor, consistency, and performing white slide and California mastitis tests to detect inflammation.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Globally and in India.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
LSD has emerged as a dairy industry devastating disease in India in the last four years. First noticed in Orrisa and is now present all over India. Recurring outbreaks are now noticed in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and other states indicating that the disease is becoming endemic in India.
1. Dirofilaria immitis, commonly known as dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm found in the hearts and associated blood vessels of domestic and wild canines.
2. The parasite has a complex lifecycle involving mosquitoes as an intermediate host. Microfilariae are transmitted between canine hosts when a mosquito takes a blood meal.
3. Adult heartworms can cause severe lung disease and heart failure in infected dogs if left untreated. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging exams like chest x-rays. Treatment aims to eliminate both adult worms and microfilariae.
Exfoliative vaginal cytology help to determine the stage of estrus, is very simple method, cost-effective and comparatively accurate test for predicting the she dogs fit for breeding.
Neoplasms are defined as autonomous new growths that proliferate continuously without control, resemble healthy cells from which they arise, have no orderly structure, serve no useful function, and continue growing even after the stimulus for growth stops. They can be classified as benign or malignant based on their behavior. Diagnosis involves biopsy, radiology, or exfoliative cytology. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or other approaches. Surgery can be used for definitive treatment if the tumor is localized, for palliative purposes to increase quality of life, or in combination with other therapies.
BSE, also known as mad cow disease, is a fatal prion disease affecting cattle that can be transmitted to humans. It was first identified in the UK in 1986 and over 180,000 cases were reported there between 1987-2007. The infectious agent is a misfolded prion protein that is not destroyed by cooking and can spread between individuals through contaminated food or animal feed. While there is no treatment or vaccine, prevention methods include banning cattle feed containing meat and bone meal and surveillance testing.
Iowa State University's College of Veterinary Medicine student Allison O'Connor presents a case of Tetanus in a canine patient seen at Iowa Veterinary Specialties.
Anatomy of foot , shoeing tools, types of shoes and nails and their usesali saqlain
This document summarizes the anatomy of the horse's hoof and leg and describes various tools used in horse shoeing. It discusses the bones and structures of the hoof, as well as common shoeing tools like hoof picks, knives, rasps, hoof stands, testers, nail pullers, hammers, forges, and tongs. It also explains different types of horseshoes like egg bar shoes, heart bar shoes, rim shoes, and comfort fit shoes which provide support for various hoof issues. References are provided for additional information.
This document provides information on procedures for examining urine, skin scrapings, and milk from various animal species. It describes how to collect and store samples, and outlines the steps for chemical, microscopic, and cultural examinations. Key points covered include normal versus abnormal findings for pH, glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, blood, and sediments in urine. Examination of milk involves assessing color, odor, consistency, and performing white slide and California mastitis tests to detect inflammation.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Globally and in India.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
LSD has emerged as a dairy industry devastating disease in India in the last four years. First noticed in Orrisa and is now present all over India. Recurring outbreaks are now noticed in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and other states indicating that the disease is becoming endemic in India.
1. Dirofilaria immitis, commonly known as dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm found in the hearts and associated blood vessels of domestic and wild canines.
2. The parasite has a complex lifecycle involving mosquitoes as an intermediate host. Microfilariae are transmitted between canine hosts when a mosquito takes a blood meal.
3. Adult heartworms can cause severe lung disease and heart failure in infected dogs if left untreated. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging exams like chest x-rays. Treatment aims to eliminate both adult worms and microfilariae.
Exfoliative vaginal cytology help to determine the stage of estrus, is very simple method, cost-effective and comparatively accurate test for predicting the she dogs fit for breeding.
Neoplasms are defined as autonomous new growths that proliferate continuously without control, resemble healthy cells from which they arise, have no orderly structure, serve no useful function, and continue growing even after the stimulus for growth stops. They can be classified as benign or malignant based on their behavior. Diagnosis involves biopsy, radiology, or exfoliative cytology. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or other approaches. Surgery can be used for definitive treatment if the tumor is localized, for palliative purposes to increase quality of life, or in combination with other therapies.
BSE, also known as mad cow disease, is a fatal prion disease affecting cattle that can be transmitted to humans. It was first identified in the UK in 1986 and over 180,000 cases were reported there between 1987-2007. The infectious agent is a misfolded prion protein that is not destroyed by cooking and can spread between individuals through contaminated food or animal feed. While there is no treatment or vaccine, prevention methods include banning cattle feed containing meat and bone meal and surveillance testing.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by an aphthovirus from the family Picornaviridae. The virus can be transmitted between animals through direct contact or contact with contaminated materials. Clinical signs include blisters and sores in the mouth and on the feet. Young animals are more susceptible to death from myocarditis. Farmers are advised to promptly isolate and report suspected cases of foot and mouth disease to prevent its spread.
Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goatSulake Fadhil
The document discusses several methods for determining pregnancy in ewes. Physical examination methods including checking for signs of estrus and palpating the fetus through the abdominal wall can provide reliable results after 100 days of gestation. Laboratory tests such as examining vaginal biopsy samples for changes in epithelial layers by day 26, measuring progesterone levels in plasma and milk after 18-22 days, and detecting early pregnancy factor 24 hours after mating can also diagnose pregnancy. Radiography allows detection of fetuses from 70 days of gestation, with accuracy increasing with further gestation. Additionally, palpating the caudal uterine artery and using peritoneoscopy between 17-28 days achieve over 90% accuracy.
Fecal examination is commonly used to diagnose parasitic infections in animals. The process involves collecting a fresh fecal sample, preparing it using flotation or centrifugation with a flotation medium, and examining it under a microscope. Centrifugation speeds up the process by forcing heavier materials to the bottom and lighter parasite eggs to the top for easier identification. Examination of properly collected and prepared fecal samples can reveal evidence of parasitic infections and provide a diagnosis.
This document appears to be notes from a veterinary sciences university on bovine estrus cycles. It lists cell types seen during different stages, including large and small internal cells, superficial cells, and red blood cells. It also outlines the stages of the bovine estrus cycle: anestrus, proestrus, estrus, diestrus. Early, mid and late phases are indicated for some stages.
1. The document describes the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which transmits human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and animal trypanosomiasis (Nagana).
2. It provides details on the classification, morphology, life cycle, behavior, habitat, and medical importance of different Glossina species.
3. Specifically, it notes that Glossina palpalis transmits Gambiense sleeping sickness mainly in West and Central Africa, while G. morsitans transmits Rhodesiense sleeping sickness in East Africa.
