The nervous system allows the body to respond to external changes and control internal conditions. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Hormones and the nervous system work together to control functions like fertility, with hormones being used in contraception and fertility treatments like IVF. The nervous system detects stimuli through sensory neurons, transmits signals through relay neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and causes effects in the body through motor neurons.
Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
Historical development of periodic tableVeenuGupta8
THIS PRESENTATION IS BASED ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT CHEMIST IN CREATING THE PERIODIC TABLE .IT WILL HELP THE LEARN THE VARIOUS MERITS AND DEMERITS OF VARIOUS METHODS OF CLASSIFYING ELEMENTS
Powepoint presentation on the Nervous System, its function and composition. Nerves and neurons - Nerve impulses- Synapse- Reflex action- Reflex arc. - Notes on the eye. links to further study
Historical development of periodic tableVeenuGupta8
THIS PRESENTATION IS BASED ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT CHEMIST IN CREATING THE PERIODIC TABLE .IT WILL HELP THE LEARN THE VARIOUS MERITS AND DEMERITS OF VARIOUS METHODS OF CLASSIFYING ELEMENTS
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
AS Level Biology - 5/6) Mitotic Cell Cycle and Protein SynthesisArm Punyathorn
The mitotic cell cycle and the synthesis of proteins by DNA transcription and translation is one of the most puzzling processes in Biology. It is such a fundamental process for life and yet its true mechanism may still be a mystery. However, the fascinating complexity makes it one of the most interesting topics to study in Biology.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 9 Lesson 3 on energy changes, chemical reactions, endothermic and exothermic reactions, and activation energy. Understanding a reaction potential energy diagram.
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
AS Level Biology - 5/6) Mitotic Cell Cycle and Protein SynthesisArm Punyathorn
The mitotic cell cycle and the synthesis of proteins by DNA transcription and translation is one of the most puzzling processes in Biology. It is such a fundamental process for life and yet its true mechanism may still be a mystery. However, the fascinating complexity makes it one of the most interesting topics to study in Biology.
Grade 8 Integrated Science Chapter 9 Lesson 3 on energy changes, chemical reactions, endothermic and exothermic reactions, and activation energy. Understanding a reaction potential energy diagram.
I am a GCSE Student and I have made a revision PowerPoint for Module B1 in Biology. This PowerPoint is helpful for your Science Exams for the Biology Unit/Section even if you don't do OCR Gateway as your exam board, you may do Edexcel or AQA or OCR 21st Century.
I have made this PowerPoint by following the Syllabus and Specification. My School does the OCR Gateway Science Specification B Course. I am an A*Student, so everything in the PowerPoint is up to an A/A* Standard - Higher Tier.
This PowerPoint is for Double Science which have four modules as shown below
B1, B2, B3, B4
C1, C2, C3, C4
P1, P2, P3, P4
I will be uploading more powerpoints for Modules 2-3 in Biology, and Modules 1-4 for Chemistry and Physics
Good luck and Happy Revising
“The right half of the brain controls the left half of the body. This means that only left handed people are in their right mind.”
Made up of brain and spinal cordActs as body’s control center, coordinates body’s activitiesImpulses travel through the neurons in your body to reach the brainCentral Nervous System is yellow in this diagram.
Made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system.Similar to telephone wires that connect all of our houses in the communityCentral Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli.Peripheral Nervous System is green in this diagram.
Somatic Nervous SystemRelay information between skin, skeletal muscles and central nervous systemYou consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles (except reflexes)Reflexes: Automatic response to stimulusAutonomic Nervous SystemRelay information from central nervous system to organsInvoluntary: You do not consciously control theseSympathetic Nervous System: controls in times of stress, such as the flight or fight responseParasympathetic Nervous System: controls body in times of rest
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Summary
The nervous system and hormones enable us
to respond to external changes. They also help
us to control conditions inside our bodies.
Hormones are used in some forms of
contraception and in fertility treatments.
3. You should be able to:
■ evaluate the benefits of, and the problems that
may arise from, the use of hormones to control
fertility, including In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
4. Key terms
Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Stimulus / stimuli (plural)
Receptor
Impulse
Neurones
Nerve
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
Synapse
Reflex action
Muscle
5. The Nervous System
What are its component
parts?
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
What does it do?
• Enables you to control
your body
• Gives you feedback
about the world
6. Look away if you’re squeamish…
A dissected
brain, spinal
cord and
sections of
major
nerves.
9. Receptors in the eyes are sensitive to
___________________
Receptors in the ears are sensitive to
___________________
Receptors in the ____________ are sensitive to
changes in position
Receptors in the _____________ and
___________ are sensitive to chemicals that
enable us to taste and smell
Receptors in the skin are sensitive to
t________________, p_______________ and
p_______
10. The route impulses take
Sensory
neurone
Relay
neurones
(in brain or
spinal cord)
Effectors –
Motor neurone
11. The Spine
You don’t need
to know any of
these little
details – just
remember that
the spinal cord
carries messages
to and from the
brain.
22. Reflex Reactions
Can you think of any?
