This document discusses tetracycline antibiotics. It notes that tetracyclines suppress a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as other microorganisms. They work by inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. Common side effects include gastrointestinal irritation. Tetracyclines are generally not recommended as first-line treatment but may be used for selected infections like rickettsial diseases. Newer tetracycline derivatives like doxycycline and minocycline have improved properties like better absorption and tissue penetration.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
ANTIDIARREHAL AGENTS, therapy,ORS, DRUGS used ,
IBD DRUGS, loperamide, probiotics,antisecreatory drugs, antimotility
mechanism of each drugs used in diarrhea
INTRODUCTION
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used mainly in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative bacilli infections, although they are also effective against other bacteria including Staphylococci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
They are often used in combination with other antibiotics.
Streptomycin – 1944
Actinomycetes – Streptomyces griseus
Bactericidal antibiotics which is interfere with protein synthesis
Used to treat aerobic Gram –ve bacteria
Exhibit ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
MECHANISM OF ACTION
These drugs inhibit protein synthesis in the bacteria, there permeability is increased and cell contents leak out and death of cell occurs. These drugs leave bactericidal action.
CLINICAL USES
Gram –ve bacillary infection – Septicaemia, pelvic & abdominal sepsis
Bacterial endocarditis – enterococcal, streptococcal or staphylococcal infection of heart valves
Pneumonias, Tuberculosis
Tularemia
Plague, Brucellosis
Topical – Neomycin, Framycetin:- Infections of conjunctiva or external ear and also used it before surgery.
COMMON INDICATIONS OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Gram negative bacillary infections particularly septicemia, meningitis, UTI’s renal, pelvic and abdominal sepsis.
Bacterial endocarditis: usually gentamicin is preferred as a part of regimen.
Other infections such as tuberculosis, plague, brucellosis etc.
Topical uses: neomycin, framycetin and sisomicin are used for various topical infections.
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
The renal function should be regularly monitored.
Patients should be regularly enquired about any side effects.
Patients should be warned for not driving or operating the machinery.
Patient should be advised to take plenty of water during the course.
Monitor the sign and symptoms of hearing loss.
In this presentation, mainly I concentrated on Metronidazole, which is an anti-biotic; and talking about it's pharmacokinetics, drug indication, contraindication, adverse drug reactions and taking the drug during pregnancy and lactation, finally I hope you enjoy it as much as I DID, SALAAM.
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Antileprosy drugs have been described with their pharmacology also this topic covers Multidrug treatment for leprosy including paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy and lepra reactions
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
ANTIDIARREHAL AGENTS, therapy,ORS, DRUGS used ,
IBD DRUGS, loperamide, probiotics,antisecreatory drugs, antimotility
mechanism of each drugs used in diarrhea
INTRODUCTION
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used mainly in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative bacilli infections, although they are also effective against other bacteria including Staphylococci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
They are often used in combination with other antibiotics.
Streptomycin – 1944
Actinomycetes – Streptomyces griseus
Bactericidal antibiotics which is interfere with protein synthesis
Used to treat aerobic Gram –ve bacteria
Exhibit ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
MECHANISM OF ACTION
These drugs inhibit protein synthesis in the bacteria, there permeability is increased and cell contents leak out and death of cell occurs. These drugs leave bactericidal action.
CLINICAL USES
Gram –ve bacillary infection – Septicaemia, pelvic & abdominal sepsis
Bacterial endocarditis – enterococcal, streptococcal or staphylococcal infection of heart valves
Pneumonias, Tuberculosis
Tularemia
Plague, Brucellosis
Topical – Neomycin, Framycetin:- Infections of conjunctiva or external ear and also used it before surgery.
COMMON INDICATIONS OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Gram negative bacillary infections particularly septicemia, meningitis, UTI’s renal, pelvic and abdominal sepsis.
Bacterial endocarditis: usually gentamicin is preferred as a part of regimen.
Other infections such as tuberculosis, plague, brucellosis etc.
Topical uses: neomycin, framycetin and sisomicin are used for various topical infections.
NURSING IMPLICATIONS
The renal function should be regularly monitored.
Patients should be regularly enquired about any side effects.
Patients should be warned for not driving or operating the machinery.
Patient should be advised to take plenty of water during the course.
Monitor the sign and symptoms of hearing loss.
In this presentation, mainly I concentrated on Metronidazole, which is an anti-biotic; and talking about it's pharmacokinetics, drug indication, contraindication, adverse drug reactions and taking the drug during pregnancy and lactation, finally I hope you enjoy it as much as I DID, SALAAM.
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Antileprosy drugs have been described with their pharmacology also this topic covers Multidrug treatment for leprosy including paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy and lepra reactions
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Antibiotics used in dentistry
Terminologies
History
Classification of antibiotics
Principles of antibiotics use
Commonly used antibiotics
Drug interaction
Drug combination
Antibiotic resistance
Summary
This interesting, illustrative presentation is a preliminary guide for preparing medical & paramedical teachers for effective teaching and enable them to conduct different courses for medical & paramedical students
This interesting and useful ppt highlights different pharmacokinetic concepts with illustrations for easy understanding - an overview for revision for medical and paramedical students
This is an excellent ppt on Dermatological pharmacology highlighting types of formulations, topical preparations and the treatment of individual skin disorders with illustrations...!!