This document summarizes common diseases that affect camels, including respiratory, digestive, urinary, and skin diseases. It describes camel myiasis, a chronic rhinitis caused by fly larvae. Pneumonia in camels can be caused by viruses, bacteria like Pasteurella, or parasites. Indigestion and bloat are discussed as digestive issues. Urolithiasis, the formation of bladder stones, can occur when camels ingest too much silica. Parasitic dermatitis like mange and mycotic dermatitis/ringworm are also summarized, outlining their causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatments.
This document summarizes information about bovine papillomatosis, which is caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPV). BPV are small DNA viruses that infect the basal layer of epithelium and cause benign proliferative lesions. There are multiple BPV types that cause different lesions in different anatomical locations. The lesions are generally self-limiting but can cause economic impacts. Transmission occurs through direct contact or fomites. While lesions usually regress spontaneously, prevention focuses on disinfection and vaccination.
Lumpy skin disease is a pox viral disease of cattle characterized by fever, skin nodules, and lesions in the mouth and respiratory tract. It can infect up to 45% of cattle in a herd and cause mortality of up to 10% as well as reduced milk production and fertility. The disease is transmitted by biting flies and can also spread through milk, saliva, and shared water sources. There is no treatment for lumpy skin disease. Vaccination is the best form of prevention and should be given annually to all cattle, especially before wet summer months when flies are more prevalent.
This document provides information about reptiles. It discusses the taxonomy of reptiles, describing the four orders - Chelonia (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators), Squamata (snakes and lizards), and Rhyncocephalia (tuataras). It then focuses on anatomical features, differences between crocodiles and alligators, and housing requirements for reptiles including enclosure design, temperature, lighting, water, humidity, and sanitation needs.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
This document summarizes a study that compared three techniques for treating auricular hematoma in dogs: conventional suturing, skin staples, and surgical glue. Fifteen dogs were divided into three groups and treated with one of the three techniques. The techniques were compared based on closure time, cosmetic appearance, and healing time. Surgical glue had the fastest closure time, the best cosmetic appearance results, and the shortest healing time, making it the most effective technique according to this study.
This document discusses castration techniques in large animals. It covers equine castration methods including standing, recumbent open, closed and semi-closed approaches. Complications like hemorrhage, evisceration, edema and infection are addressed. Food animal castration using tools like the Newberry knife, elastrator, burdizzo and power drill are described. The conclusion emphasizes understanding anatomy, surgical principles and tailoring the technique to each individual animal and situation.
This document provides guidance on safely performing injections in horses and dogs. It discusses maintaining distance, wearing gloves, using the proper needle size, cleaning the injection site, and disposing of medical waste properly. For horses, it describes performing jugular vein injections and gives examples of intramuscular and subcutaneous injection sites like the neck, rump, and hindquarters. For dogs, it discusses restraint, vein selection, and provides examples of forelimb and jugular vein venipuncture sites as well as intramuscular injection locations like the thigh, back, and front leg. Complications from injections like irritation and nerve damage are also mentioned.
This document summarizes information about bovine tuberculosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can infect many other species. Humans can contract it through ingesting unpasteurized dairy or inhaling infected aerosols. Control relies on test and slaughter programs along with pasteurization. Outbreaks in wildlife pose challenges. While treatable in humans, it remains an occupational hazard for farmers and abattoir workers in areas where bovine tuberculosis is endemic.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals. It is characterized by blisters in the mouth and feet, excessive salivation, and lameness. The disease spreads through direct contact, aerosols, contaminated equipment and materials, people, predators, food, and semen. There is no treatment, but vaccination, sanitation, and biosecurity measures can control and prevent the spread.
The RSPCA in Queensland is an animal welfare organization that operates nine animal shelters across the state. It works to prevent cruelty, promote animal welfare, lobby the government, and educate the public. Each year it receives over 40,000 animals, investigates over 13,000 complaints of animal cruelty, and performs over 9,000 animal rescues. The organization relies heavily on donations and volunteers to support its operations and care for animals in need of help.
Paul C Stern: Environmentally significant behaviour and how to change it3 Pillars Network
The document summarizes strategies for promoting environmentally significant behavior change. It discusses identifying high impact target behaviors, understanding barriers to change, and designing effective programs. Key recommendations include focusing on behaviors with large potential impact, researching barriers specific to the target actors, using a combination of techniques like information and incentives, and engaging communities in behavior change efforts.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals like cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. It is caused by an aphthovirus from the family Picornaviridae. The virus can be transmitted between animals through direct contact or contact with contaminated materials. Clinical signs include blisters and sores in the mouth and on the feet. Young animals are more susceptible to death from myocarditis. Farmers are advised to promptly isolate and report suspected cases of foot and mouth disease to prevent its spread.
Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goatSulake Fadhil
The document discusses several methods for determining pregnancy in ewes. Physical examination methods including checking for signs of estrus and palpating the fetus through the abdominal wall can provide reliable results after 100 days of gestation. Laboratory tests such as examining vaginal biopsy samples for changes in epithelial layers by day 26, measuring progesterone levels in plasma and milk after 18-22 days, and detecting early pregnancy factor 24 hours after mating can also diagnose pregnancy. Radiography allows detection of fetuses from 70 days of gestation, with accuracy increasing with further gestation. Additionally, palpating the caudal uterine artery and using peritoneoscopy between 17-28 days achieve over 90% accuracy.
Fecal examination is commonly used to diagnose parasitic infections in animals. The process involves collecting a fresh fecal sample, preparing it using flotation or centrifugation with a flotation medium, and examining it under a microscope. Centrifugation speeds up the process by forcing heavier materials to the bottom and lighter parasite eggs to the top for easier identification. Examination of properly collected and prepared fecal samples can reveal evidence of parasitic infections and provide a diagnosis.
This document appears to be notes from a veterinary sciences university on bovine estrus cycles. It lists cell types seen during different stages, including large and small internal cells, superficial cells, and red blood cells. It also outlines the stages of the bovine estrus cycle: anestrus, proestrus, estrus, diestrus. Early, mid and late phases are indicated for some stages.
1. The document describes the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which transmits human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and animal trypanosomiasis (Nagana).
2. It provides details on the classification, morphology, life cycle, behavior, habitat, and medical importance of different Glossina species.
3. Specifically, it notes that Glossina palpalis transmits Gambiense sleeping sickness mainly in West and Central Africa, while G. morsitans transmits Rhodesiense sleeping sickness in East Africa.
