This document provides information about strabismus and binocular single vision. It begins by defining key terms like strabismus, extraocular muscles, eye positions and movements. It then discusses tests and evaluations for strabismus, including visual acuity, ocular motility, versions, vergences and more. It also covers topics like abnormal retinal correspondence, horopter, Panum's fusional area, binocular convergence and monocular cues for depth perception. The document provides an overview of important concepts regarding strabismus and binocular vision.
This document provides information on amblyopia, including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment modalities. It defines amblyopia as a reduction in best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to a structural eye abnormality. The main causes are strabismic amblyopia, stimulus deprivation amblyopia, and anisometropic amblyopia. Treatment involves eliminating obstacles to vision, correcting refractive errors, and forcing use of the amblyopic eye through occlusion or penalization of the good eye. Occlusion therapy is the most effective amblyopia treatment.
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
- Squint, or strabismus, is a misalignment of the visual axes that leads to loss of binocular single vision. It can be caused by issues in the orbit, eye muscles, motor nerves, or brainstem.
- Strabismus is classified as apparent, latent, or manifest. Manifest strabismus is further divided into concomitant, where the deviation is the same in all gazes, and incomitant, where the deviation varies with gaze.
- Evaluation of strabismus involves assessing history, visual acuity, refractive error, eye alignment tests, and binocular vision. Accurately measuring any refractive errors and prescribing corrections as needed is important for diagnosis and treatment of
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate stereopsis and depth perception. It describes:
1. Tests of gross stereopsis like the pencil test that evaluate the ability to perceive depth with both eyes open versus monocularly.
2. The Frisby and Randot stereotests that use displaced shapes or dots seen through polarized lenses to test fine stereopsis.
3. Administration and passing criteria for the TNO and Lang stereotests which use random dot patterns to evaluate minimum stereoacuity.
4. The Fly test and Titmus test which similarly use vectographic images seen through polarized lenses but include shapes of increasing difficulty to measure fine stereoacuity.
The document discusses patterns of strabismus, specifically the A pattern and V pattern. The A pattern involves relative convergence on upgaze and divergence on downgaze, while the V pattern is the opposite with relative divergence on upgaze and convergence on downgaze. Variants include the X, Y, lambda, and diamond patterns. The etiology of these patterns involves dysfunction of the horizontal, vertical, or oblique eye muscles. Clinical features may include anomalous head posture, amblyopia, and abnormal retinal correspondence. Diagnosis involves measuring alignment in upgaze and downgaze while preventing accommodation.
Diplopia, or double vision, occurs when more than one image of an object is seen simultaneously. It can be caused by abnormalities in the eyes themselves or issues with eye movement coordination. A diplopia chart is used to evaluate the type and location of double vision by having the patient report the appearance of light sources in different gaze positions. Interpretation of the chart provides clues to which eye muscles may be affected and whether the cause is neurogenic, restrictive, or myogenic in nature. Treatment options include glasses, prisms, eye patching, or strabismus surgery depending on the deviation and goal of eliminating diplopia.
This document provides information on amblyopia, including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment modalities. It defines amblyopia as a reduction in best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to a structural eye abnormality. The main causes are strabismic amblyopia, stimulus deprivation amblyopia, and anisometropic amblyopia. Treatment involves eliminating obstacles to vision, correcting refractive errors, and forcing use of the amblyopic eye through occlusion or penalization of the good eye. Occlusion therapy is the most effective amblyopia treatment.
It describes about the procedure of Hess charting. it serves as a great tool to understand the concepts involved. Suitable for optometry course. This is not a routine procedure but an important procedure which is used in diagnosis.
- Squint, or strabismus, is a misalignment of the visual axes that leads to loss of binocular single vision. It can be caused by issues in the orbit, eye muscles, motor nerves, or brainstem.
- Strabismus is classified as apparent, latent, or manifest. Manifest strabismus is further divided into concomitant, where the deviation is the same in all gazes, and incomitant, where the deviation varies with gaze.
- Evaluation of strabismus involves assessing history, visual acuity, refractive error, eye alignment tests, and binocular vision. Accurately measuring any refractive errors and prescribing corrections as needed is important for diagnosis and treatment of
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate stereopsis and depth perception. It describes:
1. Tests of gross stereopsis like the pencil test that evaluate the ability to perceive depth with both eyes open versus monocularly.
2. The Frisby and Randot stereotests that use displaced shapes or dots seen through polarized lenses to test fine stereopsis.
3. Administration and passing criteria for the TNO and Lang stereotests which use random dot patterns to evaluate minimum stereoacuity.
4. The Fly test and Titmus test which similarly use vectographic images seen through polarized lenses but include shapes of increasing difficulty to measure fine stereoacuity.
The document discusses patterns of strabismus, specifically the A pattern and V pattern. The A pattern involves relative convergence on upgaze and divergence on downgaze, while the V pattern is the opposite with relative divergence on upgaze and convergence on downgaze. Variants include the X, Y, lambda, and diamond patterns. The etiology of these patterns involves dysfunction of the horizontal, vertical, or oblique eye muscles. Clinical features may include anomalous head posture, amblyopia, and abnormal retinal correspondence. Diagnosis involves measuring alignment in upgaze and downgaze while preventing accommodation.
Diplopia, or double vision, occurs when more than one image of an object is seen simultaneously. It can be caused by abnormalities in the eyes themselves or issues with eye movement coordination. A diplopia chart is used to evaluate the type and location of double vision by having the patient report the appearance of light sources in different gaze positions. Interpretation of the chart provides clues to which eye muscles may be affected and whether the cause is neurogenic, restrictive, or myogenic in nature. Treatment options include glasses, prisms, eye patching, or strabismus surgery depending on the deviation and goal of eliminating diplopia.
This document discusses the AC/A ratio, which is the ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. It defines the AC/A ratio and notes the normal range is 3-5 prism diopters per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. The document outlines methods to measure the AC/A ratio clinically and discusses its uses in diagnosing different types of strabismus and their management approaches.
