This document provides an overview of software engineering processes including requirement engineering, feasibility studies, data flow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, decision tables, software requirement specifications, IEEE standards, software quality assurance, verification and validation, and ISO quality standards. It discusses the key activities in requirement elicitation and management, and the phases of feasibility analysis and quality planning.

1. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
UNIT-II
ABHIMANYU MISHRA
ASSISTANT PROF.(CSE)
JETGI
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2.  Requirement Engineering Processes.
 Feasibility Study.
 DFD & ER Diagrams.
 Decision Tables.
 SRS Document.
 IEEE Standard For SRS.
 SQA:Verification & Validation.
 SQA Plans & Attributes.
 ISO 9000 Models,SEI-CMM Model.
CONTENTS:
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3. “Requirement elicitation is the activity during which software requirement are
discovered, expressed, and revealed from system requirements”.
Its sources may be system requirement documentation, customer or market analysis.
Various technologies are used to involved the user on the basis of level of
involvement required.
The range of variation can be classified in three main styles:
a) Consultative Design.
b) Representative Design.
c) Consensus Design.
Software requirement specification:
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4. Requirement
Gathering
SRS
Requirement
Engineering Requirement
Analysis
Requirement
Document
Requiremen
t Review
Problem
Solving
Fig-Software Elicitation
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5. Requirement Gathering-In this phase requirement are going to identified.
Requirement Analysis- Analysis of requirement are done in order to identify in
consistency, defect or missing requirement.
Requirement Process-Review process is followed for correct out or improved the
quality of SRS.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPONENT;
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6. This is a process in which people from client &contractor organization both
involved for checking the requirements for omission. Different parts of document
are checked by different people involved in this type of activities. Various
activities performed during user needs review process are:
 Plan a review
 Review meeting
 Follow-up actions
 Checking for redundancy
 Completeness
 Consistency
Review & Management of User needs:
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7. “Management of user needs is not a simple task it depends upon various issues of
different organization”. This can be done in following steps:
Collecting organization history-The performance of organization, future plan,
organization goal.
Current problem understanding-There must be clear understanding of the currently
known issues and what are the expectations of management.
Know your user profile-It is important to know user who operate the system. Most
organization charts do not give information pertaining the user. The profile of each of
these user group is vastly different as far as capability and exposure of technology
concerned.
Management Needs:
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8. When we are developing a system we know weather proposed system will be feasible
or not i.e. practically implementable or not?
It may be possible that the proposed system may not be implementable due to many
reasons like it may take long time in development than the specified time limit, cost
may increase than proposed.
There may be several types of feasibility depending on the aspects they
covers. Some of them are:
• Technical Feasibility
• Operation Feasibility
• Economical Feasibility
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9. Phases of Feasibility:
Technical feasibility-The technical feasibility study basically centers on alternatives for
hardware, software and design approach to determine the functional aspects of system.
The technical issues raised during feasibility are:
a) Does the necessary technology exist.
b) Does the proposed equipment have technical capacity to hold data.
c) Can the system be expended, if developed?
d) Are there technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability and security of data
Operational feasibility-Operational feasibility is a measure of how people are able to
work with system. This type of feasibility demands if the system will work when
developed and installed.
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10. Data Flow Diagram:
A DFD is also known as “bubble sort” has the purpose of clarifying system
requirements and identifying major transformation.
 It shows the flow of data through a system.
 It is a graphical tool because it present a picture.
 It present a system or software at any level of abstraction.
Four simple notation are used to complete a DFD-
i. Data Flow-The data flow is used to describe the movement of information from a
part of system to another part.
ii. Process-A circle or bubble represents a process that transform incoming data to
outgoing data.
iii. External Entity- A square defines a source or destination of system data. External
entities represents any entity that supplies information from the system.
iv. Data Store- The data store is used to collect data at rest or a temporary repository
of data.
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11. Curved arrow
Sources & sink
Process
Data resolved wire/ data storage
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12. Entity Relationship Diagram:
The entity relationship data model is based on a perception of a real word that consist of
a basic objects, called entity, and of relationships among these objects.
An entity is a object or thing in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects.
An entity have a set of attributes. A relationship is an association among several entities.
ER diagram consist of following major component-
i. Rectangle-which represent entity sets.
ii. Ellipse-which represent attributes.
iii. Diamond-which represent relationship sets.
iv. Lines-which link attributes to entity set and to relationship sets.