This document summarizes common diseases that affect camels, including respiratory, digestive, urinary, and skin diseases. It describes camel myiasis, a chronic rhinitis caused by fly larvae. Pneumonia in camels can be caused by viruses, bacteria like Pasteurella, or parasites. Indigestion and bloat are discussed as digestive issues. Urolithiasis, the formation of bladder stones, can occur when camels ingest too much silica. Parasitic dermatitis like mange and mycotic dermatitis/ringworm are also summarized, outlining their causes, signs, diagnosis, and treatments.
This document summarizes information about bovine papillomatosis, which is caused by bovine papillomaviruses (BPV). BPV are small DNA viruses that infect the basal layer of epithelium and cause benign proliferative lesions. There are multiple BPV types that cause different lesions in different anatomical locations. The lesions are generally self-limiting but can cause economic impacts. Transmission occurs through direct contact or fomites. While lesions usually regress spontaneously, prevention focuses on disinfection and vaccination.
Lumpy skin disease is a pox viral disease of cattle characterized by fever, skin nodules, and lesions in the mouth and respiratory tract. It can infect up to 45% of cattle in a herd and cause mortality of up to 10% as well as reduced milk production and fertility. The disease is transmitted by biting flies and can also spread through milk, saliva, and shared water sources. There is no treatment for lumpy skin disease. Vaccination is the best form of prevention and should be given annually to all cattle, especially before wet summer months when flies are more prevalent.
This document provides information about reptiles. It discusses the taxonomy of reptiles, describing the four orders - Chelonia (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators), Squamata (snakes and lizards), and Rhyncocephalia (tuataras). It then focuses on anatomical features, differences between crocodiles and alligators, and housing requirements for reptiles including enclosure design, temperature, lighting, water, humidity, and sanitation needs.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
This document summarizes a study that compared three techniques for treating auricular hematoma in dogs: conventional suturing, skin staples, and surgical glue. Fifteen dogs were divided into three groups and treated with one of the three techniques. The techniques were compared based on closure time, cosmetic appearance, and healing time. Surgical glue had the fastest closure time, the best cosmetic appearance results, and the shortest healing time, making it the most effective technique according to this study.
This document discusses castration techniques in large animals. It covers equine castration methods including standing, recumbent open, closed and semi-closed approaches. Complications like hemorrhage, evisceration, edema and infection are addressed. Food animal castration using tools like the Newberry knife, elastrator, burdizzo and power drill are described. The conclusion emphasizes understanding anatomy, surgical principles and tailoring the technique to each individual animal and situation.
This document provides guidance on safely performing injections in horses and dogs. It discusses maintaining distance, wearing gloves, using the proper needle size, cleaning the injection site, and disposing of medical waste properly. For horses, it describes performing jugular vein injections and gives examples of intramuscular and subcutaneous injection sites like the neck, rump, and hindquarters. For dogs, it discusses restraint, vein selection, and provides examples of forelimb and jugular vein venipuncture sites as well as intramuscular injection locations like the thigh, back, and front leg. Complications from injections like irritation and nerve damage are also mentioned.
This document summarizes information about bovine tuberculosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can infect many other species. Humans can contract it through ingesting unpasteurized dairy or inhaling infected aerosols. Control relies on test and slaughter programs along with pasteurization. Outbreaks in wildlife pose challenges. While treatable in humans, it remains an occupational hazard for farmers and abattoir workers in areas where bovine tuberculosis is endemic.
Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals. It is characterized by blisters in the mouth and feet, excessive salivation, and lameness. The disease spreads through direct contact, aerosols, contaminated equipment and materials, people, predators, food, and semen. There is no treatment, but vaccination, sanitation, and biosecurity measures can control and prevent the spread.
The RSPCA in Queensland is an animal welfare organization that operates nine animal shelters across the state. It works to prevent cruelty, promote animal welfare, lobby the government, and educate the public. Each year it receives over 40,000 animals, investigates over 13,000 complaints of animal cruelty, and performs over 9,000 animal rescues. The organization relies heavily on donations and volunteers to support its operations and care for animals in need of help.
Paul C Stern: Environmentally significant behaviour and how to change it3 Pillars Network
The document summarizes strategies for promoting environmentally significant behavior change. It discusses identifying high impact target behaviors, understanding barriers to change, and designing effective programs. Key recommendations include focusing on behaviors with large potential impact, researching barriers specific to the target actors, using a combination of techniques like information and incentives, and engaging communities in behavior change efforts.
Forest conservation in light of climate changetheREDDdesk
This document discusses forest conservation strategies in light of climate change in Africa. It begins with definitions of forest and forest conservation. It then outlines observed and projected climate trends in different African eco-regions, including warming temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. These climate changes impact trees, forests, and biodiversity. Effective forest conservation under climate change requires both research and adaptive policy approaches. Strategies discussed include identifying and protecting climate refugia, expanding protected areas, and increasing landscape connectivity. The concepts of species sensitivity, adaptation, accommodation, and transformation are also introduced to frame conservation responses under increasing climate threats.
This document outlines the objectives, key findings, and recommendations of a study on wetlands in Bangladesh. The study aimed to understand the biophysical characteristics and importance of wetlands, examine management practices and issues, and recommend solutions. It found that wetlands cover about 11% of Bangladesh and provide important ecosystem services like water purification and fisheries. However, they face threats from overexploitation, pollution, and development. The document recommends preserving wetlands, restoring degraded areas, bringing all under sustainable management, and limiting resource use to protect breeding wildlife.
The document discusses different types of forests in Bangladesh including tropical wet evergreen forests, tropical semi-evergreen forests, tropical moist deciduous forests, tidal forests, and planted forests. It also outlines several important forest-related laws in Bangladesh such as the Forest Act of 1927, the Brick Burning (Control) Act of 1989, the Bangladesh Private Forest Act of 1959, and the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Act of 1974. Finally, it lists some key national policies related to forests, the environment, land, water, agriculture, and coastal zones.
The document discusses extinct and endangered animals. Cave lions and mammoths became extinct due to climate change reducing their habitats. Asiatic lions are endangered due to habitat loss and hunting, while Royal Bengal tigers are endangered because of habitat loss from urbanization and poaching for traditional medicine. Conservation efforts include legal protections, protected areas, financial assistance for protection programs, and strengthening enforcement against poaching.