This interesting ppt is the continuation of the Pharmacology of Opioid analgesics I... This impressive ppt highlight the pharmacology, advantages and disadvantages of opioid analgesics other than morphine with illustrations....!!
This interesting ppt is about the Pharmacology of morphine and acute morphine poisoning dealt with illustrative pictures, diagrams to facilitate learning for medical/paramedical students....
This is an Inspiring presentation on cultural diversities of india and how to work in cohesion.. mainly for medical students studying Foundation course in medicine...
This is an interesting and novel PPT on the Pharmacology of NSAIDs, on drugs other than aspirin ( for Aspirin check NSAIDs PART I ) illustrated with beautiful pictures and flowcharts....!!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
29. • Taken up by the organisms
• By active transport
• Binds to “ A ” site of 30 S subunit of ribosomes
• Prevent binding of tRNA to this site
• Thereby prevent transfer of amino acids for
protein synthesis
• Inhibition of protein synthesis
• Failure of growth and multiplication
39. Many organisms developed
Plasmid mediated
Decreased uptake
Efflux
Displacement
Inactivation
Cross resistance also
40.
41.
42.
43. • Food interferes with absorption
• Chelating property with calcium
• milk ,iron,antacids, zinc → ↓absorption
• Undergo enterohepatic circulation
• Widely distributed
• Attain good concentration in all secretions including
CSF
• CROSS PLACENTA
• primary excreted in urine dose ↓in renal failure
(not doxycycline )
44.
45.
46.
47.
48. • oral capsules 250 – 500 mg QID
• ½ hr before or 2 hr after food
• I.M route to be avoided
• doxycycline ,minocycline can be given
i.v
49.
50.
51.
52.
53. GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION → Epigastric pain ,
vomiting ,diarrhea
HEPATOTOXICITY (oxy,tetra )
RENAL TOXICITY ( except Doxy ) – aggravates renal failure
due to increased levels nitrogen from anti anabolic action
REVERSIBLE FANCONY LIKE SYNDROME → due to out dated
tetracycline
Vomiting, proteinuria, polyuria, glycosuria, acidosis
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61. • Photo toxicity ( sun burn like skin reactions,
dermatitis ) Demeclocycline, Doxycycline more likely
• Effect on teeth and bones deposits in the
developing cause deformities
• Brownish discoloration, pigmentation of teeth
• Depressed bone growth
• Onycholysis, pigmentation of nails
• TERATOGENIC
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71. • SUPERINFECTION : most common with TCs
due to suppression of normal bacterial flora of
intestine
• HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION →not very
common
• ANTIANABLIC EFFECT : large doses for longer
periods
• negative nitrogen balance →
• ↑blood urea ↑ ICT
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80. PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI due to ↑ ICT
NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS
inhibition of ADH action in kidneys by demeclocycline
LONGTERM
• leukocytosis,
• thrombocytopenic purpura
81.
82.
83.
84. • pregnancy, lactation, children upto 8 years
• Renal and hepatic insufficiency
• Beyond their expiry date
• mixing with other drugs during injections
• Intrathecal, intramuscular route
85.
86.
87.
88.
89. EARLIER Was preferred for empirical
therapy for most infections
NOW ONLY FOR SELECTED INFECTIONS
Several organisms lost sensitivity
Several alternatives are available
90.
91.
92.
93.
94. TETRACYCLINES ARE DRUGS OF CHOICE IN
RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS :
Tick typhus
Q fever
Rocky mountain spotted fever
2g 6 hourly followed by 1g 6 hourly
109.
ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae
GRANULOMA INGUINALE due to calymmatobacterium
granulomatis
CHOLERA –single dose of 200mg of doxycycline
reduces duration of illness ( adjuvant value )
treatment of dehydration is lifesaving
BRUCELLOSIS
PLAGUE
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124. TRAVELLER”S DIARRHOEA
OTHER STDs like gonorrhea, syphilis , chancroid
TULARAEMIA
LYME DISEASE
RELAPSING FEVER
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Post exposure prophylaxis of ANTHRAX
EYE INFECTIONS - TOPICALLY
125.
126.
127.
128. SOME PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS LIKE :
CHRONIC INTESTINAL AMOEBIASIS
MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT MALARIA
Miscellaneous
H.pylori infction
ACNE 250 mg BD for 4 weeks
INAPPROPRIATE SECRETION OF ADH
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135. Incomplete oral absorption
75% bioavailability
Low lipid solubility
QID dose
Not safe in renal impairment
High incidence of superinfection
136.
