1. System Analysis
& Design
Assistant Lecturer
Mustafa Ghanem Saeed
Cihan University - Sulaimaniyah
Lecture ONE
Computer science Department
Introduction
3. Course Material
Will contain:
o Handout notes
o Assignment specifications
o Forms for assignment handles
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4. Class Rules
• Assignments must be delivered on time
no exception whatever the reason.
• Assignments must be submitted in papers
will be accepted
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5. Class Rules
• When you come in , DO not knock on the door
• When you want to leave , do not tell me Just
leave but you will counted as absent
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8. Slide8
INTRODUCTION
• What Is Information Systems Analysis and
Design?
o Information systems analysis and design is a method used by
companies ranging from IBM to PepsiCo to Sony to create and
maintain information systems that perform basic business
functions such as keeping track of customer names and
addresses, processing orders, and paying employees.
• WHAT IS SYSTEM?
o A system is a set of interrelated components that function
together to achieve a common goal. The components of a system
are called subsystems. It can consist of tools, supplies,
machines, procedures, and people, and it usually requires some
type of orderly management.
9. Slide9
INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS INFORMATION SYSTEM?
• An information system is software that helps you
organize and analyze data. This makes it possible to
answer questions and solve problems relevant to the
mission of an organization.
• An information system consists of hardware, software,
data, processes, and people..
• Without accurate and up-to-date information, it is difficult
for management to make the right decisions.
10. Slide10
INTRODUCTION
• WHAT ARE THE INFORMATION SYSTEM
COMPONENTS?
• An information system has five key components:
1. Hardware consists of everything in the physical layer
of the information system.
2. Software refers to the programs that control the
hardware and produce the desired information or
results.
3. Data is the raw material that an information system
transforms into useful information
4. Processes describe the tasks and business functions
that users, managers, and IT staff members perform to
achieve specific results.
5. People who have an interest in an information system
are called stakeholders.
12. Slide12
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS BUSINESS SYSTEM WITH EXAMPLE?
A business system is concerned with accomplishing specific
business goals.
As an example of a business system is a factory whose goal
is to manufacture products.
A business system can usually be broken into subsystems.
Within a factory for example there might be a subsystem
concerned with the purchase of raw materials, a subsystem
for sales of finished products.
All of these subsystems make the overall business system
and hence, need to be managed perfectly to fulfill the goals
of the organization.
14. Slide14
INTRODUCTION
• WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR SUCCESSFUL
BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS?
The right hardware and software
A team of talented, motivated people who
use information technology to achieve
business goals
15. Slide15
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN
• As the term implies, there are two phases: Analysis
and Design.
• Analysis is the phase in which the requirements for
a new information system are identified.
• Design is the phase in which those requirements are
used to create specifications or actual plans for the
new system.
16. Slide16
THE SYSTEMS ANALYST
• A systems analyst (or analyst) is the person who
performs investigates, analyzes, designs,
develops, installs, evaluates, and maintains a
company’s information systems.
• To perform those tasks, a systems analyst
constantly interacts with users and managers
within and outside the company.
• On large projects, the analyst works as a
member of an IT department team; on smaller
assignments, he or she might work alone.
18. Slide18
WHAT ISTHE SYSTEMS
ANALYST TASKS?
• Conducts a study of feasibility (possibility) of the system;
• Liaises (intermediate) with user of the system and determines
their requirements;
• Finds the facts important to the design of the proposed system;
• Determines the human and computer procedures that will
make up the system, designing forms and files.
• Writes programs specifications ;
• Tests the programs that forms the new system
• Participates in the implementation of the new system (
conversion)
• Writes the maintenance procedures
• Documents the system
• Writes the security procedures
19. Slide19
THE PARTICIPANTS IN SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
• In all organization, we find a division of the work
among departments, each of which has a manager
responsible for a function or objective defined by
top management, e.g.. sale, production, research and
development accounting, data processing.
• Establishing policies or rules which the manager of
the data processing departments should follow when
dealing with computing service requests from
departmental managers.
20. Slide20
PARTICIPATION BY
USERS
• The development of a new system is normally
carried out by a team of analysts, programmers,
operators (who are usually employed in a central data
processing department ) and users.
• The team is managed by a project leader.
• A department affected by a proposed system is often
called a "user department". The manager of such a
department is a " user manager"
• And the people in the affected department are called
" users ".
21. Slide21
USER IS A PEOPLE
• Who prepare and handle data which is input to the system
• Who receive output from the system
• Who get information from the system and use it to
support the decision
• Who do not use the system directly, but are affected by
the decision
• Who use the system or are affected by it may be outside
the department
• In other departments
• The external auditors, customers, suppliers.
22. Slide22
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE
CYCLE
• Any information system goes through a series of phases
from birth to death. This process is called the system
development life cycle (SDLC). steps:
1. planning and selection,
2. analysis,
3. design, and
4. implementation and
operation .
23. Phase 1: Systems Planning
and Selection
• The first phase of the SDLC, in which an organization’s
total information system needs are analyzed and
arranged, and in which a potential information systems
project is identified and an argument for continuing or
not continuing with the project is presented.
• systems planning and selection has two primary
activities. (Question)
1. First, someone identifies the need for a new or
enhanced system.
2. Information needs of the organization are examined,
and projects to meet these needs are identified
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24. Phase 1: Systems Planning
and Selection
• Explain analyst tasks in the systems planning
and selection phase?
1. prioritizes and translates the needs into a written
plan for the information systems (IS) department,
including a schedule for developing new major systems.