This document provides details about the AGR 237: Wildlife Biology course. The course covers topics like definitions of wildlife terms, justifications for wildlife conservation, status and distribution of wildlife in India, wildlife ecology, management, damage control, census methods, protected areas, and conservation strategies. Students will learn about the importance of wildlife, status of rare and endangered species, biodiversity, environmental protection, and the need for wildlife conservation. The course uses two textbooks and meets for one lecture per week.
Lecture-2 Environmental Laws and Policies in Bangladesh - CopyShankor Paul
The document summarizes environmental laws and policies in Bangladesh, including:
1. The key environmental laws in Bangladesh are the Environment Conservation Act of 1995 and the Environment Conservation Rules of 1997. The Act aims to conserve the environment, improve standards, and control pollution.
2. The Environment Policy of 1992 outlines six objectives and identifies 15 priority sectors. It calls for strengthening legal and institutional frameworks to implement the policy.
3. The Department of Environment is responsible for enforcing environmental laws and policies. It issues environmental clearances required for new industrial projects.
Presentation on bangladesh environmental policy (1992)Parves Khan
The document summarizes Bangladesh's Environmental Policy from 1992. The policy aimed to maintain ecological balance, protect the country from natural disasters, regulate polluting activities, ensure environmentally sound development, sustainably use resources, and engage in international initiatives. It covered 15 development sectors and established the Ministry of Environment and Forest to coordinate implementation through a National Environment Committee. However, effective implementation has been limited due to a lack of funding, insufficient resources at the Department of Environment, poor inter-agency coordination, and limited community involvement.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW ON WILDLIFE MANAGEMENTPintu Kabiraj
Wildlife management aims to maintain desirable wildlife populations and involves understanding population trends, influencing factors, species interactions, and landscape impacts. It addresses the balance between wildlife and human activities. Approaches include modifying animal behavior, human behavior, and interactions through barriers, zoning, and reserves. Depletion results from habitat loss, pollution, and absence of shelter. Conservation approaches encompass protection by law, sanctuaries, research, education, and international agreements like CITES that regulate trade. The goal is sustainable wildlife populations and balancing human and wildlife coexistence.
This document discusses nature conservation and threats to nature. It defines nature conservation as the sustainable management of natural resources to maintain biodiversity. Major threats include pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, overfishing, water scarcity, infrastructure development, slash-and-burn practices, coral reef smothering, climate change, and illegal species trade. Both government organizations like the Ministry of Environment and Forest and non-governmental organizations work on conservation efforts. Individual actions people can take include reducing waste and pollution, using fewer resources, and planting trees.
This presentation is about Conservation of Wildlife includes all animals, insects, Birds etc. Presentation describes about the various ways of conservation and all the parks available on our country.
Forest conservation involves maintaining and protecting forested areas through various steps:
1) Massive afforestation projects should plant trees in unused lands to increase forest coverage while preventing overgrazing, fires, and soil erosion.
2) Existing forests must be protected from insects, pests, and pollution through measures like controlled grazing, preventing fires, and reducing environmental contamination.
3) Awareness should be raised about the importance of forests through educational campaigns, celebrating events like Van Mahotsava, and following the guidelines of international environmental organizations.
India is home to a wide variety of wildlife across its many national parks, sanctuaries, and biodiversity hotspots, including large mammals such as tigers, elephants, and rhinos. The country recognizes the importance of conservation and has established numerous protected areas along with projects like Project Tiger and Project Elephant to preserve threatened species. India's rich biodiversity is culturally significant as many species are associated with deities and its protection is mandated by the country's constitution.
Presentation on nature and wildlife conservationchandan badtay
This document discusses the importance of nature and wildlife conservation. It notes that nature provides essential resources but is being destroyed by human activities like industry and pollution. Wildlife is also threatened by habitat loss, poaching, and the wildlife trade. The presentation recommends ways to conserve nature like reducing waste, using renewable energy, and protecting natural habitats. It emphasizes the importance of wildlife for maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity. Strict laws and government protection agencies aim to curb poaching and protect endangered species. Overall, the document stresses the need for human efforts to conserve nature and wildlife.
This document summarizes a presentation on wildlife conservation in India. It discusses India's biodiversity, defining wildlife conservation and importance. It outlines causes of wildlife destruction like habitat loss, poaching, and fragmentation. Specific endangered species are highlighted. The document also reviews India's past wildlife, current status, government role in conservation like the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger, and provides recommendations.
The document discusses the concept of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for evaluating information systems projects. CBA measures and compares the costs and benefits of a project to determine if its benefits outweigh its costs. The CBA process involves identifying the tangible and intangible costs and benefits of a project, evaluating them, and choosing the system with the lowest costs but highest benefits. CBA is useful for decision making by individuals, companies, and governments.
This document provides an overview of cost benefit analysis (CBA). It discusses the history and principles of CBA, including key indicators like net present value. Challenges of CBA like inaccurate cost and benefit estimation are outlined. The document also presents a case study of implementing new computer equipment in an organization and calculating the costs, benefits, and payback period. It concludes that performing a thorough CBA is important for evaluating projects and avoiding erroneous conclusions.
Should we care about animals? Why? Which ones? Do animals have moral standing? Do we have duties/obligations towards them? Which actions are acceptable/unacceptable? This presentation explores the major philosophical schools of thought about the moral status of animals, and our duties toward them, and examines related topics such as animal consciousness and sentience.
This document discusses biodiversity and how it relates to stability in ecosystems. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life in an area, including different species that work together. Greater biodiversity provides greater economic opportunities and adaptive responses to challenges like climate change. Species have adapted through natural selection, developing physical adaptations like camouflage and mimicry, behavioral adaptations like migration and hibernation, and learned behaviors. Biodiversity is measured by richness of species and evenness of populations - more diverse, evenly distributed ecosystems are more stable and likely to survive. Biodiversity provides direct economic value if species are sources of food, medicine or resources, indirect economic value through ecosystem services, and aesthetic value through natural beauty.
The document discusses the need for a Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare to recognize that animals are sentient beings that can experience suffering, and to promote their humane treatment globally. It outlines how improved animal welfare provides benefits to human health by reducing zoonotic diseases, to social development by shaping attitudes towards others, and supports environmental sustainability by encouraging responsible animal management practices. The declaration would encourage governments and organizations to adopt policies and actions to protect animal welfare and end cruelty.
ANIMAL WELFARE
Animal welfare means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives.
An animal is in a satisfactory state of wellbeing when it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express its innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear and distress.(OIE)
The welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment.An animal in good state of welfare is: -
healthy, well nourished
Comfortable, safe
Not suffering from unpleasant state such as pain, fear, and distress
Able to express natural behavior
Good AW requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter and killing.
