This document provides an overview of systems analysis and design. It discusses key concepts including:
1. Systems analysis involves collecting and interpreting facts to identify problems and decompose a system into components. Design focuses on planning how to accomplish system objectives.
2. A system has components, interrelated components, a boundary, purpose, environment, interfaces, constraints, inputs, and outputs. Characteristics are discussed.
3. Models used in analysis include schematic, flow, static, and dynamic models. Important concepts are decomposition, modularity, coupling, and cohesion. Open and closed systems are also covered.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
Following presentation answers:
- Why do we need evolution?
- What happens if we do not evolve the software?
- What are the types of software evolution?
- What are Lehman's laws
- What are the strategies for evolution?
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Types of SDLC | Waterfall Model and Spi...Uttar Tamang ✔
This Slide includes:
#. Meaning of System Development Life Cycle
Process of SDLC
1. System Planning,
2. System Analysis,
3. System Design and Development,
4. System Implementation,
5. System Operation and Support
Types or Models of SDLC
1. Waterfall Model
1.1. Process of Waterfall Model
1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Waterfall Model
2. Spiral Model
2.1. Process of Spiral Method
2.2. Spiral Model For System Development
2.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Spiral Model
System Analysis & Designing : Elements of a System [In short]Abir Maheshwari
One of the topic from SAD named 'Elements of a System'. there are 6 keys elements to construct and reconstruct the business. which are described in this topics but in short, more to come stay connected. Thank you.
System Analysis and Design Project documentationMAHERMOHAMED27
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System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Types of SDLC | Waterfall Model and Spi...Uttar Tamang ✔
This Slide includes:
#. Meaning of System Development Life Cycle
Process of SDLC
1. System Planning,
2. System Analysis,
3. System Design and Development,
4. System Implementation,
5. System Operation and Support
Types or Models of SDLC
1. Waterfall Model
1.1. Process of Waterfall Model
1.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Waterfall Model
2. Spiral Model
2.1. Process of Spiral Method
2.2. Spiral Model For System Development
2.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Spiral Model
System Analysis & Designing : Elements of a System [In short]Abir Maheshwari
One of the topic from SAD named 'Elements of a System'. there are 6 keys elements to construct and reconstruct the business. which are described in this topics but in short, more to come stay connected. Thank you.
System Analysis and Design Project documentationMAHERMOHAMED27
this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is this is
1. Discuss the structured system analysis and design methodologies
2. What is DSS? Discuss the components and capabilities of DSS.
3. Narrate the stages of SDLC
4. Define OOP. What are the applications of it?
What is Software or System ?
How to develop a good Software or System ?
What attributes of designing a good Software or System ?
Which methodology should be to design a good Software or System ?
What is SDLC ?
How many phases available in SDLC ?
Unit 1
Introduction to software engineering, the software as product and a process
software process models – waterfall model, incremental development, reuse
oriented software engineering, introduction to agile.
Systems approach vs engineering approach,
case studies to explain 1) the importance of information systems, 2) availability
and reliability of information systems, 3) flexibility of information systems.
Unit 2
A. Software Development process : SDLC
B. Requirements Engineering – characteristics of requirement, requirement
elicitation and analysis, validation and verification
C. Identification of attributes.
D. Feasibility Analysis : technical and economic
Unit 3
3.1Data Flow Diagrams : Symbols, describing a good system with DFD
3.2DFD : leveling of DFD, logical and physical DFD
3.3Process Specification, Decision Tables.
3.4Introduction to ER Diagrams and Data Dictionary.
Unit 4
4.1Data Input Methods : Data input, coding techniques.
4.2Designing outputs : objectives of output design, design of output reports.
4.3Software development – introduction to project and modules, coupling
and cohesion
4.4 Case studies on DFD, ERD
Unit 5.
5.1Introduction and importance of software testing
5.2Software Security concept and software maintenance
5.3Control of information system
5.4Audit of information system
Unit 6
6.1Introduction to software development and deployment environment
6.2Introduction to component based software engineering
6.3Introduction to distributed software engineering
6.4Introduction to service oriented architecture
Socio-technical system: Essential characteristics of socio technical systems,
Emergent System Properties, Systems Engineering, Components of system such 9
as organization, people and computers.
Critical system: Types of critical system, A simple safety critical system, Availability and Reliability, Safety and Security of Software systems.