This document discusses the evaluation of ptosis, or drooping of the eyelids. It begins by defining ptosis and distinguishing between true and pseudo ptosis. True ptosis is classified as acquired or congenital, with acquired further divided into neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, and mechanical types. The evaluation of ptosis involves a thorough history, measurement of margin-reflex distance, palpebral fissure height, levator function, and upper lid crease. Additional tests include assessing for fatigability, Cogan's twitch sign, and jaw winking phenomenon. Confirmatory tests include the ice test and edrophonium (Tensilon) test. Treatment options mentioned include eyelid
An orthoptic evaluation systematically evaluates the function of eye muscles during binocular eye movements to maintain fusion. It identifies accommodative, vergence, or fusional vergence anomalies to guide orthoptic exercises for treatment. The evaluation includes tests to check for single vision, diplopia, suppression, alignment, and accommodation. Based on symptoms like headaches or blurry vision, further tests are done to diagnose conditions like convergence insufficiency. The evaluation involves tests of phoria, near point of convergence, accommodation, fusional vergence, and accommodative function and facility.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of superior oblique palsy. It begins by describing the anatomy and function of the superior oblique muscle. Superior oblique palsy can result in hypertropia, excyclotorsion, and esotropia that are greater in certain gazes. Causes may be congenital or acquired from trauma or vascular issues. Diagnosis involves evaluating eye movements, diplopia, and head tilt. Non-surgical treatment includes patching or prisms while surgery involves weakening the antagonist inferior oblique muscle or tucking the superior oblique tendon. The goal of treatment is to expand the field of single vision while minimizing complications.
1. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), also known as double elevator palsy, is characterized by an inability to elevate one eye in all fields of gaze, resulting in hypotropia of the affected eye.
2. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including superior rectus palsy, inferior rectus restriction, and supranuclear lesions.
3. Surgical management of MED depends on forced duction test results and may include inferior rectus recession, superior rectus resection, or Knapp's procedure to transpose the horizontal rectus muscles. The goal is to improve eye position and increase binocular vision.
Binocular vision assessment involves evaluating sensory and motor fusion through tests of phoria, vergence, accommodation, and stereopsis. Key tests include near point of convergence, vergence ranges, and accommodative response. Assessing binocular vision helps diagnose problems like convergence insufficiency, accommodative insufficiency, and other issues that can cause symptoms like eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision. Referral for further orthoptic evaluation is recommended for patients presenting with these types of symptoms.
The document discusses retinal correspondence and abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) in patients with strabismus. It defines normal retinal correspondence as when stimulation of corresponding retinal points produces single vision, while ARC is when non-corresponding points produce single vision. ARC can be harmonious, unharmonious, or paradoxical depending on its relationship to the objective angle of deviation. Several clinical tests are described to assess retinal correspondence, including Bagolini's striated glasses test, red filter test, synoptophore, and Worth's four dot test. Occlusion therapy is mentioned as a treatment to prevent worsening of ARC and promote normal correspondence.
The document discusses pantoscopic tilt, which is when the bottom of eyeglass frames are angled toward the cheeks. It describes how proper pantoscopic tilt helps maximize the amount of bridge surface resting on the nose. The document also mentions retroscopic tilt, when the bottom of frames is angled away from the cheeks, and orthoscopic tilt, when frames have no angle. Additionally, it explains how lens tilt improves how glasses look and function for patients, and depends on ear and nose bridge heights, requiring frames to be properly adjusted for individual wearers before measurements.
Fitting soft contact lenses requires considering many patient-specific factors to achieve excellent vision and ocular health. A proper fit involves selecting the correct total diameter, base curve, thickness, and material based on the patient's prescription, corneal shape, lifestyle, and health. Trial lenses are used to evaluate fit parameters like coverage, centration, movement, comfort, and vision to optimize on-eye performance while avoiding issues like tightness or looseness that could impact ocular health or vision. The goal is to find a lens that provides optimum vision and good comfort without causing any ocular insult.
Specular microscopy is used to examine the corneal endothelium and analyze pathological changes. There are contact and non-contact types, with contact providing higher resolution but potential discomfort. The procedure involves placing the patient comfortably and using fixation to keep the eye still while obtaining images. Images are then analyzed to study normal endothelium morphology, diagnose corneal endothelial diseases, and monitor conditions like aging, diabetes, surgery, trauma, and compare surgical techniques. Specular microscopy can detect disorders like Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and help with decisions like eye banking and surgery.
The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting eyeglass frames, including facial shape and features. It describes the seven main facial shapes and recommendations for frame styles that complement each shape. Additional details covered include using an existing frame versus a new frame, frame size, weight and color based on facial features, and bridge and temple designs that can shorten, lengthen or narrow the appearance of the nose. Proper fitting of the bridge and pads is also discussed to ensure comfort and support of heavier frames.
This document provides information on subjective refraction testing including the steps, advantages, disadvantages, and techniques used. The key points are:
1. Subjective refraction testing involves determining the best corrective lenses for a patient through their feedback, and aims for a visual acuity of 6/5.
2. Techniques include monocular and binocular testing, refinement of the cylinder and sphere powers, and verification of near vision after age 40.
3. Advantages are that it can be done without special equipment, but disadvantages include variable results due to accommodation and lack of patient cooperation in some cases.
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
Real pediatric refraction and spectacle power prescription in pediatrics.Bipin Koirala
The document discusses pediatric refraction and spectacle prescription. It covers several topics including emmetropization, refractive changes with age, types of pediatric refraction such as near retinoscopy and cycloplegic refraction, and considerations for spectacle prescription in children. Cycloplegic refraction is recommended for all non-verbal children to fully paralyze the ciliary muscles and determine the total refractive error, as the eye's refraction can change dramatically during development. The challenges of pediatric refraction include a child's ability to accommodate and their lack of cooperation, emphasizing the need for objective refraction techniques.
what is strabismus ?
what are different type of verticle squint ?
what is A pattern = means a relative convergence in upgaze & relative divergence in down gaze with minimum difference of 10 PD between upgaze & downgaze .
what is V pattern strabismus ?
it is relative divergence in upgaze & relative convergence in downgaze with minimum difference of 15 PD between upgaze & downgaze …
what is alphabate pattern strabismus ?
PBCT is more sensitive than Krimsky test ?
the measurement of squint in upgae 25 degree & in downgaze 33-35 degree i.e PBCT ( PRISM BAR COVER TEST )
what is Lamba pattern strabismus ?
what is X pattern strabismus ?
what is delta pattern ?
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
1) Biometry is the process of measuring the eye to determine the ideal intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. It involves measuring the corneal power and axial length of the eye.
2) Traditional A-scan ultrasound biometry measures axial length using sound waves, but has limitations like variable corneal compression. Newer devices like the IOL Master use optical interferometry and are non-contact.
3) Proper technique and accounting for factors like intraocular lens material are important for accurate biometry and intraocular lens power calculation. Inaccuracies can result in postoperative refractive surprises.