The document discusses several key concepts about animal behavior including:
1. Behavior allows organisms to respond adaptively to their environment through behaviors triggered by internal and external stimuli.
2. Behaviors can be innate or learned, with many having both innate and learned components. Learned behaviors include habituation, imprinting, imitation, and classical and operant conditioning.
3. All behaviors have costs and benefits, and natural selection favors behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs, allowing animals to better adapt to their environment.
Screaming Chicken's theory of animal rights. I'd love to hear your comments, problems with the presentation watever! Thanks!
"This presentation address’s just a couple of the reasons regarding the theories around animal rights, and in no way represents a absolute argument for the rights of animals. There are many other compelling reasons to convert to a plant based diet, what follows is simply one of those reasons."
Assignment 11. Research at least two articles on the topic of .docxtrippettjettie
Assignment 1
1. Research at least two articles on the topic of managerial issues of a networked organization. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
2. Research at least two articles on the topic of emerging enterprise network applications. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
3. Research at least two articles on the topic of mobile computing and its business implications. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
DITA WICKINS-DRAŽILOVÁ
ZOO ANIMAL WELFARE
(Accepted in revised form August 25, 2005)
ABSTRACT. The continuing existence of zoos and their good purposes such as
conservation, science, education, and recreation, can be ethically justified only if zoos
guarantee the welfare of their animals. The usual criteria for measuring animal
welfare in zoos are physical health, long life, and reproduction. This paper looks at
these criteria and finds them insufficient. Additional criteria are submitted to expand
the range of welfare considerations: natural and abnormal behavior; freedom and
choice; and dignity. All these criteria should play a role in analyzing zoo animal
welfare and interests but dignity has the overriding part because it impacts on both
animal and human interests.
KEY WORDS: animal, dignity, ethics, reintroduction, welfare, zoos
1. INTRODUCTION
Ethical justification for the existence of zoos is questionable. Justifications
have been given for their existence, such as conservation, education, science,
and recreation, but all these purposes have been criticized (e.g., Jamieson,
1985). However, the question raised in this paper is that of animal welfare in
terms of individual animal interests.1
Zoos often claim that having healthy, long-lived animals that reproduce
is sufficient proof of good care. I believe that these three criteria have to be
examined more closely and also that there are other important criteria of
zoo animal welfare: natural and abnormal behavior, freedom and choice,
and dignity. All these criteria should play a role in analyzing zoo animal
welfare and interests.2 I will examine whether a zoo that has the best pos-
sible conservation, education, and scientific programs can be justified in the
light of my new criteria.
1 I refuse to use the term ‘‘animal rights.’’ I think this term makes sense only in legal
discussions, while this paper is not about legal rights.
2 These criteria are artificially divided. It is never possible to say that this anim ...
Ethology: How, Why, and What Animal Behavior isDillon Jones
This presentation was used to introduce Ethology as a research field to our members. The last half of the presentation used an activity to critically evaluate our members reasoning skills.
The document discusses animal welfare and humanity's treatment of animals. It argues that animals experience feelings like stress and pain, and their environments should meet their needs and allow natural behaviors. However, humans have long exploited and been cruel to animals. It notes how some thinkers in the past argued animals don't matter morally since they can't reason. But now animal welfare is an academic subject, and research shows cruelty to animals can indicate a tendency towards criminal acts and societal harm. The document concludes all beings deserve humane treatment and that a society's treatment of vulnerable groups, like animals, reflects its overall morality.
This document provides information about adaptations and how they help organisms survive in their environments. It discusses three main types of adaptations: structural, behavioral, and physiological. Structural adaptations involve physical parts of an organism's body, like teeth, shells, or camouflage. Behavioral adaptations include activities that help organisms survive, such as finding food, marking territory, and parenting. Physiological adaptations are behaviors controlled by the brain or body tolerances. The document explains how genetic variations within a population can help organisms survive longer through natural selection, as traits better suited for the environment are passed on.
This document discusses how humans are a part of nature as mammals and shares DNA with other species. We are sentient beings with animal minds guided by instinct, intuition, reason, and inspiration. While rationality has been elevated, true health involves being in touch with our natural, whole minds. Nature is the medicine, and we ourselves are the medicine as natural beings intrinsically connected to the web of life. To be healthy, one must embrace their innate wildness and natural state as part of nature.
Submit maintain animal health and welfare presentationsamanthamwest
This document discusses animal welfare and legislation regarding maintaining animal health and welfare. It provides outlines for basic welfare based on stockmanship, noting that boredom and low care can affect animal mental state. Laws aim to ensure animals have proper care and a "neutral welfare." Key legislation like the Animals Welfare Act 2006 establishes five needs for animals: suitable diet, ability to exhibit normal behavior, protection from pain/suffering, suitable environment, and being housed with/apart from others appropriately. This legislation affects daily animal care regimes by requiring suitable environments, diets, social needs be met depending in the species.
The document discusses animal welfare from scientific, ethical, and legal perspectives. It defines animal welfare as considering how human actions affect the physical and mental states of animals. The concepts of physical status, mental status, and naturalness are introduced as three aspects of animal welfare. Behavioral indicators are an important tool for assessing animal welfare as behaviors reveal how animals feel and what they prefer. The Five Freedoms framework is also discussed as a common approach for evaluating animal welfare.
A presentation from a forum organised by Animal Rights Advocates Inc. on the intersections of environmentalism and animal rights - where they converge and where they conflict and how we can move both forward ethically and responsibly.
This document discusses veterinary ethics and animal welfare. It outlines that veterinarians should prioritize animal welfare and relieve suffering. It also discusses guidelines for professional conduct. The document then discusses the history of the animal welfare movement and defines key concepts like stress, needs, and the five freedoms framework for animal welfare. It also outlines several prominent animal welfare organizations and legislation like the UK Animal Welfare Act of 2006.
Wildlife management - habit, habitat, territory & niche of animalsAnish Gawande
The document discusses various concepts related to animal behavior including habit, habitat, territory, niche, herbivores, carnivores, solitary animals, packs, and herds.
It defines habit as aspects of animal behavior or structure. Habitat is described as the physical area where a species lives, defined by factors like temperature and rainfall. Territory refers to the area an animal defends against others of its species. Niche is the role a species plays in its ecosystem, such as how it obtains energy.
Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are discussed in detail. Examples of solitary animal behaviors and specific pack behaviors in species like wolves are provided. Herds are described
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity within species, between species, and among ecosystems. It is commonly measured through counts of species richness in a given area. High biodiversity, which depends on both richness and evenness of species populations, creates more stable ecosystems. The document then discusses factors like adaptation and ecosystem dynamics that impact biodiversity.
Similar to The Wildlife Welfare/Conservation Interface: ACES seminar by Pete Goddard (20)
This document provides tips for presenting with impact. It recommends that presenters 1) have a clear purpose that outlines benefits and importance to the audience, 2) connect with the audience by understanding their concerns and using impactful stories, and 3) be authoritative yet approachable through body language and emphasis. Additionally, presenters should 4) keep their key message simple through repetition from different angles, using stories and metaphors, and 5) polish their presentation through practice, feedback, and using visual aids to support rather than replace their message.
Shared and cultural values of ecosystemsAberdeen CES
Presentation of findings from Work Packages 5 and 6 of the National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-On about cultural ecosystem services and how to assess shared and cultural values for ecosystems, by Mark Reed and Jasper Kenter, presented to the Nexus Network on 27th June 2014
Gully blocking & revegetation of bare and eroding peat: exploring the evidenceAberdeen CES
Presentation given to a stakeholder workshop organised by Moors for the Future in May 2014 in the Peak District National Park by Mark Reed, Jasper Kenter, Jim Roquette and Dylan Young.
How to write a literature review in 3 daysAberdeen CES
This document provides a 3-day plan for writing a 3000-word literature review. Day 1 involves scoping the topic through searches and reading papers, extracting relevant quotes and themes. Day 2 focuses on structuring the review by mapping major and minor themes, then identifying gaps. Day 3 is for writing the review by following the structure and map, paraphrasing sources and adding reflections. The plan advocates speed reading papers, staying focused on the research question, and organizing information efficiently to complete the review on time.
Creating a place-based PES scheme in the South PenninesAberdeen CES
Presentation given to South Pennine Ecosystem Service Pilot steering group about potential for a place-based Payment for Ecosystem Service scheme in the South Pennines, as part of a project funded by Natural England and DEFRA, January 2013 (by Mark Reed)
Working successfully across disciplinesAberdeen CES
The document discusses the lessons learned from the Sustainable Uplands interdisciplinary research project. It describes the project's goals of helping people adapt to future changes across UK peatlands. It discusses how the author learned to work across disciplines through building trust, communicating effectively, establishing clear roles, and delivering tangible outcomes. The key lessons are that successful interdisciplinary work requires investing in relationships through open communication and fostering trust to deliver impacts that matter.
Overview of the UK ecosystems research landscape by Mark Reed. More information at: http://www.lwec.org.uk/blogs/mark-reed/uk-ecosystems-research-landscape
This document discusses the need for a project to assess and value peatland ecosystem services for sustainable management. Peatlands provide many benefits but these are often not accounted for financially. The project aims to 1) value changes to ecosystem services in complex social-ecological systems using monetary and non-monetary approaches and 2) develop options for financial mechanisms like a peatland carbon code. It also plans to create a peatland hub bringing researchers and practitioners together to better understand and manage peatlands. Planned outputs include academic papers, policy briefings, and engagement with stakeholders to apply the research.
This document discusses best practices for engaging end users in research. It recommends starting stakeholder participation early, talking to the right stakeholders, being flexible in methods used, and putting local and scientific knowledge on equal footing. The document also discusses using stakeholder analysis to systematically identify and engage relevant end users. Stakeholder analysis identifies interested parties, their power to influence outcomes, and how they interact. It can help answer questions about how parties can work more effectively together.
Introduction to Day 2 of VNN peatland workshop focused on "Developing a roadmap for peatland GHG accounting and carbon markets in the UK" (19th January 2012, Leeds)
Development of carbon code – experience from forestryAberdeen CES
The Woodland Carbon Code (WCC) is a voluntary standard for woodland carbon sequestration projects in the UK. It was developed over three years by the Forestry Commission to provide clarity, consistency, and transparency for carbon projects and reassure investors. The WCC framework includes requirements for measuring baseline emissions, leakage, and project carbon sequestration from tree biomass, soil, and management effects. Projects must be certified against the WCC by an accredited certification body and undergo validation when starting and verification every five years. To date, 39 projects have registered under the WCC, which are projected to sequester over 750,000 tonnes of CO2e over 100 years through creating over 2,200
Peatland rewetting for carbon credits – Experience from BelarusAberdeen CES
The document describes the Belarus Peatland Rewetting Project, which aims to rewet 18,020 hectares of degraded peatland in Belarus between 2012-2028. This will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 871,000 tons. The project will be financed through voluntary carbon markets. It follows national carbon cycle procedures in Belarus and international standards under the Voluntary Carbon Standard. Rewetting 9,440 additional hectares from 2011-2015 will reduce emissions by 260,000 tons in that period.
GEST Model – vegetation proxy for GHG flux from peatlandsAberdeen CES
This document discusses proxies for greenhouse gas fluxes from peat soils, including subsidence, water table depth, and vegetation. It notes that while subsidence indicates carbon emissions, it does not cover nitrous oxide and methane or drained situations. Water table depth can be difficult to map remotely and monitor directly. Vegetation groups can serve as indicators of mean water levels. The document provides an example of how changes in vegetation from drainage to rewetting of a bog could lead to reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
Overview of international & national policy frameworkAberdeen CES
This document summarizes key aspects of international climate agreements as they relate to peatlands, including provisions under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol for accounting for emissions and removals from wetland drainage and rewetting. It notes IUCN UK Peatland Programme's expertise in peatland restoration and role advising on greenhouse gas inventories and climate targets. Finally, it outlines various carbon market mechanisms and the need to consider payments for restoring peatland function in addition to conserving existing function.
International Verified Carbon Standard for PeatlandsAberdeen CES
The document discusses the International Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and its role in establishing standards and procedures for project-based greenhouse gas accounting and carbon markets. It outlines the VCS's methodology requirements, validation and verification procedures, and registry system. The VCS aims to stimulate mitigation innovations, provide transparency, and link carbon markets worldwide through a robust framework. Project activities must demonstrate that emission reductions are real, additional, permanent, and independently verified.
The document discusses the cost effectiveness of peatland management and restoration. It provides some illustrative examples showing the upfront and ongoing costs of restoration techniques like grip blocking in uplands, and compares the costs per ton of carbon dioxide saved to other mitigation options. However, it notes the results are dependent on assumptions and site-specific conditions that require more detailed monitoring and data collection to properly assess overall cost effectiveness relative to other options and the costs of inaction. Proper targeting of restoration efforts needs better geographic data.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. Key points
1. The concept of wildlife welfare and the ethical stance
a) A brief overview of animal welfare in general
b) What welfare could mean to a wild animal?
