The document provides information about the coordination and response system in biology. It discusses the following key points: - Living organisms respond to stimuli in their internal and external environments through coordination between different body systems. The nervous and endocrine systems play major roles in coordination. - Stimuli are changes in the environment that are detected by sensory receptors and elicit responses. There are internal and external stimuli. - The nervous system detects stimuli and coordinates responses. It has three main parts: sensory receptors, an integrating center (brain and spinal cord), and effectors. - The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into different regions that control various functions like movement, sensation, thinking,

1. PART 1
BIOLOGY FORM 5
CHAPTER 3
COORDINATION & RESPONSE PART 1

2. 3.1 Understanding
response and coordination
A student is able to:
 list the changes in external and internal environment faced by an
organism,
 state why organisms have to be sensitive to changes in internal and
external environment,
 clarify through examples the meaning of ‘stimulus’ and ‘response’,
 state the main components and pathways involved in detecting and
responding to changes in external environment,
 state the main components and pathways involved in detecting and
regulating changes in internal environment,
 clarify through examples the meaning of ‘coordination’.

3. Living organisms respond to changes
in the internal and external
environment

5.  all organs and systems in a healthy
human body are co-ordinated
 co-ordinated means :
 they co-operate with one another and
work together efficiently

6. The changes which cause response
in the body are called stimuli
(stimulus)
Stimuli: changes in the environment
- Internal & external environment

7. Stimuli [stimulus = singular]
Cold
Heat
Sound
Chemicals
in air
Pain

8. 2 types of stimuli:
a) Internal stimuli
- Changes in blood pressure,
sugar level
b) External stimuli
-changes in light intensity,
sound , temperature, pressure,
touch

9. Eg.
Cells sensitive to
the level of CO2
in the blood,
blood osmotic
pressure
Sensory receptors
Detect changes in the internal environment

10. Sensory receptors
Detect changes in the internal environment
Eg. Pancreatic
cells detect
blood glucose
level

11. A stimulus is:
 a change in the environment that can be
detected by a sense organ and brings about a
response

12. Stimulus Receptor Effector
Response
Response – Body’s reaction to stimulus
When stimulus is detected, and eventually result in
response, it is called coordination

13.  Consider the tennis player about to hit
the ball:
Physical activity is one function
that requires co-ordination
1 Eyes see ball.
2
3
Information goes to
brain & is processed.
Brain sends messages to
muscles to hit the ball.

14. Co-ordination of body functions
involves:

15. BY THE
Nervous System

16. BY THE
Endocrine System

17. 3.2 Analysing the role of human nervous
system
A student is able to:
 state the role of nervous system,
 draw and label a diagram to show the organisation of the nervous
system,
 name the main parts of the brain and state their functions,
 draw and label a diagram of a cross section of the spinal cord,
 state the main functions of the spinal cord,
 label the structure of an efferent neurone,
 identify the type of the neurone from diagrams given,
 state the function of each type of neurone,
 state the mode of transmission of information along the neurone,

18. 3.2 Analysing the role of human nervous
system
A student is able to:
 describe briefly the pathway of transmission of information from
receptors to effectors,
 draw and label a simple diagram of a synapse,
 describe the transmission of information across synapses,
 state the role of the synapse in transmission,
 give examples of voluntary action,
 give examples of involuntary action,
 outline the transmission of information in voluntary action,
 outline the transmission of information in involuntary action,
 draw a schematic diagram showing a reflex arc,
 give examples of nervous system related diseases.

19. NERVOUS CONTROL:
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

20. Question:
1. What is the main function of the nervous
system? (2)
The NS contains a network of specialised
cells called neurones that coordinate the
actions of an animal / human and
transmit signals between different parts of
its body.