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a condition where one eye turns upward when the other eye fixes. It typically presents between ages 2-5 years and is often associated with infantile esotropia. DVD violates the rules of ocular motility as the deviating eye does not make a rapid movement to refixate. Measurement and tests like Bielschowsky's phenomenon and red glass testing help differentiate DVD from other vertical deviations. Treatment involves observation, encouraging bifixation, or surgery like superior rectus recession if the deviation is increasing. It is important to differentiate DVD from inferior oblique overaction.
This document discusses diplopia charting, which is used to diagnose ophthalmoplegia by recording double vision. It outlines the etiology, principles, objectives, procedure, interpretations and applications to specific cranial nerve palsies. Diplopia charting involves having the patient view a light source through colored lenses to indicate the position of double images in different gazes. This provides information to localize affected extraocular muscles and diagnose conditions like cranial nerve palsies. Precise documentation of findings from diplopia charting combined with patient history and exam can help identify neuro-ophthalmic pathologies.
This document discusses the optics of contact lenses. It begins with a brief history of contact lenses and an introduction to basic optics concepts for thick lenses. It then covers various optical properties of contact lenses like vertex distance correction, magnification, accommodation, convergence, and aberrations. Key advantages of contact lenses are discussed, such as producing a more natural retinal image size for myopes and hyperopes compared to spectacles. Factors affecting spectacle and contact lens magnification are also presented.
Binocular single vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that occurs when an individual fixates on an object. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion is the ability to see a composite picture from two similar images, while stereopsis provides the impression of depth by superimposing images from slightly different angles. Tests for binocular vision include those for simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis using instruments like the synaptophore. Binocular vision develops through infancy and childhood as the visual axes become coordinated to direct each fovea at the object of regard.
The document discusses the diagnostic evaluation process for strabismus. It covers the classification of strabismus, including pseudostrabismus and true strabismus. It also describes tests used to evaluate visual acuity, sensory function, motor function, and stereopsis. These include cover tests, versions, ductions, and specialized tests like Hirschberg's test, Krimsky test, and Bruckner test. The goal of the evaluation is to accurately diagnose the type of strabismus and measure the ocular misalignment.
This document discusses the AC/A ratio, which is the ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. It defines the AC/A ratio and notes the normal range is 3-5 prism diopters per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. The document outlines methods to measure the AC/A ratio clinically and discusses its uses in diagnosing different types of strabismus and their management approaches.
This document discusses the evaluation of ptosis, or drooping of the eyelids. It begins by defining ptosis and distinguishing between true and pseudo ptosis. True ptosis is classified as acquired or congenital, with acquired further divided into neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, and mechanical types. The evaluation of ptosis involves a thorough history, measurement of margin-reflex distance, palpebral fissure height, levator function, and upper lid crease. Additional tests include assessing for fatigability, Cogan's twitch sign, and jaw winking phenomenon. Confirmatory tests include the ice test and edrophonium (Tensilon) test. Treatment options mentioned include eyelid
An orthoptic evaluation systematically evaluates the function of eye muscles during binocular eye movements to maintain fusion. It identifies accommodative, vergence, or fusional vergence anomalies to guide orthoptic exercises for treatment. The evaluation includes tests to check for single vision, diplopia, suppression, alignment, and accommodation. Based on symptoms like headaches or blurry vision, further tests are done to diagnose conditions like convergence insufficiency. The evaluation involves tests of phoria, near point of convergence, accommodation, fusional vergence, and accommodative function and facility.
This document discusses the diagnosis and management of superior oblique palsy. It begins by describing the anatomy and function of the superior oblique muscle. Superior oblique palsy can result in hypertropia, excyclotorsion, and esotropia that are greater in certain gazes. Causes may be congenital or acquired from trauma or vascular issues. Diagnosis involves evaluating eye movements, diplopia, and head tilt. Non-surgical treatment includes patching or prisms while surgery involves weakening the antagonist inferior oblique muscle or tucking the superior oblique tendon. The goal of treatment is to expand the field of single vision while minimizing complications.
1. Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), also known as double elevator palsy, is characterized by an inability to elevate one eye in all fields of gaze, resulting in hypotropia of the affected eye.
2. The condition can be congenital or acquired, with causes including superior rectus palsy, inferior rectus restriction, and supranuclear lesions.
3. Surgical management of MED depends on forced duction test results and may include inferior rectus recession, superior rectus resection, or Knapp's procedure to transpose the horizontal rectus muscles. The goal is to improve eye position and increase binocular vision.
Binocular vision assessment involves evaluating sensory and motor fusion through tests of phoria, vergence, accommodation, and stereopsis. Key tests include near point of convergence, vergence ranges, and accommodative response. Assessing binocular vision helps diagnose problems like convergence insufficiency, accommodative insufficiency, and other issues that can cause symptoms like eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision. Referral for further orthoptic evaluation is recommended for patients presenting with these types of symptoms.
The document discusses retinal correspondence and abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) in patients with strabismus. It defines normal retinal correspondence as when stimulation of corresponding retinal points produces single vision, while ARC is when non-corresponding points produce single vision. ARC can be harmonious, unharmonious, or paradoxical depending on its relationship to the objective angle of deviation. Several clinical tests are described to assess retinal correspondence, including Bagolini's striated glasses test, red filter test, synoptophore, and Worth's four dot test. Occlusion therapy is mentioned as a treatment to prevent worsening of ARC and promote normal correspondence.
The document discusses pantoscopic tilt, which is when the bottom of eyeglass frames are angled toward the cheeks. It describes how proper pantoscopic tilt helps maximize the amount of bridge surface resting on the nose. The document also mentions retroscopic tilt, when the bottom of frames is angled away from the cheeks, and orthoscopic tilt, when frames have no angle. Additionally, it explains how lens tilt improves how glasses look and function for patients, and depends on ear and nose bridge heights, requiring frames to be properly adjusted for individual wearers before measurements.
Fitting soft contact lenses requires considering many patient-specific factors to achieve excellent vision and ocular health. A proper fit involves selecting the correct total diameter, base curve, thickness, and material based on the patient's prescription, corneal shape, lifestyle, and health. Trial lenses are used to evaluate fit parameters like coverage, centration, movement, comfort, and vision to optimize on-eye performance while avoiding issues like tightness or looseness that could impact ocular health or vision. The goal is to find a lens that provides optimum vision and good comfort without causing any ocular insult.