2. How can we assess the welfare of a wild animal?
3. Can welfare values inform conservation decisions?
4. Do individual animals always really benefit from conservation?
As this outline suggests, I will present more questions than answers!
3. The ethical perspective on animal welfare –
how ought we to treat animals?
– four different ways to view our duties to animals
Utilitarian – what matters are the interests of those who are being affected by
what we do; the strongest interests prevail
Animal rights centred – recognition that animals have an inherent independent
value
Species integrity – considering the value of the species to be important
(perhaps the crux of the conservationist’s approach)
Agent-centred – considers how the way we treat animals impacts on us
Your personal approach to ethical issues will colour how you view the remainder of
the seminar
Overview of animal welfare
5. What does the term “welfare” mean?
Definitions of welfare relate to:
I. Animal’s awareness of it’s situation
(subjective / feelings based)
II. Animal’s state in relation to it’s surroundings and its ability to cope
III. Nature-based – the ability to perform a full range of behaviours
Welfare is a state, not a quantity - no categorical units
An animal can be positioned on a welfare scale in relation to certain
criteria
An element of human subjectivity in balancing welfare attributes
6. Feelings-based:
whose feelings? A new research approach:
QBA – Qualitative Behavioural
Assessment
An approach based on the descriptive
terms developed by panels of
observers and analysed statistically
using approaches such as principal
component analysis.
Shows a high degree of correlation
regardless of the background or
knowledge of the observers.
Important to ensure that it is not
context-specific (ie will a group of
animals in a well-bedded pen
attract a different “description” to
that of a similar group of animals in
a barren pen, even if their
behaviour is generally similar?)
7. What does the term “welfare” mean?
Definitions of welfare:
I. Animal’s awareness of it’s situation
(subjective)
II. Animal’s state in relation to it’s surroundings and its ability to cope
III. Nature-based – the ability to perform a full range of behaviours
If the second
approach is easier …. is this third
to apply … approach more
appropriate to wild
animals?
8. What does the term “welfare” mean?
Definitions of welfare:
I. Animal’s awareness of it’s situation
(subjective)
II. Animal’s state in relation to it’s surroundings and its ability to cope
We should consider
III. Nature-based – the ability physical and a full range of behaviours
both the to perform
mental state of the
individual
9. Attempt at the description of the term “welfare”
“The state of well-being brought about by meeting the physical,
environmental, nutritional, behavioural and social needs of the animals
or groups of animals under the care, supervision or influence of people”
Appleby, 1996
“Welfare can vary between very poor and very good…” Broom & Johnson, 1993
Nb. Take care to avoid the North American use of the word “welfare” as
something provided for those in need.
10. Why should we be concerned about wild animal
welfare anyway? Is this too obvious a question?
Most people inherently sympathetic towards wild animals
For example they like to watch and sometimes interact with them
Animals considered sentient beings (able to experience) and so should be treated
with some degree of respect
Recognition that we can have impacts on wild species
Societal differences
Possibly related to views about food animals / religious views
Different countries afford different “rights” to animals
Some of these embodied in legislation
11. Are there any areas of the world outside of the impact of Man
where we don’t impact on wild animals in some way?
As a result of global changes
active conservation measures
may be undertaken to
preserve species
Only 10% of the world’s land is
more than 48 hours’ surface
travel from the nearest city –
leaving forests increasingly open
to human interference
(New Scientist 18.04.09)
12. Background to thinking about the concept of
wildlife welfare
Consideration of wild animal welfare has received relatively little
attention – thus small evidence base
Populations or individuals?
Considerable body of knowledge in relation to farmed livestock
How should the welfare of wild or range animals be assessed?
Are there times we have special responsibility towards wild species?
I will use some examples from wild deer, vicuna & sea birds
14. Animal welfare is about the individual but…
..how do we balance serious issues for a small number against lesser
issues for a large number?
..importantly for conservation, how do we balance the interests of one
species against those of another (e.g. predator / prey relationships)?
15. A starting point:
Our level of ethical responsibility
As animals become more “managed” or impacted does our ethical
responsibility increase?
Wild Managed
For example, with increasing intervention in relation to wild
deer (fencing, culling, feeding) comes increased responsibility
16. FAWC’s “Five freedoms”
Freedom from hunger
Can we apply these to wild animals?
and thirst
Is it appropriate to do so?
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain,
injury or disease
Freedom to express
normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and
Photo Scott Newey
distress
17. Five freedoms for wild animals
Freedom from hunger and Possibly compromised in natural
thirst state +/- human involvement
Freedom from discomfort Is this likely / possible for wild
animals?
Freedom from pain, injury or
Is this likely for wild animals?
disease
Natural processes cause these
Freedom to express normal
This is where wild animals “win”.
behaviour
Freedom from fear and Any difference from domestic
distress livestock?
Issue of “normal” or “natural” behaviour to consider; for wildlife read “natural”?
19. For wild animals – should we intervene?
Should we intervene to:
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Provide food and water at certain times?
Freedom from discomfort
Treat or kill animals in severe discomfort
or when injured or diseased?
Freedom from pain, injury or disease
Freedom to express normal Provide enhanced or protected
behaviour environments or influence predators?
Freedom from fear and distress
20. How can we assess the welfare of a wild animal
Welfare can be assessed from observations of:
•Physical state (e.g. the presence of
emaciation, physical injuries or disease)
Second •Behavioural signs (e.g. position in group;
main area activity pattern; abnormal stance or gait)
So how shall we frame our assessment?
21. A possible new welfare construct for wild animals
Ranging behaviour
Foraging behaviour / food availability
Breeding choice
Lifespan
Solitude vs disturbance
Health status
Does this alternative approach, which
focuses on the “nature-based” definition
of welfare, help us? Is this a better
currency?