21. Nervous System
Sensory
Receptors
Integrating Centre Effectors
• Receptors: Sensory cells that detect stimuli
• Effectors: Organs/Glands that carry out responses to
stimuli

22.  Nervous systems process information in
three stages
Sensor
Effector
Motor output
Integration
Sensory input
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Central nervous
system (CNS)

23. The Nervous System receives
messages from:
Receptors in Sense
organs
CNS

24. Integrating centre
- Central nervous system
Brain & spinal cord
-processes information

25. The Nervous System sends
messages to:
 Muscles
 Glands
Effectors
CNS
Salivary
glands

26. Effectors
- Carry out the response to stimuli
Muscle & glands

27. Organization of the human nervous system
BRAIN
SPINAL
NERVES
(31 pairs)
CRANIAL
NERVES
(12 pairs)
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SPINAL CORD
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
HUMAN NERVOUS
SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SOMATIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM

29. Brain & Spinal cord:
 the main parts of the NS
 are called the CNS

30. How is the CNS connected to the various parts
of the body?

31. Basic unit of the nervous system
 Nerve cells = Neurones
Neurones
 transmit
electrical
impulses

33. Flow of information
What are
‘stimuli’?

35. Skull Plates slide at Birth
Suture
The Skull protects the Brain

36. Meninges surround Brain & Spinal Cord
Function of the Meninges:
1. stabilise neural tissue
2. protect from bruising against bones

37. Meningitis: caused by an infection of the
meninges
Bacteria
Virus
Streptococcus
meningitis infection

38. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) fills the:
1. hollow cavities of
the brain
[ventricles]
2. spinal cord
Left lateral view

39. Functions of the cerebrospinal
fluid:
1. acts as a shock absorber
2. to allow oxygen and
nutrients to diffuse
through it to nourish
neurones
3. to allow removal of
wastes

40. CSF must be drained all the time
CSF accumulates and exerts pressure
on the brain if not allowed to drain

41. Parts of the brain:
Cerebrum / cerebral hemisphere
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
Pituitary
gland
Hypothalamus

42. What happened to the size of the cerebrum
as more complex nervous systems evolved?
The cerebrum came to make up a larger
proportion of the brain.

43. The cerebrum is highly folded
Many neurones can be
packed into a small
space.

44. Two Cerebral hemispheres =
cerebrum

45. Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum
• Layers of the cerebrum
Grey matter:
- outer layer in the
cerebral cortex
- composed mostly of
neurone cell bodies
White matter:
- inner layer in the
cerebral cortex
- composed of myelinated
nerve fibres

46. Position of Grey and White Matter
Grey
matter
Brain
Spinal Cord
White
matter

47. The Cerebrum is the site of:
1) consciousness, our sense of self

48. 2) intelligence, reasoning,
personality, learning,
emotions and the ‘will’

49. Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
receives and
processes visual
information
concerned with
planning and
decision making
receives and
processes auditory
information
deals with incoming
information from
the body

50. Three Kinds of Functional Areas in Cerebral Cortex:
2. Sensory areas
Receive impulses from
sensory receptors
1. Motor areas
Send impulses to
skeletal muscles

51. 3. Association areas
Integrate or associate sensory information
or memories

52. Body Map of the Cortex: cortical homunculus

53. Summary : The cerebrum
 controls our:
 sensations
 movements
 voluntary actions
 is responsible for:
 memory
 thought
 intelligence
Cerebrum

54. The cerebrum contains
2. Sensory areas:
 for sensation
1. Motor areas:
 for movement
3. Association areas :
 for thinking

55. Functions of the cerebellum:
 controls balance and
muscular co-ordination

56. FUNCTIONS of the Cerebellum:
it receives information from
the organs of balance in the
ears

57. FUNCTIONS of the Cerebellum:
is concerned with the control and precision
of all movements involving voluntary muscles

58. What happens to a person if the
cerebellum is damaged?
A damaged cerebellum results in jerky, poorly
coordinated movements

59. Functions of the medulla oblongata:
 controls involuntary & automatic processes such
as:
 the rate of breathing
 heartbeat

60. Medulla Oblangata
 Acts as a reflex centre.
Eg. Vomiting, coughing & sneezing.

61. Functions of:
 releases
hormones
 homeostasis

62. has centres which control mood and emotions
such as aggression, rage, fear and pleasure
is the most vascular region of the
brain
monitors:
i) metabolite and hormone levels of the blood
ii) blood temperature
The Hypothalamus