Requirements Engineering Processes: Feasibility study, Requirements elicitation and analysis, Requirements Validations.
System Models: Models and its types, Context Models, Behavioural Models,
Data Models, Object Models, Structured Methods.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. System Analysis and Design -
Overview
Systems development is systematic
process which includes phases such as
planning, analysis, design, deployment,
and maintenance.
Here, we will primarily focus on −
1-Systems analysis
2-Systems design
3. Systems Analysis
• It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts,
identifying the problems, and decomposition of a
system into its components.
• System analysis is conducted for the purpose of
studying a system or its parts in order to identify
its objectives. It is a problem solving technique
that improves the system and ensures that all the
components of the system work efficiently to
accomplish their purpose.
• Analysis specifies what the system should do.
4. Systems Design
• It is a process of planning a new business system or
replacing an existing system by defining its components or
modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before
planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly
and determine how computers can best be used in order to
operate efficiently.
• System Design focuses on how to accomplish the
objective of the system.
• System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −
• Systems
• Processes
• Technology
5. What is a System?
• The word System is derived from Greek word
Systema, which means an organized
relationship between any set of components to
achieve some common cause or objective.
• A system is “an orderly grouping of
interdependent components linked together
according to a plan to achieve a specific
goal.”
6. Characteristics of a System
• Components
• Interrelated Components
• Boundary
• Purpose
• Environment
• Interfaces
• Constraints
• Input
• Output
3
8. System characteristics
• A component
• an irreducible part or aggregation of parts that make
up a system, also called a subsystem
• Interrelated components
• Dependence of one subsystem on one or more
subsystems
• Boundary
• The line that marks the inside and outside of a
system and that sets off the system form its
environment
8
9. System characteristics
• Purpose
• The overall goal or function of a system
• Environment
• Everything external to a system that interacts with
the system
• Interface
• Point of contact where a system meets its
environment or where subsystems meet each other.
9
10. System characteristics
• Constraint
• A limit to what a system can accomplish
• Input
• Whatever a system takes from its environment in order
to fulfill its purpose
• Output
• Whatever a system returns from its environment in
order to fulfill its purpose
10
11. Systems Models
• 1-Schematic Models
• A schematic model is a 2-D chart that shows
system elements and their linkages.
• Different arrows are used to show information
flow, material flow, and information feedback.
12. 2-Flow System Models
• A flow system model shows the orderly flow
of the material, energy, and information that
hold the system together.
• Program Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT), for example, is used to abstract a real
world system in model form.
13. 3-Static System Models
• They represent one pair of relationships such
as activity–time or cost–quantity.
• The Gantt chart, for example, gives a static
picture of an activity-time relationship.
14. 4-Dynamic System Models
• Business organizations are dynamic systems. A
dynamic model approximates the type of
organization or application that analysts deal with.
• It shows an ongoing, constantly changing status
of the system. It consists of −
– Inputs that enter the system
– The processor through which transformation takes
place
– The program(s) required for processing
– The output(s) that result from processing.
15. Important system concepts
• There are several other system concepts with
which systems analysts need to become
familiar:
• Decomposition
• Modularity
• Coupling
• Cohesion
15
16. Important System Concepts
• Decomposition
– The process of breaking down a system into smaller
components
– Allows the systems analyst to:
• Break a system into small, manageable and understandable
subsystems
• Focus on one area(sub system) at a time, without interference
from other areas
• Concentrate on component pertinent to one group of users
without confusing users with unnecessary details
• Build different components at independent times and have the
help of different analysts
16
17. Example
Figure 1-6 shows the decomposition of a portable MP3 player.
Decomposing the system into subsystems reveals the system’s
inner workings. You can decompose an MP3 player into at least
three separate physical subsystems
One subsystem, the battery, supplies the power for the entire
system to operate.
A second physical subsystem, the storage system,is made up of a
hard drive that stores thousands of MP3 recordings.
The third subsystem, the control subsystem, consists of a printed
circuit board (PCB),with various chips attached, that controls all of
the recording, playback, and
access functions.
Breaking the subsystems down into their components reveals
even more about the inner workings of the system and greatly
enhances our understanding of how the overall system works.
17
19. Important System Concepts
(continued)
Modularity :is a direct result of decomposition. It
refers to dividing a system into chunks or modules
of a relatively uniform size. Modules can represent a
system simply, making it easier to understand and
easier to redesign and rebuild.