Specular microscopy is used to examine the corneal endothelium and analyze pathological changes. There are contact and non-contact types, with contact providing higher resolution but potential discomfort. The procedure involves placing the patient comfortably and using fixation to keep the eye still while obtaining images. Images are then analyzed to study normal endothelium morphology, diagnose corneal endothelial diseases, and monitor conditions like aging, diabetes, surgery, trauma, and compare surgical techniques. Specular microscopy can detect disorders like Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and help with decisions like eye banking and surgery.
The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting eyeglass frames, including facial shape and features. It describes the seven main facial shapes and recommendations for frame styles that complement each shape. Additional details covered include using an existing frame versus a new frame, frame size, weight and color based on facial features, and bridge and temple designs that can shorten, lengthen or narrow the appearance of the nose. Proper fitting of the bridge and pads is also discussed to ensure comfort and support of heavier frames.
This document provides information on subjective refraction testing including the steps, advantages, disadvantages, and techniques used. The key points are:
1. Subjective refraction testing involves determining the best corrective lenses for a patient through their feedback, and aims for a visual acuity of 6/5.
2. Techniques include monocular and binocular testing, refinement of the cylinder and sphere powers, and verification of near vision after age 40.
3. Advantages are that it can be done without special equipment, but disadvantages include variable results due to accommodation and lack of patient cooperation in some cases.
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate binocular vision, including cover tests, Hess charting, and diplopia charting. Cover tests are used to detect manifest or latent strabismus and determine deviation direction. Hess charting maps eye positions in 9 gazes using colored lenses to dissociate vision between eyes. It identifies muscle under or overaction. Diplopia charting records double vision separation in 9 gazes to localize affected muscles. These objective tests evaluate binocular function and strabismus type and localization.
Real pediatric refraction and spectacle power prescription in pediatrics.Bipin Koirala
The document discusses pediatric refraction and spectacle prescription. It covers several topics including emmetropization, refractive changes with age, types of pediatric refraction such as near retinoscopy and cycloplegic refraction, and considerations for spectacle prescription in children. Cycloplegic refraction is recommended for all non-verbal children to fully paralyze the ciliary muscles and determine the total refractive error, as the eye's refraction can change dramatically during development. The challenges of pediatric refraction include a child's ability to accommodate and their lack of cooperation, emphasizing the need for objective refraction techniques.
what is strabismus ?
what are different type of verticle squint ?
what is A pattern = means a relative convergence in upgaze & relative divergence in down gaze with minimum difference of 10 PD between upgaze & downgaze .
what is V pattern strabismus ?
it is relative divergence in upgaze & relative convergence in downgaze with minimum difference of 15 PD between upgaze & downgaze …
what is alphabate pattern strabismus ?
PBCT is more sensitive than Krimsky test ?
the measurement of squint in upgae 25 degree & in downgaze 33-35 degree i.e PBCT ( PRISM BAR COVER TEST )
what is Lamba pattern strabismus ?
what is X pattern strabismus ?
what is delta pattern ?
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
1) Biometry is the process of measuring the eye to determine the ideal intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. It involves measuring the corneal power and axial length of the eye.
2) Traditional A-scan ultrasound biometry measures axial length using sound waves, but has limitations like variable corneal compression. Newer devices like the IOL Master use optical interferometry and are non-contact.
3) Proper technique and accounting for factors like intraocular lens material are important for accurate biometry and intraocular lens power calculation. Inaccuracies can result in postoperative refractive surprises.
Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a condition where one eye turns upward when the other eye fixes. It typically presents between ages 2-5 years and is often associated with infantile esotropia. DVD violates the rules of ocular motility as the deviating eye does not make a rapid movement to refixate. Measurement and tests like Bielschowsky's phenomenon and red glass testing help differentiate DVD from other vertical deviations. Treatment involves observation, encouraging bifixation, or surgery like superior rectus recession if the deviation is increasing. It is important to differentiate DVD from inferior oblique overaction.
This document discusses diplopia charting, which is used to diagnose ophthalmoplegia by recording double vision. It outlines the etiology, principles, objectives, procedure, interpretations and applications to specific cranial nerve palsies. Diplopia charting involves having the patient view a light source through colored lenses to indicate the position of double images in different gazes. This provides information to localize affected extraocular muscles and diagnose conditions like cranial nerve palsies. Precise documentation of findings from diplopia charting combined with patient history and exam can help identify neuro-ophthalmic pathologies.
This document discusses the optics of contact lenses. It begins with a brief history of contact lenses and an introduction to basic optics concepts for thick lenses. It then covers various optical properties of contact lenses like vertex distance correction, magnification, accommodation, convergence, and aberrations. Key advantages of contact lenses are discussed, such as producing a more natural retinal image size for myopes and hyperopes compared to spectacles. Factors affecting spectacle and contact lens magnification are also presented.
Binocular single vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that occurs when an individual fixates on an object. There are three grades of binocular vision: simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion is the ability to see a composite picture from two similar images, while stereopsis provides the impression of depth by superimposing images from slightly different angles. Tests for binocular vision include those for simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis using instruments like the synaptophore. Binocular vision develops through infancy and childhood as the visual axes become coordinated to direct each fovea at the object of regard.
The document discusses the diagnostic evaluation process for strabismus. It covers the classification of strabismus, including pseudostrabismus and true strabismus. It also describes tests used to evaluate visual acuity, sensory function, motor function, and stereopsis. These include cover tests, versions, ductions, and specialized tests like Hirschberg's test, Krimsky test, and Bruckner test. The goal of the evaluation is to accurately diagnose the type of strabismus and measure the ocular misalignment.
This document provides an overview of binocular vision, including its history, key concepts, mechanisms, and importance. It defines binocular vision as coordinated vision using both eyes to produce a single mental image. The three grades of binocular vision are simultaneous perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Fusion allows the eyes to produce a composite image, while stereopsis provides depth perception through retinal disparity. Other topics covered include the horopter curve, Panum's fusional area, theories of binocular vision, advantages and anomalies. Understanding binocular vision is essential for treating conditions like strabismus.
The document defines and describes various types of strabismus including tropia, phoria, comitant and incomitant deviations. It outlines the assessment of strabismus including taking a patient history, testing visual acuity, and performing an examination of motor and sensory status. The examination involves evaluating ocular alignment using tests such as cover testing, evaluating eye movements and fusion, and identifying suppression or abnormal retinal correspondence.