63. The Hypothalamus is connected to &
controls the pituitary gland:

64.  Anterior pituitary produces various hormones
The Pituitary Gland
 Posterior
pituitary
stores and
releases
ADH & oxytocin

65. Meninges
 are layers of tissue that surround the CNS

66. Question:
1. List the function of each of the following
parts within the central nervous system:
i. cerebrum; (2)
ii. cerebellum; (2)
iii. medulla oblongata. (2)
2. In humans the cerebrum is very large and
highly folded. Explain why. (2)

67. Question:
This question concerns the nervous system of humans.
Give the main function of the following structures within the
brain: (4)
1) Medulla
controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate
2) Cerebellum
controls posture and balance, co-ordinates muscle
action
3) Cerebrum
responsible for voluntary action, store memory,
involved in learning
4) Hypothalamus
responsible for homeostasis, acts as an integration
centre for the endocrine and nervous systems

68. IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

69. The Spinal Cord

70. The Spinal Cord is a cylinder of
nervous tissue
 runs from the base of the brain down the back

71. Two functions of the Spinal Cord:
1)acts as a coordinating centre for:
 reflex actions
2) provides a means of
communication between the:
 spinal nerves and
 the brain

72. The Structure of the Spinal Cord & its Roots
GREY MATTER
contains
cell bodies
dendrites
synapses
WHITE MATTER
contains
myelinated nerve
fibres

73. Myelin = FAT = white
Grey matter
White matter
TS spinal cord
Why is the white
matter white?
 due to nerve fibres
covered by myelin

74. Grey matter
White matter
 due to nuclei present
in cell bodies TS spinal cord
Remember nuclei look
DARK.
Why is the grey
matter grey?

75. Vertebrae protect the spinal cord
Spinal
cord
Vertebra
Vertebral
column

76. Protection of the Spinal Cord by:
1. Vertebral column
2. Meninges
3. Cerebrospinal fluid

77. The Spinal Cord is found in the Neural Canal
Neural canal
PAIN!!!

78. Meninges surround Spinal Cord

79. Neurones and nerves
Neurone = nerve cell
Nerve = a bundle of nerve cells
neurones

80. Neurones can be very long

81. Afferent / Sensory neurones
Efferent / Motor neurones
Interneurones or
Relay neurones
Three types of Neurone

82. Afferent
neurone
(sensory
neurone)
Interneurone
(relay neurone)
Eferent
neurone
(motor
neurone)

83. Basic plan of a nervous system
receptor  afferent neurones  efferent neurones
interneurones
in
central
nervous
system
stimulus
change in the environment
of the receptor
generates
nerve
impulses
The functional unit of the nervous system is the neurone.
muscle or gland
response
effector

84. Each neurone possesses:
Dendrites
Dendrites
Cell body
[soma] Axon
Synaptic
terminals

85. The Structure And Function Of A Typical
Neurone
Dendrites
Neurilemma
• Forms the cell
membrane of a neurone
Muscle fibres
Myelin sheath
• Insulates the axon and
speeds up the transmission
of impulses
Axon (Transmits impulse away
from the cell body)
Dendron (Transmits impulse
towards the cell body)
Nucleus
Cell body
• Contains a nucleus, cytoplasm
and other organelles
Nodes of Ranvier
• Where the neurilemma
constricts, helps to speed up
transmission of nerve impulse
• Serves as a control centre

86. Structure of a afferent/sensory
neurone

87. Afferent /Sensory Neurone
AXON
DENDRON

88. Direction of impulse along a
afferent/sensory neurone
Axon carries impulse:
Away from the cell body

89. Efferent / Motor neurone
AXON
E
F
F
E
C
T
O
R
O
R
G
A
N

90. Efferent/motor neurone
[axon terminal]
Direction of
impulse

91. Function of the myelin sheath
Protects the nerve fibre
insulates the nerve fibre
speeds up the impulses
Myelin sheath:
FAT

92. Nodes of Ranvier: gaps along the axon
 facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses
impulsesimpulses occur at intervals of 1 to 2 m

