The document provides an overview of information systems, defining a system, characteristics of systems, and types of information systems. It can be summarized as follows: 1) A system is a group of interrelated components working together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs through organized processes. 2) There are four levels of information systems - operational, knowledge, management, and strategic - that support different levels in an organization from daily transactions to strategic planning. 3) Characteristics of systems include organization, interaction, interdependence, environment, purpose, boundary, constraints, inputs, and outputs.

1. Concept of Information Systems
CHAPTER ONE

2. What is a SYSTEM?
• A system is a group of interrelated components working
together toward a common goal by accepting inputs and
producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
S1
S2
S3S4
Systems structure
Subsystems
Systems Boundary
Environment
Systems Input Output

3. Abstract Concept of a Systems
INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS
FEEDBACK

4. Characteristics of a system
i.Organization
The structure or order of built of component
or subsystem.
ii. Interaction
Procedures in which the components interact.
iii.Interdependence
Relation among components

5. Characteristics of a system
iv.Environment
Every thing external to a system that interacts
with a system.
v. Purpose
The purpose of the system or the overall goal of
the system.
vi. Boundary
System must establish the limits to separate it
from other systems.

6. Characteristics of a system
vii. Constraint
A limit to what a system can accomplish.
viii. Input
Whatever a system takes from its environment
in order to fulfill its purpose.
ix. Output Whatever a system returns to its
environment in order to fulfill its purpose.

7. What is an Information Systems?
• An information system can be any organized
combination of people, hardware, software,
communications network, and data resources
that collects, transforms, and disseminates
information in an organization

8. Information Systems Activities
• Input of Data
– Manual input by key, scanning, sound, image,…
• Processing of Data into Information
– Calculate, sort, find, report, disseminate……
• Output of Information Products
– Report, display, suggestion, ……
• Storage of Data Resource
– Database, data file, maintenance, …..

9. What is Systems Analysis and
Design
• In business, systems analysis and design refers
to the process of examining a business
situation with the intent of improving it
through better procedures and methods. It
can also be outlined as follows:
– A method used by companies to create and
maintain systems that perform basic business
functions

10. What is Systems Analysis and
Design
– Main goal is to improve employee efficiency by
applying software solutions to key business tasks
– A structured approach must be used in order to
ensure success
– To summarize, analysis specifies what the system
should do. Design states how to accomplish the
objective

11. Systems AnalystSystems Analyst
• A title given to a person who studies the
problems and needs of an organization
looking for improvement opportunities:
– increasing revenue/profit
– decreasing costs
– improving quality of service
• Systems Analysis is a proven method to help
business utilize information to its fullest

12. Role of the Systems Analyst
• The responsibilities of analysts, as well as
their titles, vary among organizations.
Listed below are the most common sets of
responsibilities assigned to systems
analysts. (Other titles given to analysts are
given in parentheses.)

13. Role of the Systems Analyst
• The responsibilities of analysts, as well as
their titles, vary among organizations.
Listed below are the most common sets of
responsibilities assigned to systems
analysts. (Other titles given to analysts are
given in parentheses.)

14. Role of the Systems Analyst
• 1. Systems analysis only. The analysts' sole
responsibility is conducting systems studies to
learn relevant facts about a business activity.
The emphasis is on gathering information and
determining requirements. Analysts are not
responsible for systems design. (Information
Analysts).

15. Role of the Systems Analyst
• 2. Systems Analysis and Design. Analysts
carry out complete systems studies but
have added responsibility for designing the
new system.
• 3. Systems analysis, design and
programming. Analysts conduct the
systems investigation; develop design
specifications and program software to
implement the design. (Programmer
analysis)

16. Role of the Systems Analyst
• None of these roles are superior to the other.
Organizations often dictate the nature of
analysts work.
• In smaller firms, analysts take on more roles
than in larger firms, which hire people to
specialize only in, for example, systems
design.

17. Skills of a Successful Systems Analyst
• 1. Analytical skills
– Understanding of organizations
(organizational knowledge)
– Problem identification
– Problem analyzing and solving
– System thinking
– Ability to see organizations and information
systems as systems
– Understand data flow diagrams

18. 2. Technical skills
• Programming languages
• Operating systems
• Database and file management systems
• Data communication standards
• Web development languages and tools
• Constant re-education is necessary as
technology changes rapidly, this can be
through trade publications, browse
websites, conferences and trade shows,
attend classes etc.

19. 3. Interpersonal skills
• Mastery of interpersonal skills is
paramount to success as a Systems
Analyst. Four types of skills are important,
these include:
-Working alone and with a team
- Facilitating groups and Managing
expectations
- Communication skills

20. 4. Managerial skills
• Ability to manage projects, resources, risk and
change

21. Types of Information System
• There are 4 Levels of Information
System

22. 1.Operational-level Systems
• Transaction-Processing Systems (TPS)
– Basic business systems
– Perform daily routine transactions necessary for
business functions
– At the operational level, tasks, resources and
goals are predefined and highly structured

23. 2.Knowledge-level Systems
• Office Automation Systems (OAS)
– Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of data
workers within the organisation
– Primarily involved in information use,
manipulation or dissemination.
– Typical OAS handle and manage documents,
scheduling and communication.

24. • Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
– Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of
knowledge workers within the organisation
– In general, knowledge workers hold degree-
level professional qualifications (e.g. engineers,
scientists, lawyers), their jobs consist primarily
in creating new information and knowledge
– KWS, such as scientific or engineering design
workstations, promote the creation of new
knowledge, and its dissemination and
integration throughout the organisation.

25. 3. Management-level Systems
• Management Information Systems (MIS)
– MIS provide managers with reports and, in
some cases, on-line access to the organisations
current performance and historical records
– Typically these systems focus entirely on
internal events, providing the information for
short-term planning and decision making.
– MIS summarise and report on the basic
operations of the organisation, dependent on
the underlying TPS for their data.

26. • Decision-Support Systems (DSS)
– As MIS, these serve the needs of the
management level of the organisation
– Focus on helping managers make decisions
that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly
changing, and not easily specified in advance
– Use internal information from TPS and MIS, but
also information from external sources
– Greater analytical power than other systems,
incorporate modelling tools, aggregation and
analysis tools, and support what-if scenarios
– Must provide user-friendly, interactive tools

27. 4. Strategic-level Systems
• Executive Support/Information Systems
(ESS/EIS)
– Serve the strategic level of the organisation
– These systems filter, compress, and track
critical data, emphasising the reduction of time
and effort required to obtain information
useful to executive management

28. – ESS/EIS employ advanced graphics software to
provide highly visual and easy-to-use
representations of complex information and
current trends, but they tend not to provide
analytical models

30. END