This document discusses retinal correspondence and abnormal retinal correspondence. It defines retinal correspondence as the relationship between paired retinal visual cells in the two eyes that allows for single binocular vision. Abnormal retinal correspondence occurs when the fovea of one eye corresponds to an extrafoveal area in the other eye, resulting in eccentric fixation but maintained binocular vision. The document describes tests to assess normal versus abnormal retinal correspondence, including the Bagolini striated glasses test, red filter test, and Hering-Bielschowsky after-image test.
Binocular vision involves the coordinated use of both eyes to perceive a single image. It normally develops fully by age 4 and allows for fusion, stereopsis, and simultaneous perception. The development of binocular vision is dependent on normal visual experience during the first decade of life; abnormal visual experience can lead to poor or no binocular vision. Understanding the mechanism of binocular vision, including retinal correspondence and fusion, is important for diagnosing and treating abnormalities in binocular vision.
Binocular vision refers to simultaneous vision with two eyes that allows for a single unified visual perception. It develops through childhood and relies on the coordination of the eyes and brain. The development of binocular vision provides advantages like depth perception through stereopsis. Abnormal binocular vision can result in issues like suppression, abnormal retinal correspondence, or amblyopia. Assessing binocular vision involves tests for fusion, stereopsis, and retinal correspondence. Maintaining good binocular vision is important for visual development in childhood.
This document discusses binocular single vision, including:
1. Anatomical aspects of binocular vision development from the prenatal period through childhood, and factors like genetics that affect development.
2. Physiological aspects like binocular fusion, stereopsis, and depth perception, which allow for three-dimensional vision through the integration of the two eyes.
3. The development of binocular single vision involves both anatomical and physiological changes from infancy through adulthood to achieve fusion, stereopsis, and depth perception through binocular integration.
Binocular anomalies refer to disorders of binocular vision that include strabismus, amblyopia, and anomalies of vergence and accommodation. Some common binocular anomalies are esotropia, exotropia, vertical deviations, convergence insufficiency, and accommodative disorders. Causes can include refractive errors, ocular misalignment, neurological issues, or trauma. Symptoms may include diplopia, headaches, asthenopia, or blurred vision. Diagnosis involves assessing ocular alignment, binocular vision functions like stereopsis and suppression, and accommodative and vergence abilities. Treatment depends on the specific anomaly but may involve optical correction, vision therapy, or surgery.
This document provides information about different types of strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) and strabismus surgery techniques. It defines various types of strabismus including manifest, latent, comitant, incomitant, paralytic, and restrictive strabismus. It also describes different strabismus surgeries including recession, resection, faden procedure, and transposition surgery. The document provides details on the function and surgical anatomy of the six extraocular muscles and how different strabismus surgery techniques work to correct eye misalignment.
This document provides an introduction to binocular vision and ocular motility. It discusses the prerequisites for binocular single vision including overlapping visual fields and coordinated eye movements. It describes several theories of binocular vision such as the alternation theory and theory of isomorphism. Correspondence between retinal points and retinal disparity are also covered. The document outlines the neurophysiological basis of binocular vision involving binocular neurons in the visual cortex. It discusses normal development of binocular vision skills like fusion and stereopsis. Various types of abnormal binocular vision including suppression and amblyopia are also summarized. Finally, it defines important terminology related to ocular motility and eye movements.
This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines terms like strabismus, visual axis, anatomical axis, orthophoria and describes tests to evaluate eye alignment and movement including:
- Hirschberg test to measure strabismus angle
- Cover-uncover test and alternate cover test to detect heterotropia and heterophoria
- Prism bar cover test for measuring strabismus angle
- Synoptophore for grading binocular vision
- Maddox rod test for detecting horizontal and vertical phorias
- Extraocular muscle actions and innervations are also summarized.
This document discusses amblyopia, also known as lazy eye. It defines amblyopia as reduced vision in one or both eyes caused by abnormal visual development during childhood. The main causes of amblyopia are strabismus (eye misalignment), refractive error (such as significant nearsightedness, farsightedness or astigmatism), and form deprivation (obstruction of vision in one eye). Early diagnosis and treatment before age 10 is important, as amblyopia can be reversed during the "critical period" of visual development in childhood. Treatment involves correcting refractive errors, patching or blurring the better-seeing eye, and sometimes eye muscle surgery.
This document provides an overview of motor evaluation techniques for strabismus. It discusses the detection of phoria and tropia through observation of eye and head position. Both objective measurement methods like prism and cover testing as well as subjective methods using tools like Maddox rods, red glass, and synaptophores are outlined. The document also describes the use of tests to determine deviation direction, size, and type. Key examination factors like comitancy, refractive correction, and test distance are defined. Neurological causes of strabismus are explored through demonstrations of Hess screen and diplopia charting.
The document discusses various methods for measuring ocular deviations, including the cover test, prism bar test, Maddox rod test, and Maddox wing test. The cover test is described as the simplest and only objective way to distinguish between a phoria and tropia. It involves covering each eye and observing any movement in the uncovered eye. Alternative cover testing and prism bar testing can also help determine the size and direction of any deviation.
The document reviews strabismus, including its incidence, causes, types, treatment options, and pathophysiology. It discusses comitant and incomitant strabismus, accommodative esotropia, exodeviations, infantile esotropia, and more. Treatment options include refractive correction, orthoptic therapy, prisms, botulinum toxin, surgery, and more. The pathophysiology is complex and likely involves interactions between various control systems in the brain, eyes, and visual pathways.
Binocular vision refers to the coordinated use of both eyes to produce a single mental impression. It develops through childhood as the visual and motor mechanisms mature. Theories of binocular vision aim to explain how a single visual percept is formed from two retinal images. Key components include retinal correspondence, the horopter curve, and Panum's fusional area. Abnormalities can disrupt binocular vision and cause issues like diplopia or suppression. Clinical tests evaluate retinal correspondence, stereopsis, and fusional abilities to assess binocular function.
This document discusses various aspects of binocular vision including:
- Sensory fusion which unifies visual excitations from corresponding retinal images. Motor fusion aligns the eyes to maintain sensory fusion.
- Stereopsis is the perception of depth from retinal disparity between images on the left and right retina. It requires non-corresponding retinal stimulation.
- Abnormal binocular vision can cause confusion, diplopia, suppression, or abnormal retinal correspondence as adaptations.
- Binocular vision adaptations include sensory mechanisms like suppression and abnormal retinal correspondence, and motor mechanisms like fusion, head posture, and the blind spot mechanism.