93. Differences in structure between a:
1. Long axon
2. No receptor
3. Cell body terminal &
has dendrites
4. Many short dendrons
1. Short axon
2. Receptor
3. Cell body at the side;
no dendrites
4. One long dendron
receptor axon
axon
dendron
Afferent neuroneEfferent neurone
C
N
S
C
N
S

94. Differences in function between a:
receptor
Afferent neuroneEfferent neurone
C
N
S
C
N
S
Carries
impulse from
the receptor
to the CNS
Carries
impulse from
the CNS to
the effector

95. Interneurone
 Carries impulse from the
afferent neurone to the
efferent neurone

97. Connections between afferent neurone,
interneurone and efferent neurone.
 Neurones DO NOT touch each other
Afferent
neurone
Efferent
neurone
Inter
neurone

98. A synapse is a tiny gap between
neurones
synapse

99. Impulses
travel in
direction
across a
synapse
Afferent neurone
Efferent neurone
Interneurone
Effector
Receptor

100. Two neurones Communicate at a
Synapse
A synapse forms when:
an axon of a presynaptic cell “connects” with the
dendrites of a postsynaptic cell

101. How many synapses on one cell
body? 1,000 to 10,000!!

102. A Synapse

103. A synapse

105. What happens at a chemical synapse?
• Calcium ions cause synaptic vesicles to fuse
with the presynaptic membrane, releasing
neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
2

106. What happens at a chemical synapse?
• neurotransmitters diffuses across the
synaptic cleft and binds to specific
neuroreceptor sites in the post synaptic
membrane.
3

107. Neurotransmitters are
cleared from the cleft.
Why is it important to
remove them from the
synaptic cleft?
To stop their action.
What happens to the neurotransmitter
after its release?

108. 1. Diffusion
The neurotransmitter is cleared from the
synaptic cleft in three ways:
2. Reuptake by
adjacent cells
3. Enzymes present
in the cleft may
destroy them: e.g.
acetylcholinesterase
acts on
acetylcholine (ACh)

109. Examples of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Dopamine

110.  All skeletal muscle motor neurones
 Some neurones in the autonomic NS
Acetylcholine (ACh) is released by:

111.  Blocks ACh receptors
 Circular iris muscles do not contract
Atropine from belladonna

112. Explain the possible effects of the following
neurotoxins based on their mode of action:
1.nerve gases used in warfare (e.g. sarin) and
organophosphate insecticides (e.g.
parathion) inhibit acetylcholinesterase; (1)
The neurotransmitter is not destroyed by
acetylcholinesterase and continues to act
on the postsynaptic membrane. Thus
impulses are continuously being fired.
Question:

113. Explain the possible effects of the following
neurotoxins based on their mode of action:
Question:
2.various toxins, such as
botulinum toxin, prevent
the release of
acetylcholine. (1)
No impulse can be fired in
the postsynaptic
membrane and the person
remains paralysed.

114. Drugs and the
Synapse

115. Amphetamine & Nicotine are stimulants
 have an excitatory effect
 cause brain to release more
dopamine [neurotransmitter]
 dopamine causes neurones to fire more often
than normal:
= euphoric feeling

116. But when the effect wears
off person feels down
Effect of Amphetamines

117. Amphetamine stimulates dopamine synapses:
- by increasing
the release of
dopamine
from the
presynaptic
terminal
DAT – dopamine transporter

118. Nicotine binds to the presynaptic receptors:
exciting the neurone to fire more action
potentials causing an increase in dopamine
release

119. Drugs and alcohol bind important receptors on neurones

120. Repeated binding causes the neurone to die

121. Types Of Coordinated Response
Two types of actions controlled by the human
nervous system
Voluntary Action
Involuntary Action
Controlled by cerebrum
Controlled by medulla oblongata

122. Voluntary Action
Initiated by the motor centres of the cerebral corfex
The pathway of transmission of information in voluntary action
Receptors
Sensory areas
of the cerebral
cortex
Motor area of
the cerebral
cortex
Effector
Afferent nerve
Efferent nerve
Stimulus
Response

123. Involuntary Action
The brain is not conscious of an involuntary action.
Example of involuntary action involving skeletal muscle
knee jerk reflex
withdrawal of the hand from a hot object
Example of involuntary action involving smooth muscle
cardiac muscle or glands
regulation of blood pressure
rate of breathing
blood glucose level