• Startle reflex – moving away, contraction of
arm and leg muscles, blinking, breathing
changes
• Withdrawal reflex – moving away from
potentially harmful influences (e.g. high
temperature)
• Iris reflex – pupil becomes smaller in bright
light
24. Why the knee jerk reflex?
• This reflex is quite useful for walking. Every
time you put weight on your foot, your
muscles contract to support you. Without this
reflex, we would all look silly staggering
around, having to consciously think about
working our muscles for each step, but with
the muscles reacting too hopelessly late to be
useful. Chewing gum at the same time
would be out of the question.
Editor's Notes
(I don’t know why this image shows the pelvis – it isn’t part of the nervous system!) Ask students to discuss in groups what they think are the component parts of the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord make up the ‘central nervous system’ while the nerves comprise the ‘peripheral nervous system’. Students can then discuss what they think are the main functions of the nervous system before you reveal them.
The nervous system – brain, spine and nerves - is made up of very specialised cells called nerve cells or neurones (also spelt ‘neurons’). They have all the main features of animal cells: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, etc. – but also some very specialised features which allow them to do their particular job.
The large blob towards the lower left seems to be the cell body of a neurone, with an axon branching off to the right.
Overview of the route signals take through the nervous system. The brain or spinal cord is sometimes referred to as the ‘co-ordinator’ in this process.
Students must be clear about the types of neurones, in particular sensory neurones (from receptors to spine/brain, giving feedback on the outside world) and motor neurones (from brain/spine to effectors, which are usually muscles, enabling the brain/spine to control the body). These neurones are one-way only. For non-reflex reactions, there would be many relay neurones involved on the right, as the impulse from the sensory neurone enters the brain and the brain then makes decisions on how to respond, and sends impulses to the appropriate muscles.
The key component here is the spinal cord, protected by the vertebrae of the spine. Nerves connect the spinal cord to all parts of the body.
Not clear enough for students to copy, but gives them an idea of the two neurone types. Students could be asked to pick out similarities and differences between the two.
More detailed – you may or may not wish to show this, as it shows more than students need to know at GCSE. For most syllabuses, they do not need to know the terms ‘synaptic endings’, ‘node of Ranvier’, ‘myelin sheath’ and ‘Schwann cell’.
These are all images of motor neurones (except perhaps for the photo – I don’t know what type of neurones these two are…) This is to show students that there are many different ways of representing the same thing. Colours are not always realistic, but may be used in different ways for clarity.
Again, notice that the colours do not necessarily reflect reality.
Individual neurones are bundled together in nerves. The neurones do not interfere with each other, but all act independently, and each neurone is one-way only. A single nerve contains both motor neurones and sensory neurones. A nerve is a bit like a bundle of optical fibres used in telecommunications.
Like all cells, nerve cells need energy to function. So the nerves also contain tiny blood vessels (capillaries) to carry oxygen and glucose to the cells.
Magnified image showing neurones in a nerve.
The axon (long part) of a neurone is surrounded by a fatty layer (called the myelin sheath). This acts as an electrical insulator. (Motor neurone disease is a disease which causes this insulator to break down. Signals leak out of the neurones and do not reach their destination muscles, so people with the disease gradually lose the ability to control their muscles.)
The green bands in the image are the fatty insulation layer, highly magnified.
The synapse is a tiny gap between one neurone and the next. The electrical signal reaches the end of the first neurone, and this triggers the release of chemicals. The arrival of these chemicals at the next neurone triggers the start of an electrical impulse. This is how the impulse gets from one neurone to the next. For most GCSE syllabuses, students do not need to know the terms ‘axon terminal’, ‘synaptic vesicles’ (‘sacs containing chemicals’ will do) or ‘neurotransmitter’ (‘chemicals’ is enough).
Incidentally, you may be wondering why there should be synapses at all – why not have the neurones directly connected to one another, without a gap? One reason is to ensure that the flow of impulses is in one direction only. At a synapse, only one of the neurones contains sacs of chemicals for release, while the other is the only one with receptors for those chemicals.
Not in GCSE, so you may want to hide this slide, but interesting to know that neurones can connect to each other in different ways. Taken from ‘Neuroscience For Kids’ at http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/synapse.html
It is just now becoming possible to take a single neurone and incorporate it into a microchip, in which the neurone acts as a tiny electrical connector. This may lead to some interesting possibilities in the future…mind-reading?...downloading your memories?
Reflex reactions do not involve the brain; the brain is simply informed of them afterwards. The receptor causes an impulse along a sensory neurone, which connects to a relay neurone in the spine. Rather than taking the impulse up to the brain, it passes it directly to a motor neurone which causes a reaction in an appropriate muscle. Reflex reactions are usually there to protect the body from sources of danger, e.g. heat or injury. The body is full of ‘reflex arcs’ like this, ready for action should the need arise.
Students can test out the iris reflex.
Students could (carefully!) try this on themselves or each other. A hammer is not needed – the side of the hand works just as well. Gently tap just below the knee, and if you hit the right spot, the leg will jerk forwards. This movement is involuntary.