Dr. Reshma's presentation covered the clinical evaluation of squint, including taking a thorough patient history, assessing visual acuity and refraction under cycloplegia, and evaluating motor and sensory status. Key parts of the evaluation include measuring any ocular deviation using cover tests, evaluating versions and vergences, and testing binocular vision functions like suppression and stereopsis. A thorough exam is important for establishing the cause of strabismus and diagnosing amblyopia or other issues.
This document discusses strabismus, which is a misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. It defines key terms like phoria, tropia, intermittent tropia, and provides details on the anatomical and visual axes. It describes various types of strabismus like concomitant, incomitant, horizontal, vertical, and torsional deviations. It also discusses the mechanisms, causes, adaptations, and evaluations of strabismus, including cover tests, versions, ductions, fusional amplitudes, stereopsis tests, and diplopia evaluation methods.
Gives a very brief review of how to evaluate a case of squint in day to day clinical practice. How to diagnose a basic abnormality of the movement of eye.
1) Binocular vision requires the separate visual fields and points of fixation of the two eyes to overlap, with neural signals from each eye reaching the same area of the brain to allow for perceptual coordination.
2) Abnormal binocular vision can involve suppression, anomalous retinal correspondence, eccentric fixation, diplopia or confusion. Tests like Worth four-dot, Bagolini, and synoptophore help identify sensory anomalies.
3) Stereopsis, the highest grade of binocular vision, involves fusing slightly disparate retinal images to perceive depth. Tests like Titmus, TNO, and Lang stereotests measure depth perception through stereopsis.
Pediatric refraction is one of the challenging areas of optometry practice. I am so glad to share some of the important aspect of pediatric refraction.
This document discusses ocular motility and strabismus. It defines strabismus as a deviation from perfect eye alignment where the image does not fall on the fovea of both eyes simultaneously. It describes the extraocular muscles that control eye movement and different types of eye movements and deviations, including heterophoria, heterotropia, esotropia, exotropia, and more. It also outlines examinations and tests used to evaluate ocular motility and strabismus, including the cover test, alternate cover test, prism cover test, and others. Treatment options like occlusion therapy, orthoptic exercises, and squint surgery are also mentioned.
EVALUATION OF A SQUINT PATIENT (4).pptxMalvikaSuresh
This document summarizes the evaluation process for a patient with strabismus (misaligned eyes). It discusses examining the patient's history, visual acuity, refractive error, sensory status, and motor status. Sensory tests evaluate binocularity and eye alignment, including tests for fusion, suppression, diplopia, and stereopsis. The motor examination measures the size and nature of any eye misalignment. The goal is to determine the cause of strabismus, assess binocularity, measure the deviation, diagnose amblyopia, and develop a treatment plan.
Binocular vision allows for single, three-dimensional vision using both eyes. It provides advantages like better visual acuity and depth perception. Binocular vision requires muscle balancing, retinal correspondence, and fusion of the two retinal images. Disturbances can include strabismus, which is an ocular misalignment. Strabismus is classified and treatments involve exercises, prisms, or surgery to improve alignment and binocularity.
This document discusses the evaluation of ocular examination in cataract patients. It covers various components of the eye exam including head posture, facial asymmetry, visual axis, ocular movements, eyelids, conjunctiva and more. Abnormal head postures can indicate strabismus while facial asymmetry may be due to dental, skeletal or muscular issues. Tests like cover tests are used to evaluate the visual axis and detect strabismus. Ocular movements involve evaluations of ductions, versions, vergences and following diagnostic positions of gaze. The eyelids, lashes, glands and tumors are also examined for abnormalities.
This document defines and classifies different types of squint, including:
- Latent squint (heterophoria), where the eyes have a tendency to deviate but remain aligned with fusion.
- Manifest squint (heterotropia), where there is a visible misalignment of the eyes. This includes concomitant squint, where the deviation is the same in all directions of gaze, and paralytic squint, where the deviation varies with gaze direction.
- The causes, signs, and treatments of different types of squint are described, including exercises, optical correction, amblyopia therapy
This document discusses strabismus, or eye misalignment. It defines strabismus and describes the different types including the direction the eyes turn. It then covers the causes of strabismus which can be congenital or due to refractive error, mechanical restriction, or nerve palsy. The document classifies strabismus and discusses the evaluation process including patient history, eye examination, and tests to determine the angle and grade of binocular vision. Treatment options aim to correct vision, treat amblyopia, use exercises, and potentially surgery.
This document discusses esodeviation (convergence misalignment of the eyes) including its classification, types, approach to examination, and key findings. It notes that esodeviation can be latent (esophoria) or manifest (esotropia), and includes types like accommodative esotropia. The approach involves history of presenting complaint, observation of head posture, visual acuity testing, cover tests to determine phoria/tropia and direction/magnitude, eye motility examination, and binocularity testing like Worth 4 dot. Findings may include suppression, abnormal retinal correspondence, or uncrossed diplopia in cases of esotropia.
ocular motility an introduction 14.07.16 Prof.K.N. Jhaophthalmgmcri
This document provides an introduction to strabismus by discussing eye movements, extraocular muscles, binocular vision, and eye alignment. It describes the three axes of eye movement, the six extraocular muscles including their actions and nerve supply. Binocular vision is explained as simultaneous macular perception, fusion, and stereopsis. Normal ocular alignment is contrasted with strabismus, which can be comitant or incomitant and involve deviations in different directions.
This document provides information on evaluating and examining patients with strabismus. The goals of a strabismus evaluation are to determine the cause of misalignment, assess binocular vision status, measure the deviation amount, diagnose amblyopia, and develop a treatment plan. The examination involves testing visual acuity, refractive error, ocular motility, binocular vision, and measuring the deviation. Sensory tests are used to evaluate fusion, suppression, and retinal correspondence. Motor examination includes measuring deviation amounts using cover tests and prism bars to differentiate phorias from tropias.
This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines strabismus as misalignment of the visual axis and describes various types of phorias and tropias. Objective tests for strabismus are outlined like the cover-uncover and prism bar cover tests. Details are provided about extraocular muscle function and innervation. Grading of binocular vision and tests for suppression are also summarized. The document covers important topics in a comprehensive yet concise manner.
- Binocular single vision allows for the fusion of two slightly different retinal images into a single image, providing advantages like depth perception and a wide visual field. It requires clear visual axes, sensory fusion in the brain, and motor fusion through coordinated eye movements.
- Stereopsis, the ability to perceive depth, results from the fusion within Panum's fusional area of images that stimulate horizontally disparate retinal points. This allows perception of an object's position relative to the observer.