130. A Reflex Action is a
 rapid, automatic, involuntary response to a
stimulus which is not under the voluntary
control of the brain
The pupil
reflex

131. A Reflex Action
 is the simplest form of response in the nervous
system
 the same stimulus produces the same response
every time
Sneeze Swallow
Snail retreats inside
shell

132. Examples of reflex actions:
 Sneezing

133.  Blinking
 Coughing
 Removing the leg
when stepping on a pin

134. The knee jerk is a reflex action

135. Examples of reflex actions:
 withdrawing your hand from a hot
object

136. Why are reflex actions useful to
the body?

137. b. List the stimulus and response for each of
the following reflex actions:
i. swallowing; (3)
Stimulus: food in mouth
Response: food goes down oesophagus
ii. coughing. (2)
Stimulus: foreign particles in trachea
Response: removal of foreign object from
trachea

138. Question:
A student accidentally touches a beaker of hot
water. The student pulled her hand away from
the hot water very quickly. This is an example
of a reflex action.
a) Define the term reflex action. (2)

139. Question:
b) List TWO examples of reflex actions taking
place in newborn babies. (4)
Suckling reflex
Grip reflex
Stepping
reflex
Crying
reflex

140. Reflex Arc is the:
nervous pathway taken by nerve
impulses in the reflex action

141. REFLEX ARC
Stimulus Afferent
Neurone
Interneurone
Receptor Synapse
Response Efferent
Neurone
Synapse

142. Two Types of Reflex Action:
1.Monosynaptic 2. Polysynaptic
e.g. knee jerk reflex
Has a SINGLE synapse
between the sensory
and motor neurones
e.g. hand withdrawal reflex
Has TWO or more
synapses
lex

143. Reflex Action
What’s wrong
with this
animation?

144. The knee jerk reflex arc
MuscleSpinal cord
Stimulus Afferent
Neurone
Receptor Synapse
Response
Efferent
Neurone

145. Reaction Time: 0.3 SECONDS

146. What type of reflex action is shown?
Monosynaptic
or
Polysynaptic

147. Where are the cell bodies located?
Afferent/Sensory
neurone:
dorsal root ganglion
Efferent/Motor neurone &
interneurone:
grey matter of spinal cord

148. Dorsal [back]
TS spinal cord
Ventral [front]

149. A sensory neurone always
enters via the DORSAL
ROOT

150. Dorsal root ganglion is a
collection of cell bodies of the
sensory neurones

151. A Reflex Arc
- nerve pathway in a reflex action
stimulus
receptor
afferent neurone
spinal
cord of
central
nervous
system
interneurone
efferent neurone
effector
response

152. REMEMBER: Reflex Arc
Some involve 3 neurones – afferent neurone,
interneurone & efferent neurone
Eg. withdrawal of the hand from a hot object
Some involve 2 neurones – afferent neurone
& efferent neurone
Eg. knee jerk

153. Reflex arc

154. Activity: Draw
The hand withdrawal reflex arc.

155. Question
A transverse section through the spinal cord is
examined under the high power of the
microscope. Part of it looks like diagram A and part
looks like diagram B. Which is grey matter and
which is white matter?
Give reasons for your decision.
A B

156. Answer
Diagram A represents nerve fibres cut in cross-
section and therefore comes from white
matter.
Diagram B shows many cell bodies which
constitute much of the grey matter.
A B

157. Label the diagram. Draw arrows to
show direction of impulse
A – receptor
B – sensory neurone
C – motor neurone
D – synapse

158. Question:
6d) The following diagram demonstrates the rapid
and automatic removal of a finger from a
flame.
i) Complete the diagram by drawing and naming
the neurones that bring about this reflex action.

159. ii) Use arrows to show the pathway of the
nerve impulse along the neurones. (4)

160. e) Some individuals suffer from a motor neurone
disease in which the neurones gradually
degenerate. How is this likely to interfere with the
efficiency of reflex actions? (2)
Reflex actions take
longer to occur – they
become less efficient.