137. Semisynthetic
High potency
Complete intestinal absorption ( food does not
interfere )
95% bioavailability
primarily excreted through gut safe in renal
impairment
t ½ - 18-24 hrs
Less superinfection
High phototoxicity
Dose : 200 mg initially, then 100 mg OD for 6-14 days
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146. Semisynthetic
100% absorbed
Highly lipid soluble
Long t1/2 OD dose
Cause vestibular toxicity vertigo,
dizziness, ataxia, nausea, vomiting
Alternative to rifampicin for meningococcal
carriers
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153. SYNTHETIC BROAD SPECTRUM AMA
MECHANISM OF ACTION :
Binds with 50 s ribosomal subunit inhibits
transpeptidation reaction - inhibit protein synthesis
BACTERIOSTATIC
Resistance seen
154. similar to Tetracyclines
(G+ve, G –ve ,rickettsiae ,chlamediae,
mycoplasma )
salmonella ,shigella, h. influenza ,
klebsiella….. etc
BACTERICIDAL to
Neisseria meningitidis,
H. influenzae
bacteroides (anerobes)
155. rapidly & completely absorbed from the
intestine
EXCELLENT TISSUE PENETRATION
ATTAINS HIGH CONCENTRATION IN CSF
Crosses placenta
Metabolized in liver & excreted in urine
167. TYPHOID FEVER – sensitive strains – alternative to
other drugs
500 mg QID till fever subsides, then 250 mg QID till
14th day
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS – due to H.influenza &
meningococci ( alternative to penicillin &
cepahalosporins )
ANAEROBIC INFECTIONS – only in severe cases
RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS – alternative to
tetracycline
EYE AND EAR INFECTIONS - topically
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178. Derivative of minocycline
Broad antibacterial spectrum
MRSA, VRSA, VRE, MDRE
Anaerobes
Effective against Resistant organisms to tetracyclines
Given I.V = 100mg initially, followed by 50 mg BID
Safe in renal impairment
Well tolerated
Used in life threatening infections due to resistant
organisms
Hospital acquired infections
Intra-abdominal infections
Editor's Notes
Streptomyces rimosus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, filamentous, rod-shaped bacterium, that belongs to the Actinomycetes group. The chains of S. rimosus cells often branch to form a network of mycelium in soil and are responsible for the musty odor of soil. Streptomyces rimosus produces the antibiotic tetracycline, and is the industrial producer of oxytetracyclin.
Streptomyces rimosus is a Gram-positive, aerobic, filamentous, rod-shaped bacterium, that belongs to theActinomycetes group. The chains of S. rimosus cells often branch to form a network of mycelium in soil and are responsible for the musty odor of soil. Streptomyces rimosus produces the antibiotic tetracycline, and is the industrial producer of oxytetracyclin.
The tetracyclines comprise a large class of antibiotics first discovered by Benjamin Minge Duggar as natural substances in 1945. It was then when first tetracycline antibiotic, chlortetracycline, was synthesized and studied in Lederle Laboratories. The first scientific description of the discovery was released to public in 1948.
Epidemic typhus is caused by infection with Rickettsia prowazekii and is transmitted by the human body louse. Clinical features include, after an incubation period of 1-2 weeks, fever, headache and malaise. Furthermore, an eruption consisting of pink, red, or purpuric, discrete or confluent macules starting on the lateral trunk and spreading to involve most of the body including the face while sparing the palms and soles. Skin ulceration may occur. Conjunctivae may be involved. The eruption may become red and purpuric and can become confluent.
Death can occur from myocardial or central nervous system involvement.
Brill-Zinsser disease or sporadic typhus is the recurrence of epidemic typhus in individuals who have previously recovered from an attack. Skin lesions are the same but more mild.
Murine typhus is caused by Rickettsia mooseri, and is spread from rodent to man by the rat flea. Skin lesions are similar to those of epidemic typhus but are more mild.
Other rickettsial diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tick typhus, scrub typhus and rickettsial pox.
Q fever is not a clinically distinct illness and may resemble a viral illness or other types of atypical pneumonia. The diagnosis is confirmed by serum tests.
Treatment
Tetracycline or doxycycline should be started 8-12 days after exposure and continued for 5 days. This regimen has been shown to prevent clinical disease.
Rockey mountain spotted fever
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a spherical to ovoid shaped micro-organism without a true cell wall. It causes inapparent infections and mild respiratory tract disease. It is also an etiologic agent of primary atypical pneumonia. Other manifestations of mycoplasma infection include skin rash, otitis and meningoencephalitis
Granuloma inguinale, like syphilis, is also a sexually transmitted disease. It is a slowly progressive ulcerative condition of the skin and lymphatics of the genital, and perianal area caused by infection with Calymmatobacterium granulomatis.
Brucellosis in cattle, also known as Bang´s Disease, is an economically important disease that is found worldwide. The etiologic agent is Brucella abortus, a gram negative rod. Losses most commonly result from reproductive disturbances, mainly abortion. Brucella is of zoonotic concern and causes Undulant fever in humans.