- Various tests are used to assess aspects of binocular vision like retinal correspondence, suppression, and stereoacuity through presenting images with different binocular disparities.
This document provides an overview of assessing strabismus in children. It discusses classifying strabismus based on age, taking a thorough patient history, performing a visual assessment including visual acuity and binocularity tests, and conducting a sensory and motor assessment of eye alignment and eye movement. The motor assessment involves tests like cover testing, versions, ductions, and special tests like vestibular eye movements. Taking this comprehensive approach allows for correctly diagnosing the type and extent of strabismus and determining appropriate management options.
This document provides information about strabismus (squinting):
- It affects 7.5 million people in the US and an estimated 130-260 million worldwide. Strabismus occurs when the eyes are not properly aligned on the point of focus.
- The anatomy of the extraocular muscles that control eye movement is described, including the actions of the six muscles and their nerve supply.
- Paralytic squints can be caused by neurogenic or myogenic factors. The document discusses third and fourth nerve palsies as examples. Treatment options for strabismus include optical devices, botulinum toxin injections, orthoptic exercises, and surgery.
Binocular vision requires two clear eyes that can coordinate focusing on the same object. This allows the brain to fuse the two slightly different retinal images into a single image. There are grades of binocular vision including fusion and stereopsis, which is the ability to perceive depth. For binocular vision to develop, the eyes must maintain proper retinal correspondence and suppression. Tests like the Titmus fly test evaluate stereopsis. Understanding binocular vision and stereopsis is important for diagnosing and treating eye alignment disorders.
Similar to Gede Pardianto - Strabismus, binocular vision, 3D vision and visual illusion (20)
Maestro Lectures provide comprehensive lectures from world's best eye surgeons from all around the world. Those lectures have been attended by thousands of participants from 120 countries of 6 continents around the globe.
Dokumen tersebut mengundang pengunjung untuk mengakses video motivasi dan syiar agama melalui tautan atau kode QR yang tersedia. Video-video tersebut dimaksudkan untuk menyebarkan ajaran agama.
Buku The power of somehow adalah buku pengembangan diri yang semoga berguna menarik Anda menuju kesuksesan, atau bermanfaat membimbing Anda agar lebih sukses lagi
This document outlines the process and requirements for submitting and publishing a manuscript in a peer-reviewed journal. It discusses the roles of the editor-in-chief, consulting editors, and peer reviewers in evaluating the manuscript. Requirements for the manuscript include structured abstracts, keywords, references, figures and tables. The manuscript must then go through rounds of review, revision, and approval before final publication. Indexing the published article in databases like Scopus, MEDLINE, and PubMed is considered an indication of journal quality.
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Contagious – Why Things Catch On (Jonah Berger)
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Dokumen ini memberikan saran dan ikhtiar untuk orang tua dalam membesarkan anak, meliputi: (1) berdoa dan bertawakal kepada Tuhan, (2) memilih pasangan yang tepat untuk anak, (3) selalu hadir untuk anak fisik dan mental, (4) mengajarkan agama dan nilai-nilai luhur. Tujuannya agar anak dekat dengan Tuhan dan bermanfaat bagi sesama.
This document discusses how ideas can come from anywhere and anyone, and encourages developing curiosity, passion, and a willingness to question assumptions in order to discover new ideas. It notes that teachers have inspired many great inventors and scientists, and that ideas often arise from observing problems in areas like poverty, disasters, and inconveniences. The document advocates paying attention to one's environment, imagination, readings, and experiences for sources of ideas, as well as sharing and developing ideas through research and practice.
This document outlines principles for achieving success and making positive contributions to the world. It encourages setting goals for wealth, health, and success while directing one's efforts toward business, projects, and working with others. Qualities like patience, honesty, faith, courage, determination and imagination are presented as important for overcoming challenges. The overall message is about believing in oneself and one's ability to change the world for the better through hard work and positive thinking.
This document provides guidance for writing research papers and publications. It discusses key sections of a research paper such as the title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and references. For each section, it provides details on what to include and best practices. The goal is to write papers that are informative, accurately summarize the research, and can be understood by other experts in the field.
Gede Pardianto - Corneal cryo therapy for DescemetoceleGede Pardianto
How to avoid evisceration in case of descemetocele with iris prolapse.
Dr. Gede Pardianto.
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Gede Pardianto - MataPedia2014 for OphthalmologistGede Pardianto
This document appears to be a slide compilation for ophthalmologists covering various topics in ophthalmology. It includes an introduction and acknowledgements section, as well as slides on topics like the spirit of Bali, visual functions and their examination, equipment used in examinations like the slit lamp and optotypes, embryology of ocular tissues, and advanced examination equipment and techniques. The compilation is meant as an educational reference for ophthalmologists.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
2. The information provided within this lecture is for educational and
scientific purposes only and it should not be construed as
commercial advice.
Author thanks all of our teachers, fellow ophthalmologists,
publishers, sponsors, and all manufacturers for their works those
all being cited in this handout.
FREE COPY
NOT FOR SALE
2
4. Position of gaze
• Primary position
– Straight ahead
• Secondary position
– Straight up, straight down
– Right gaze, left gaze
• Tertiary position Four oblique position
– Up and right, up and left
– Down and right, down and left
• Cardinal position
4
5. Extra ocular muscle (EOM)
• Agonist
– Primary muscle moving the eye in a GIVEN direction
• Synergist
–
–
–
–
–
Muscle in the same eye
As the agonist
That can act with agonist
Produce a GIVEN movement
E.g : Superior rectus with Inferior oblique elevate the eye
• Antagonist
– Muscle in the same eye as the agonist
– That can act with in the direction opposite
– E.g : Medial rectus and lateral rectus
5
6. Cardinal position and Yoke muscles
RSR
LIO
Right Gaze
LSR
RIO
RLR
LMR
LLR
RMR
RIR
LSO
LIR
RSO
Left Gaze
6
7. Basic
• Yoke muscle
– Two muscle (one in each eye)
– Are Prime mover of their respective eyes
– In GIVEN position gaze
– E.g : right gaze RLR and LMR simultaneously innervated
and contracted to be “yoked” together
7
8. Basic
• Sherrington’s law for reciprocal innervation
– Increased innervation and contraction of GIVEN EOM
– Accompanied by reciprocal decrease of innervation and
contraction of its antagonist EOM
8
9. Basic
• Hering’s law of motor correspondence
– The state equal and simultaneous innervation
flow to Yoke muscle
– Concerned with the desired direction of the gaze
9
12. Eye movement
• Versions
– Eyes move in the same direction
• Vergences Disconjugate binocular eye movement
–
–
–
–
–
Convergence
Divergence
Incyclovergence
Excyclovergence
Vertical vergence
12
13. Classification of strabismus
A. Pseudostrabismus (false or
apparent squint).