161. Label the two neurones. What is the
function of each?

162. Question:
The diagram in the figure below shows part of
the spinal cord of a human in transverse
section
a)Identify the structures labelled A through D.
(2)
A: white matter
B: dorsal root ganglion
C: grey matter
D: ventral root
E: central canal

163. Question:
Touching a hot surface would generally cause a
person to contract their biceps, retracting the
arm and hand away from the stimulus. This
reflex action involves three neurones.
b) What is a reflex action? (1)
A reflex action is a rapid automatic response
to a stimulus. An action which is not learned.

164. Question:
c) Name the three types of neurones involved in
a reflex action and indicate the approximate
position of each on the diagram. (3)

165. Question:
d) State ONE function of the fluid found in
structure E. (1)
Shock absorber / provides nutrients to the
nerve cells / removes wastes of nerve cells

166. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

167. Organization of the human nervous system
BRAIN
SPINAL
NERVES
(31 pairs)
CRANIAL
NERVES
(12 pairs)
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SPINAL CORD
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
HUMAN NERVOUS
SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SOMATIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM

168. Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial & Spinal Nerveshe nervous system of a vertebrate
mixed nerves
What does
this mean?
31 pairs
12 pairs

169. Mixed nerves have both sensory &
motor neurones

170. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
 The part of the nervous system responsible for control of
the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as
breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

171. Organization of the human nervous system
BRAIN
SPINAL
NERVES
(31 pairs)
CRANIAL
NERVES
(12 pairs)
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SPINAL CORD
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
HUMAN NERVOUS
SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SOMATIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC
SYSTEM

172. Autonomic Nervous System also known as the
involuntary Nervous System
Regulates activities of:
 cardiac & smooth muscles
 glands
FUNCTION:
 controls involuntary
functions e.g. sweating

173. The overall control of the autonomic NS
is maintained by centres in the :
medulla
&
hypothalamus

174. SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

175. Effect on the Heart:
Organ Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Heart Increases
amplitude and
rate of heart
beat
Decreases
amplitude and
rate of heart beat

176. Diseases related to
the Nervous System

181. Parkinson’s disease
Affects nerve cells in the brain that produce neurotransmitter
dopamine.
Symptoms : muscle rigidity, tremors, and changes in speech and
gait.
After diagnosis, treatments can help relieve symptoms, but there
is no cure.

183. See Video - dbs

184. THE END Part 1

185. Chemical weapons symbol

186. Nerve gases
 Nerve gases, or nerve agents
 odorless , colorless or yellow-brown liquids
 eg Sarin and VX.
 Even in small quantities, nerve gases inhibit
the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and disrupt
the transmission of nerve impulses in the
body.

187. Effects of sarin
 Runny nose, Watery eyes, Small, pinpoint pupils, Eye pain,
Blurred vision, Drooling and excessive sweating, Cough,
Chest tightness
 Rapid breathing, Diarrhea, Nausea, vomiting, and/or
abdominal pain, Increased urination
 Confusion, Drowsiness, Weakness, Headache, Slow or fast
heart rate, Low or high blood pressure
 Even a small drop of sarin on the skin can cause sweating
and muscle twitching where sarin touched the skin.
 Exposure to large doses of sarin by any route may result in
the following harmful health effects:
 Loss of consciousness, Convulsions, Paralysis, Respiratory
failure possibly leading to death

190. BOTOX
 Botox is a drug made from a toxin produced by the
bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
 causes a life-threatening type of food poisoning
called botulism.

191. BOTOX
Doctors use it in small doses to treat health problems, including
 Temporary smoothing of facial wrinkles and improving your
appearance
 Severe underarm sweating
 Cervical dystonia - a neurological disorder that causes severe
neck and shoulder muscle contractions
 Blepharospasm - uncontrollable blinking
 Strabismus - misaligned eyes
 Chronic migraine
 Overactive bladder
 Botox injections work by weakening or paralyzing certain
muscles or by blocking certain nerves. The effects last about
three to twelve months, depending on what you are treating.
The most common side effects are pain, swelling, or bruising at
the injection site. You could also have flu-like symptoms,