1. The document describes the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which transmits human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and animal trypanosomiasis (Nagana).
2. It provides details on the classification, morphology, life cycle, behavior, habitat, and medical importance of different Glossina species.
3. Specifically, it notes that Glossina palpalis transmits Gambiense sleeping sickness mainly in West and Central Africa, while G. morsitans transmits Rhodesiense sleeping sickness in East Africa.
Sand flies have a four-stage life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs hatch after 4‒20 days, although this is likely to be delayed in cooler weather
Sand flies have a four-stage life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs hatch after 4‒20 days, although this is likely to be delayed in cooler weather
This topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Strongyloides is a Nematode. Causes Strongyloidiasis.
This topic briefly describes about the mode of transmission, life cycle, clinical features ,complications ,diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
This topic is highly useful for MBBS students.
Strongyloides is a Nematode. Causes Strongyloidiasis.
This topic briefly describes about the mode of transmission, life cycle, clinical features ,complications ,diagnosis, treatment and its prevention.
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Reabsorption-is the process of taking useful substances from the filtrate in to the blood (not to lost in the urine)
Reabsorption is selective process but filtration is non-selective
The kidneys produces 180 liters of filtrate per day and normal urinary output in per day 1 to 2 liters.
salamanders
reptiles
Chordata
Classification of Salamander
Urodela
Vertibrata
Habit and Habitat of salamander
External Morphology of salamander
Digestive System of salamander
Respiratory System of salamander
Circulatory System of salamander
lifespan of salamander
Adaptations of salamander
Conservation status of salamander
Reproductive system of salamander
life cycle of salamander
evolutionary significance of salamander
Order Neuroptera
Haseeb Kamran | Mphil Wildlife and Ecology GIS & Remote Sensing Lab | University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore (Ravi Campus).
00923486311164
in this presentation i give a detailed view of the bats and the salamanders which includes the reproductive system, respiration, digestive system, circulation system, their distribution, habit and habitat, external morphology, adaptation and conservation status
This is a PPT presentation that cover the general description, morphology, characteristics, and feeding habits of Order Siphonaptera. This presentation includes the first three classifications.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Learning objectives
By the end of this lecture students should be
able to:
1- Classify Tsetse flies.
2- Describe the morphology of the fly.
3- Know their life cycle, bionomics and habitat.
4- Know the medical importance of Glossina.
3. Classification of glossina (Tsetse fly)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Glossinidae
Genus: Glossina
Species: G. Morsitans, G. Fusca and G. Palpalis
groups (23 subspecies).
4. Introduction
In Sudan tsetse has the local name ‘Umm Bogeni’
and officially in the atlas of the Republic of the
Sudan ‘El zubabah’.
Morsitans group (Savanna) found a cross West
Africa to Central and East Africa.
Palpalis group ( Riverine ) only found in West
Africa.
Fusca group ( Forest) found in central , West and
East Africa.
5.
6. Descriptions of glossina spp
(Tsetsefly)
General look and the descriptions of the head:
Tsetse flies are narrow-bodied yellowish to dark brown
insects.
At rest the wings are held over the back in a scissor-like
manner.
They are about 6-13.5 mm long depending on the
species.
The antenna of glossina, has three segments, the third one
is largest bent dorsally and tapering.
Antenna has arista whish has branching hairs on the
dorsal side only.
The proboscis is from piercing and sucking type, it is
long, held horizontally and has long palps.
7.
8. Descriptions of glossina spp
(Tsetsefly)
Descriptions of the wings:
The venation of the wing is very characteristic,
especially the course of the M1+2 vein which looks
like the hatchet (meat cleaver or axe shape).
10. Life cycle of glossina species
Glossina give birth to mature larvae (Larviparous).
The egg matures in the ovary after which it is passed in
the uterus to become fertilized by a sperm from the male
to become embryo.
The embryo takes four days to develop into the first
instars larva.
The larva feed on milk derived from the female milk
(accessory) gland and undergoes three moults to
become the fourth instars larva.
Female deposit the larva in the ground under shade in
soft soil.
11. Life cycle of glossina species
Larva buries itself immediately and turns into a
pupa.
Pupa need 4-5 weeks to give adult.
Depending on food and breeding habitat it can
produce larva every 10 days.
12. Behavior and habitat of
glossina
Resting:
dark and humid sites.
Shaded places in forested areas, the lower woody parts of
vegetation.
Holes in the trunks of trees.
Most species rest at height below 4 meter.
Feeding:
Feed on blood of human, animals, reptiles and birds.
Diurnal insects.
Attraction to the host:
Carbon di-oxide.
Large and dark object.
13. Medical Importance of glossina
species
Vector of human (sleeping sickness) and animal
(Nagana) trypanosomiasis.
Gambiense sleeping sickness (caused by
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) is a chronic
disease and is found mostly in West and Central
Africa.
Rhodesiense sleeping sickness (caused by
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense) is an acute
disease that occurs mainly in East Africa.
14. Medical Importance of glossina
species
Gambiense sleeping sickness is mainly transmitted by
tsetse flies belonging to the G. palpalis group.
These flies attack people at places along rivers,
lakeside villages and along roads bordered by
vegetation.
Rhodesiense sleeping sickness is transmitted by
savanna species belonging to the G. morsitans group.
These species normally feed on wild animals that
inhabit savannas and woodlands, like domestic
animals, such as cattle and goats.