22. A possible new welfare construct for wild animals
Wild Managed
Health
23. Non-invasive methods to assess wild animal welfare
Changes in behaviour
Abnormal behaviour patterns
Changes in physiology
Health / mortality
In all cases - which measures / timeframe
Photo Angela Sibbald
24. Using this alternative framework to consider wild deer
Nutrition / foraging behaviour
Habitat exclusion / ranging behaviour
Disturbance
Disease / injury incidence
Breeding choice
All things we could evaluate
25. Using an understanding of population dynamics
Comparing pre- and post-action
disturbance
Long-term reproductive success
Distribution patterns
26. Impact of human disturbance on red deer
0.7
Less_disturbed
Disturbed
0.6
0.5
0.4
%
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Feeding Vigilant
Behaviour type
Jayakody, S., Sibbald, A.M., Gordon, I.J. & Lambin, X. 2008:
Red deer Cervus elaphus vigilance behaviour differs with
habitat and type of human disturbance. - Wildl. Biol. 14: 81-91
Photo Sevvandi Jayakody
27. Deer fencing - exclosure
A recognition by deer managers that they should aim to
prevent welfare problems from arising e.g. winter starvation
or exposure, in deer fenced out of winter feeding grounds.
30. Can welfare values inform decisions about
sustainable use and conservation?
Third
main area
31. Interactions between conservation and
welfare objectives in sustainable use
Population Sustainable use Habitat
conservation conservation
Socioeconomic benefits
Modified from Bonacic et al., 2009
32. Interactions between conservation and
welfare objectives in sustainable use
Animal welfare
Population Sustainable use Habitat
conservation conservation
Socioeconomic benefits
Modified from Bonacic et al., 2009
33. What types of situation give rise to welfare concerns?
Harvesting – such as hunting (consumptive use)
Human “invasion” into wildlife territory
Animals in reserves
Translocation (assisted colonisation)
Captivity of range animals – reindeer example
Ecotourism and disturbance
Welfare and nuisance / pest control
Protection of vulnerable habitats (animal impacts)
Indirect effects (e.g. climate change)
….Many others you can all think of
34. As an example: The ethical cost:benefit review of
translocation and reintroduction
Need to capture all of the “costs”
Many of the welfare costs of working with
wild animals also map on to the “cost”
considerations for treating wildlife
casualties:
Capture and captivity
Impacts on dependant young
Close handling / treatment
Welfare risks after release through
Release into unfamiliar territory
Competition for resources
Post-release survival
Introduction of infection
Predator: prey imbalance
Benefits may be easier to ascribe to
conspecifics / other species so this
justification may be more acceptable to
some people
35. Populations on the welfare balance: an example of potential
conflict for an individual
Do population dynamics
change as we manage
animals?
Increasing numbers
High population
Higher welfare
density
Welfare
Lower welfare
39. An aside: Dealing with casualties
Casualties may arise as a direct result of
conservation measures
You may come across casualty and
diseased animals during the course of
your work
What will you do?
What responsibilities do you have?
Should you intervene?
Generally accepted that anthropogenic
injuries should be treated
(See BSAVA manual of wildlife casualties)
40. Vertebrate pest control has welfare
implications to evaluate
Trapping – (and evaluation of humaneness and effectiveness of new
traps)
Poisons / pesticides
May be more difficult to develop test standards but objective end
points are valuable (e.g. looking at a range of behavioural and
physiological responses)
Scope for reducing uptake by non-target species
Fertility control
Deterrents
41. A specific ethical perspective for
“compassionate conservation” (not my descriptor!)
The (UK) public view of wildlife conservation
An alternative view of wildlife as pests
The likelihood of benefit to the wildlife
species themselves
Impact on the ecosystem of removing /
reintroducing individuals
Potential disease aspects following
reintroduction
Can we develop a cost:benefit approach to
inform our actions?
42. Cost:benefit of welfare for farm animals:
Can this approach be used for wild animals?
Economic approach to resolve conflicts
B
Level of animal welfare
A C
D
FARM - Level of production / output / value
After McInerney, 1991
43. Cost:benefit of welfare for farm animals:
Can this approach be used for wild animals?
Ethical approach to resolve conflicts
B
Level of animal welfare
A C
D
WILD – Anthropogenic impact
After McInerney, 1991
46. Management systems developed based
on animal welfare
Investigate the effects of capture, shearing and release on:
• disturbance
• reproduction
• longevity
• post-management losses
• subsequent feeding behaviour
Audit of welfare and behaviour:
• guidelines on best
management practice
• improved handling and
shearing techniques
48. Back to your ethical perspective: When should you
intervene to resolve a wild animal problem?
Pathological stage &
population problems Conservation
problem
Reproductive problems
Pre-pathological stage Welfare
problem
Behavioural and physiological
responses to stress
Normal homeostasis
Modified from Bonacic personal comm., 2007
49. Do individual animals always benefit from
conservation actions? A wildlife catastrophe -
RSPB estimated that 10,000 seabirds along
over 100 miles of coastline in SW England
were affected by oil pollution caused by
the deliberate grounding of MSC Napoli on
20 January, 2007.
Guillemots were the most affected (18
species significantly affected overall)
Your challenge: Should seabirds have
been treated or euthanased?
Is this a conservation or a welfare issue?
Where does the balance lie?
50. Another wildlife catastrophe – with both
welfare and conservation impacts
Is this a
conservation /
aesthetic issue or
one to do with
animal welfare?
At the 2010 ISAE conference we
asked workshop attendees if
they believed animal
conservation raises any
important welfare challenges.
VAS : never to always 81 / 110
51. The welfare vs conservation balance
One viewpoint: Species of high
do you agree? conservation
status
Can compromise
individual welfare
Common
species, not
listed in any Acceptable
SAP etc. compromise
to welfare Can’t compromise
individual welfare
52. The welfare vs conservation balance
Another viewpoint: Species not
do you agree? held in high
public regard
Species of high public
affection – iconic; Acceptable
aesthetic value; … compromise
to welfare
54. Conservation:welfare approach for the future
An ethical review of all conservation
interventions: look at the system
overall - working through trade-offs
Assessment of “lifetime” welfare
account - for individual or
population subject to conservation
measures
Identification of specific welfare
weaknesses in conservation actions
The conservation manager to be
more focused on welfare
55. Legislators or independent groups to lead ?
Is there a need for legislation to prevent or reduce wildlife
welfare problems during conservation?
Legislation aimed at / restricted to:
game parks / reserves, transport, hunting, other proactive
management
Consumer / visitor pressure through choice
positive or negative
There is great scope for positive interaction between those
concerned with both wildlife welfare and conservation
57. Questions to take away:
As wild animals become more
“managed” does our
responsibility for their welfare
increase?
What measures are meaningful?
How do we reconcile the
conservation of populations with
the welfare of individual wild
animals?
How do we trade off different
welfare compromises for wildlife?
Would this red deer hind prefer to
be in the wild or on our deer farm?