The document discusses different types of information system architectures including mainframes, client-server systems, distributed systems, cloud computing, and domain name servers. Mainframes are large, expensive computers capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously, while client-server systems have powerful servers managing resources for client computers. Distributed systems and cloud computing spread computing tasks across networked computers. Domain name servers translate human-readable website names to machine-readable IP addresses.

1. Information system Architecture
• Mainframe:
• Client server :
• Distributed system
• Cloud Architecute

3. Mainframes
• A very large and expensive computer capable of
supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users
simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a
simple microprocessor (in watches, for example)
at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at
the top, mainframes are just below
supercomputers. In some ways, mainframes are
more powerful than supercomputers because
they support more simultaneous programs. But
supercomputers can execute a single program
faster than a mainframe.

5. Client server
• Client-server architecture (client/server) is a network
architecture in which each computer or process on the
network is either a client or a server. Servers are powerful
computers or processes dedicated to managing disk drives (
file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (
network servers ). Clients are PCs or workstations on which
users run applications. Clients rely on servers for resources,
such as files, devices, and even processing power.
• Another type of network architecture is known as a peer-
to-peer architecture because each node has equivalent
responsibilities. Both client/server and peer-to-peer
architectures are widely used, and each has unique
advantages and disadvantages.

6. Web based
• Like client server model here instead of
application web browsers are there. The client
machine is connected to web server through
LAN WAN etc.
• Initial HTML was used. Pages were static
• With java script and AJAX dynamic pages are
seen.

7. • Client sends request to server through
application program.
• Role of client is handle query of user and
translate in desired protocol for forwarding it
to server
• For e.g. client may demand upgrading ‘fees
payment’ status of student at IOM. This data
is stored with server for future use.

9. Cloud
• You may have heard people using terms like the
cloud, cloud computing, or cloud storage. But what
exactly is the cloud? Basically, the cloud is the
Internet—more specifically, it's all of the things you
can access remotely over the Internet. When
something is in the cloud, it means it is stored on
servers on the Internet instead of on your computer.
It lets you access your calendar, email, files, and
more from any computer that has an Internet
connection. If you've ever used web-based email,
you've used the cloud. All of the emails in your inbox
are stored on servers. However, there are many
other services that use the cloud in different ways.

10. Examples
• Play store
• Bookmy show
• Flipkart
• Go daddy
• Bigrock (india’s largest cloud computing)
• Google drive/facebook

11. Cloud
• Cloud computing is the the use of various services, such as
software development platforms, servers, storage, and
software, over the Internet, often referred to as the
"cloud."
In general, there are three cloud computing characteristics
that are common among all cloud-computing vendors:
• The back-end of the application (especially hardware) is
completely managed by a cloud vendor.
• A user only pays for services used (memory, processing
time and bandwidth, etc.).
• Services are scalable.

12. • Many cloud computing advancements are closely related to
virtualization. The ability to pay on demand and scale quickly is
largely a result of cloud computing vendors being able to pool
resources that may be divided among multiple clients.
It is common to categorize cloud computing services as
Infrastructure as a Service e.g. storage (IaaS),
• Platform as a Service e.g. operating system (PaaS) (IAAS+P)
•
• Software as a Service ERP/ CRM softwares (SaaS)- instead of licence
take s/w on rentals (IAAS+PAAS+S)
• Finacle by infosys
• Salesforce.com by TCS

14. Distributed computing
• Distributed computing is a computing concept that, in its
most general sense, refers to multiple computer systems
working on a single problem. In distributed computing, a
single problem is divided into many parts, and each part is
solved by different computers. As long as the computers
are networked, they can communicate with each other to
solve the problem. If done properly, the computers
perform like a single entity.
• The ultimate goal of distributed computing is to maximize
performance by connecting users and IT resources in a
cost-effective, transparent and reliable manner. It also
ensures fault tolerance and enables resource accessibility
in the event that one of the components fails.

16. Grid Computing
• Grid computing is a processor architecture that combines
computer resources from various domains to reach a main
objective. In grid computing, the computers on the
network can work on a task together, thus functioning as a
supercomputer.
Typically, a grid works on various tasks within a network,
but it is also capable of working on specialized applications.
It is designed to solve problems that are too big for a
supercomputer while maintaining the flexibility to process
numerous smaller problems. Computing grids deliver a
multiuser infrastructure that accommodates the
discontinuous demands of large information processing.
• Gridrepublic.org

17. LAN/MAN/WAN
• Local Area Network
• For a single organization/ may be connected
buildings
• CAN: campus area network.
• Campus outside city connected by LAN
• Metropolitan Area Network
• Entire city connected e.g. Cable T.V

18. WAN
• Wide Area Network
• Many network across the world get
connected.
• E.g Internet

19. Domain Name Server
• Internet not understand the name. It
understand the addresses in 32 bits (IPV4)
• The domain name server translates the name
into 32 bits

20. Three way golden handshake
• Computer A says Hello
• Computer B says Hello ACK
• Computer A Says ACK