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13. Rectangle
Ellipses
Diamond
Lines
Fig- E-R Representation12/31/2016 Abhimanyu Mishra(CSE) JETGI 13

14. Advantages of E-R Model-
 It is easy and simple to understand with minimal training. Therefore the model
can be used by the db designer to communicate design to end user.
 It has explicitly linkages between entities.
 In the ER model it is possible to find a connection from one node to all the other
nodes.
Disadvantages of E-R Model-
 Limited constraint representation.
 Limited relationship representation.
 No representation of data.
 Loss of information.
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15. Decision Table:
A major drawback to decision tree is the lack of information in its format to tell us
what other combination of conditions of test. To overcome from this drawback
decision table is used.
 A decision table is a table of contingencies for defining a problem and the action to
be taken.
 It is a single representation of the relationships between conditions and action.
A Decision table consist two parts:-
i. Stub- The stub part is divided into “upper quadrant” and “lower quadrant” called
condition and action stub.
ii. Entry- The entry part are also divided into “upper quadrant” and “lower
quadrant”.
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16. Post paid
condition Rules
Prepaid
Full talk time
Pay before service
Pay after service
Reduction of
service
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
Fig- Decision table
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17. IEEE Standards of SRS:
The SRS development is a collaborative effort for designing a software project which is
further converted into SRS document. Several organizations have a proposed their basic
structure and the components for SRS. IEEE has given basic structure for software
development.
Sample of a basic SRS outline:
i. Introduction-
purpose
Document convention
Intended audiences
References
Additional information
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18. Overall description-
Product perspective
Product function
User environment
Design
Assumptions & depended
External interface requirement-
User interface
Hardware interface
Software interface
Communication protocols and interfaces
System features-
Description and priority
Action/result
Functional requirements
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19. Software Quality Assurance:
Software Quality assurance plan is a standard activity which ensure the quality goals
of the organization.
 It gives details and template on all activities, which have become part of the
standard implementation.
The SQA plan include the following:
• Project planning
• Models of data, classes and object, processes, design architecture
• SRS
• Test plans for testing SRS
• User manuals online help etc.
• Audit & Review
In SQA plan 3 kinds of activities performed:
• Organization specific
• Software specific
• Customer Specific
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20. Software verification refers to a set of activities that ensure that software correctly
implements a specific function i.e.
“Are we building the product right”.
Software validation is concerned with showing that the requirements actually define
the system that the customer wants. It refers to a set of activities that ensure that the
software that is going to be build is traceable to customer requirements.
“Are we building the right product”.
Traditionally software verification & validation is define as system engineering
methodology to ensure that quality is built into software during development. The
analysis and test activities are performed by V & V evaluates and assess the
software product.
Verification & Validation:
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21. ISO Certificate 9000
ISO 9000 certification serves as reference for contact between independent parties. The
ISO 9000 standard specifies the guidelines for maintaining for a quality system.
 The ISO standard mainly addresses operational aspects and organizational aspects .
Such as responsibility, reporting, etc.
 It is important to realize that ISO 9000 standard is a set of guideline for the
production process and is not directly concerned with product itself.
ISO 9000 is a series of three standards:
ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003. The different types of software industries to which
the different ISO standard apply are as:
i. ISO 9001-This standard applies to the organization engaged in design,
development and servicing of goods.
ii. ISO 9002- This organization applies to those which do not design product but are
only involved in production.
iii. ISO 9003- This standard applies to organizations involved only in installation and
testing of the product.
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22. Capability Maturity Model:
The capability maturity model is not a software life cycle model. Instead it is a
strategy for improving the software process, irrespective of actual life cycle model
used.
The CMM has been developed by Software engineering institute(SEI) at Carnegie
Mellon university in 1987.
There are five level of maturity:
i. Initial
ii. Repeatable
iii. Define
iv. Manage
v. Optimizing
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23. Classification of levels of maturity:
i. Initial- At the level 1 the process followed by the organizations are not well
defined. They are immature. As aresult of stable environment is not available for
software development.
ii. Repeatable- The level 2 focuses on establishing basic project management
policies.
iii. Design- At this level standard process to be used across the organization are
defined and documented.
iv. Manage- At this level of CMM quantitative quality goals are set for the
organization for the software product as well as software processes.
v. Optimizing- Establishing strategies and plan for quantitative understanding of
software project.
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