2. Investigate the system and determine the
proposed system’s scope. The team of systems analysts
then produces a specific plan for the proposed project
for the team to follow.
• A feasibility study is conducted before the second
phase of the SDLC to determine the economic and
organizational impact of the system.
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25. Phase 2: Systems Analysis
• Explain the second phase of the systems
development life cycle?
o Systems Analysis :Phase of the SDLC in which the
current system is studied and alternative replacement
systems are proposed.
• What is the analyst do during the Systems
Analysis Phase ?
o studies the organization’s current procedures and the
information systems used to perform tasks such as
general ledger, shipping, order entry, machine
scheduling, and payroll.
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26. Phase 2: Systems Analysis
• ANALYSIS HAS SEVERAL SUBPHASES:
1. The first subphase involves determining the
requirements of the system. what the users want from
a proposed system.
2. Next, analyst study the requirements and structure
them according to their interrelationships, eliminating any
redundancies.
3. Then analyst compare the alternatives solution to
determine which best meets the requirements within the
cost, labor, and technical levels the organization is willing to
commit to the development process.
• The output of the analysis phase is a description of the
alternative solution recommended by the analysis team.
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27. Phase 3: Systems Design
• Give a short explain for Systems Design?
• Explain the third phase in SDLC ?
• Systems Design :Phase of the SDLC in which the system
chosen for development in systems analysis is first
described independently of any computer platform,
(logical design) and is then transformed into
technology-specific details (physical design) from
which all programming and system construction can be
accomplished.
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28. Phase 3: Systems Design
• What is the analyst do during the Systems Design?
1. Analysts convert the description of the recommended
alternative solution into logical and then physical system
specifications.
2. They must design all aspects of the system from input and
output screens to reports, databases, and computer
processes.
• The final product of the design phase is the physical system
specifications, presented in a form, such as a diagram or
written report, ready to be turned over to programmers and
other system builders for construction.
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29. Phase 4: Systems Implementation and
Operation
• Give a short explain for Systems Implementation
and Operation?
• Explain the final phase in SDLC ?
Systems Implementation and Operation is the final
phase of the SDLC, in which the information system is
coded, tested, and installed in the organization, and in
which the information system is systematically repaired
and improved.
• The final phase of the SDLC is a two-step process:
1. systems implementation
2. and operation.
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30. Phase 4: Systems Implementation and
Operation
• Explain Systems implementation activities?
1. Implementation includes coding, testing, and
installation.
1. During coding, programmers write the programs that make up the
system.
2. During testing, programmers and analysts test individual programs
and the entire system in order to find and correct errors.
3. During installation, the new system becomes a part of the daily
activities of the organization. Application software is installed, or
loaded, on existing or new hardware;
• 2. Systems implementation activities also include initial
user support such as the finalization of documentation,
training programs, and ongoing user assistance.
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31. Phase 4: Systems Implementation and
Operation
• Explain Systems operation?
The second part of the fourth phase of the SDLC is operation.
While a system is operating in an organization, users
sometimes find problems with how it works and often think
of improvements. During operation, programmers make the
changes that users ask for and modify the system to reflect
changing business conditions. These changes are necessary to
keep the system running and useful.
• The amount of time and effort in The second part of
the fourth phase of the SDLC depend on what?
The amount of time and effort devoted to system
enhancements during operation depends a great deal on the
performance of the previous phases of the life cycle.
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32. Phase 4: Systems Implementation and
Operation
• When the system analyst has to decide that
system replacement is better than it update?
• Inevitably, the time comes
o when an information system is no longer performing as
desired,
o when the costs of keeping a system running become
prohibitive,
o or when an organization’s needs have changed
substantially.
• Such problems indicate that it is time to begin designing
the system’s replacement, thereby completing the loop
and starting the life cycle over again.
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33. Products of the SDLC Phases
• The SDLC is a highly linked set of phases whose products
feed the activities in subsequent phases.
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The systems analyst prioritizes and translates the needs into a written plan for the information systems (IS) department, including a schedule for developing new major systems. Requests for new systems spring from users who need new or enhanced systems. During the systems planning and selection phase, an organization determines whether resources should be devoted to the development or enhancement of each information system under consideration.
A feasibility study is conducted before the second phase of the SDLC to determine the economic and organizational impact of the system.
The second task in the systems planning and selection phase is to investigate the system and determine the proposed system’s scope. The team of systems analysts then produces a specific plan for the proposed project for the team to follow. This baseline project plan customizes the standardized SDLC and specifies the time and resources needed for its execution. The formal definition of a project is based on the likelihood that the organization’s IS department is able to develop a system that will solve the problem or exploit the opportunity and determine whether the costs of developing the system outweigh the possible benefits. The final presentation to the organization’s management of the plan for proceeding with the subsequent project phases is usually made by the project leader and other team members
The first subphase involves determining the requirements of the system.
In this subphase, you and other analysts work with users to determine what the users want from a proposed system. This subphase involves a careful study of any current systems, manual and computerized, that might be replaced or enhanced as part of this project.
Next, you study the requirements and structure them according to their interrelationships, eliminating any redundancies.
As part of structuring, you generate alternative initial designs to match the requirements.
Then you compare these alternatives to determine which best meets the requirements within the cost, labor, and technical levels the organization is willing to commit to the development process.
The output of the analysis phase is a description of the alternative solution recommended by the analysis team. Once the recommendation is accepted by the organization, you can make plans to acquire any hardware and system software necessary to build or operate the system as proposed.