For example,
each of the separate subsystem modules for the MP3
player in Figure 1-6 shows how decomposition
makes it easier to understand the overall system.
19
20. Important System Concepts
(continued)
Coupling
means that subsystems are dependent on each other.
Subsystems should be as independent as possible. If one
subsystem fails and other subsystems are highly
dependent on it, the others will either fail themselves or
have problems functioning.
For example:
In a home stereo system, the components are loosely
coupled because the subsystems, such as the speakers, the
amplifier, the receiver, and the CD player, are all
physically separate and function independently. If the
amplifier in a home stereo system fails, only the amplifier
needs to be repaired.
20
22. Open and Closed systems
• Open system
• A system that interacts freely with its environment,
taking input and returning output
• Closed system
• A system that is cut off from its environment and does
not interact with it
22
23. A Modern Approach to
Systems Analysis and Design
• Systems Integration
– Allows hardware and software from different
vendors to work together
– Enables procedural language systems to work with
visual programming systems
– Visual programming environment uses
client/server model
23
25. Who Develops Information
Systems?
• Traditionally, a company either developed its
own information systems, called in-house
applications, or purchased systems called
software packages from outside vendors.
• Today, the choice is much more complex.
Options include Internet-based application
services, outsourcing, custom solutions from
IT consultants, and enterprise-wide software
strategies.
25
26. Regardless of the development method, launching
a new information system involves risks as well as
benefits
The greatest risk occurs when a company tries to
decide how the system will be constructed before
determining what the system needs to do:
• A company must begin by outlining its business needs
• Identifying possible IT solutions.
This important work is performed by systems
analysts and other IT professionals.
A firm should not consider implementation options
until it has a clear set of objectives. Later on, as
the system is developed ,a systems analyst’s role
will vary depending on the implementation option
selected.
26
28. INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
An information system has five key components
1. Hardware
Hardware consists of everything in the physical
layer of the information. For example, hardware
can include servers, work stations, networks,
telecommunications equipment, fiber optic cables,
handheld computers, scanners, digital capture
devices, and other technology based
Infrastructure.
28
29. 2- Software
Software refers to the programs that control the
hardware and produce the desired information or
results. Software consists of: system software and
application software.
System software manages the hardware components,
which can include a single workstation or a global
network which many thousands of clients.
Application software consists of programs that
support day-to-day business functions and provide
users with the information they require.
29
30. 3- Data:
Data is the raw material that an information
system transforms into useful information
4-Processes:
Processes describe the tasks and business
functions that users, mangers, and IT staff
members perform to achieve specific results.
30
31. 5- People
People who have an interest in an information system are
called stakeholders. Stakeholders include the management
group responsible for the system, user, sometimes called
end users, are the people who interact with an information
systems, both inside and outside the company.
The success or failure of a system usually depends on
whether users are satisfied with the system’s output and
operation.
To serve users, successful information systems depend on
skilled professionals, such as systems analysts,
programmers, network administrators, and other IT staff
members.
31
33. INFORMATION SYSTEM USERS AND THEIR NEEDS
Top Managers
Top managers develop long-range plans, called
strategic plans, which define the company’s
overall mission and goals. To plot a future course,
top managers ask questions such as
• How much should the company invest in
information technology or
• How much will Internet sales grow in the next
five years or
• Should the company build new factories or
contract out the production functions.
33
34. Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers
Middle managers provide direction, necessary resources,
and performance feedback to supervisors and team
leaders.
middle managers need more detailed information than
top managers, but somewhat less than supervisors who
oversee day-to-day operations. For example,
a middle manager might review a weekly sales summary
for a three-state area, while a local sales team leader
would need a daily report on customer sales at a single
location.
Knowledge workers include professional staff members
such as systems analysts, programmers, accountants,
researchers, trainers, and human resource specialists.
34
35. • Supervisors and Team Leaders
Supervisors, often called team leaders, oversee operational
employees and carry out day-to-day functions. They
coordinate operational tasks and people, make necessary
decisions, and ensure that the right tools materials, and
training are available. Like supervisors and team leaders
need decision support information, Knowledge management
systems, and user productivity systems to carry out their
responsibilities.
• Operational Employees
Operational Employees include users who rely on TP
systems to enter and receive data they need to perform their
jobs. Many companies find that empowerment
improves employee motivation and increases customer
satisfaction.
35