This document is a lecture on information technology fundamentals from Duhok Polytechnic University. It discusses computer memory, including the different types of primary and secondary memory such as RAM, ROM, hard disks, flash memory. It also covers how data is represented in binary format and stored in computer memory.

1. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
Duhok Polytechnic University
Information
Technology
Fundamentals
Lecture 3
By: Azar Abid Salih
MSc of Computer Science
D.P.U / Administrative Technical College
IT Dept. / First Class

2. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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Outlines:
• Memory
• Kinds of Memory.
• Computer Performance.

3. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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Memory is the part of the computer that
temporarily stores applications, documents
and stem operating information.
Memory
Memory:
The term memory is referred to
computer’s Primary Memory and Secondary
Memory.

4. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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Kinds of Memory:
Memor
y
Primar
y
Secondar
y
RA
M
RO
M
Hardis
k
CD
Flash
Memor
y
Types
Type
s
Types

5. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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 The main memory in a computer.
 The location where data and programs
are stored (temporarily), until they are no
longer needed.
 RAM is volatile, means that the data is
only there while the power to the
computer is turned on.
 When the computer is shut off, the content of
RAM is erased.
Forms of Primary Memory
1. RAM (Random Access Memory):

6. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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 It is another part of the main memory but
with a very small capacity.
 It keeps instructions, which make the
computer work when turning it on, this
process is called Booting Up.
 It is not volatile.
 The computer cannot write on it.
Forms of Primary Memory
2. ROM (Read Only Memory):

7. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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 It is linked to the CPU; has very fast
chips.
 It helps to increase the speed of the
computer.
Forms of Primary Memory
3. Cache Memory:

8. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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 Memory that is divided into blocks, so it
saves and erased data in faster way.
 It is a non volatile memory that can be
used to save BIOS in computers.
 It can be used also in Mobiles, Portables,
Digital Camera and Printers.
Forms of Primary Memory
4. Flash Memory:

9. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
Duhok Polytechnic University
 The decimal system that we are
accustomed to has 10 digits (0-9).
 The binary system has only two digits (0,
1).
 All data and programs that go into the
computer are represented in terms of
these binary numbers.
Representing Data in the Computer:

10. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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 For comparison between decimal and
binary numbers.
Representing Data in the Computer:
Decima
l No.
Binary No. Decimal
No.
Binary
No.
0 0 6 110
1 1 7 111
2 10 8 1000
3 11 9 1001
4 100 10 1010
5 101

11. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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 In order for computers to communicate
with each other, a standard code was
developed, which is the:
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
( ASCII )
‫املعلومات‬‫لتبادل‬ ‫القياسية‬ ‫األمريكية‬ ‫الشيفرة‬ ‫نظام‬
Representing Data in the Computer:

12. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
Duhok Polytechnic University
 Computers use ASCII tables, which are
tables or lists that contain all the letters
plus some additional characters.
 In these tables, each character is always
represented by the same order number.
 For example: “ A ” = 65
“ a ” = 97
Representing Data in the Computer:

13. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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 Each 0 or 1 is called a bit, which is short
of binary digits.
 A group of eight (8) bits is called Byte.
 Data transmission rates are often given in
bits per second (bps).
Memory Capacity Measurement:

14. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
Duhok Polytechnic University
Memory Capacity Measurement:
Bit 0 or 1
Byte 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB) 1024 Byte
Megabyte (MB) 1024 KB
Gigabyte (GB) 1024 MB
Terabyte (TB) 1024 GB

15. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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 Storage Devices also called Secondary
Storage systems or external storage
include the disks and other storage media
used to store data, permanently.
Secondary Storage :

16. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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1. Hard Disk:
It is located within the computer. It is
the most important storage media in the
computer system, it has 20 to 250 GB
capacity.
Types of Storage Devices :
2. Floppy Disk:
It is small and portable magnetized
disk in plastic case. It is 3.5 inches square
and has a 1.4 MB capacity.

17. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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3. CD-ROM [Compact Disk Read Only Memory]:
Is an optical disk which uses leaser to
read information. It can store large amounts
of data up to 700 MB.
Its suitable for storing multimedia
software.
Types of Storage Devices :

18. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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3. CD-ROM [Compact Disk Read Only Memory]:
There are three basic types of CDs:
Types of Storage Devices :
a) CD-ROM.
b) CD-R : Recordable.
c) CD-RW : Rewriteable
4. DVD [Digital Versatile Desk]:
It is a high capacity development of
CD-ROM. It is used to store high quality
films and video.

19. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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5. Zip Disc:
It is similar to floppy disks. It has a
storage capacity, usually 100 MB and more.
Types of Storage Devices :
6. Magnetic Tape:
Is made of flexible plastic coated on one
side with a magnetic material.

20. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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7. Smart Card:
Looks like a credit card but contains a
microprocessor and memory chip. Telephone
cards are examples of Smart Cards.
Types of Storage Devices :
8. USB Flash Drives:
Are compact and easy-to-use devices
that are similar in use to your computer
hard drive.

21. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
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Computer performance means the
factors that affect the speed of CPU
processing:
Computer Performance:
1. Clock Speed.
2. Memory Capacity.
3. Hard Disk Speed.
4. Bus Speed.
5. Graphics Acceleration.
6. The Number of Running Applications.

22. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
Duhok Polytechnic University
Bus is an electric pathway through
which bits are transmitted within the CPU
and between the CPU and other devices in
the system unit.
There are three types of Buses:
Buses:
1. The Data Bus: transfers actual data.
2. The Address Bus: transfers information
about where the data should go.
3. The Control Bus: carries commands from
the CPU and the devices.

23. ‫ـؤك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫يا‬‫ـةكنيكى‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ت‬‫ثولي‬ ‫ـويا‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ك‬‫ان‬‫ز‬
‫ـنية‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ق‬‫الت‬ ‫ـوك‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ه‬‫د‬ ‫ـة‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ـ‬‫ع‬‫جام‬
Duhok Polytechnic University
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