B. True strabismus:
1. Latent squint (heterophoria)
2. Manifest squint (heterotropia)
- non-paralytic (concomitant)
- paralytic (non-concomitant)
14. Variation of deviation
With gaze position or fixating eye
• Comitant (Concomitant)
– Deviation doesn’t vary in size with direction of gaze or
fixating eye
• Incomitant (Noncomitant)
– Deviation varies in size with direction of gaze or fixating
eye
– Most paralytic or restrictive
– In acquired condition may indicate neurologic or orbital
problems or diseases
14
15. Pseudo-strabismus
• In young infants,
strabismus must be
differentiated from the
more common pseudostrabismus
• Pseudo-esotropia as a
result of a broad bridge of
the nose. This is not a
real eye crossing
17. In high myopia the, the fovea lies nasal to the optical axis. So, the
corneal reflex lies temporal to the center of the cornea Negative
angle kappa .
Large negative angle kappa (myopia) leads to pseudo-esotropia.
Large positive angle kappa (hypermetropia) leads to pseudoexotropia.
19. (Brief) Classification of squint
• Manifest (Heterotropia)
– Esotropia (convergent)
– Exotropia (divergent)
– Vertical
– Unilateral or alternating
– Constant or intermittent (in Primary position, or in
certain positions of gaze)
– Accommodative
23. Tests for sensory anomalies
Worth four-dot test
a - Prior to use of glasses
b - Normal
c - Left suppression/amblyopia
d - Right suppression/amblyopia
e - Diplopia
Bagolini striated glasses
a - Normal or ARC
b- Diplopia
c - Suppression
d - Small suppression scotoma
24. • Qualitative tests
for Stereopsis:
– Lang’s 2 pencil
test
– Synoptophore
• Quantitative tests
for Stereopsis:
– Random dot test
– TNO Test
– Lang’s stereo test
25. Tests for stereopsis
Titmus
•
•
Polaroid spectacles
Figures seen in 3-D
TNO random dot test
•
•
Lang
Frisby
•
•
No spectacles
‘Hidden’ circle seen
Red-green spectacles
‘Hidden’ shapes seen
•
•
No spectacles
Shapes seen
26. Motor evaluation
• Extra ocular muscles
• Cover test
• Corneal reflex test – Hirschberg
Krimsky
Bruckner
• Dissimilar image test – Maddox rod
27. Evaluation of motility
• Two principle methods of evaluating ocular
motility are:
1. Observation of ocular ductions, which are the
actual monocular movements of the eye.
2. Observation of binocular ocular alignment,
using cover/uncover and alternate cover testing.
37. Modified Krimsky test
• Asymmetric positions of the corneal
reflex in the pupils of each eye are
indicative of strabismus, which may
be measured by placing a prism
before the fixating eye until the
reflection is similarly positioned in
both eyes
• Base out prism for esotropia
• Base in prism for exotropia
• This is the direct reading of the squint
angle.
38. Bruckner test
• Is performed by using direct
ophthalmoscope to obtain a
red reflex simultaneously in
both eyes.
• If there is strabismus , the
deviated eye will have a
lighter and brighter reflex
than the fixing eye.
• Media opacities, Refractive
errors, Strabismus
39. Dissimilar image tests
Maddox wing
Dissociates eyes for near
fixation (1/3 m)
• Measures heterophoria
•
Maddox rod
White spot converted into red streak
• Cannot differentiate tropia from phoria
•
40. Measurements of ocular
misalignment
• Synoptophore - picture
test
• Measure misalignments, sensory
and motor fusion and
stereopsis
• Predict BV post-surgery
• Measure misalignments
9 positions of gaze
41. Key notes
• Early intermittent neonatal misalignment
common between birth and 2-4 months
• BSV well established from 6 months
• Sensitive period for development of vision and
binocular reflexes
• Suspected squint after 4 months (corrected)
age should be referred for orthoptic
assessment
42. Aniseikonia
• Translated from Greek aniseikonia means
"unequal images".
• It is a binocular condition, so the image in one
eye is perceived as different in size compared
to the image in the other eye.
• Two different types of aniseikonia can be
differentiated: static and dynamic aniseikonia
42
43. Aniseikonia
• Static aniseikonia or aniseikonia in
short means that in a static situation
where the eyes are gazing in a
certain direction
• The perceived (peripheral) images
are different in size
43
45. Aniseikonia
• Dynamic aniseikonia or (optically
induced) anisophoria means that the
eyes have to rotate a different amount
to gaze (i.e. look with the sharpest
vision) at the same point in space
• This is especially difficult for eye
rotations in the vertical direction
45
47. Prismatic effect of decentred lens
• Convex lens two
prisms cemented
together at their
BASEs
• Concave lens two
prisms cemented
together at their
APEXs
• Decentred lens
Prism effect Base in
or Base out
Decrease convergence
Increase convergence
48. Anisophoria
• Is a condition in which the balance of the
vertical muscles of one eye differs from that
of the other eye the visual lines do not lie
in the same horizontal plane
• Eye muscle imbalance the horizontal visual
plane of one eye is different from that of the
other
48
49. Amblyopia
Type :
• Strabismic amblyopia
– Frequently in esotropia patients
• Anisometropic (Refractive) amblyopia
– Difference in refraction greater than 2.50 D
• Isoametropic amblyopia
– Bilateral refractive error grater than + 5.00 or – 10.00 D
• Deprivation amblyopia
– Caused by such as media opacities
Deborah Pavan-Langston, 2008
49
50. Management of squint
•
•
•
•
•
Orthoptic assessment
Cycloplegic refraction & fundoscopy
Correct significant refractive error
Allow for refractive adaptation (up to 6/18)
Occlusion treatment for amblyopia (patches,
atropine)
• Orthoptic exercises (intermittent deviations)
• Surgery
54. 20 Century
th
• 1908 Lippmann, Integral Imaging, Lenticular Printing
• 1934 Polarizing Glasses (two synchronized projectors)
• 1950s Anaglyph and polarizing glasses popular to counter
rise of television
• Next 3D picture and 3D motion picture
55. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research
Volume1||Issue3||Pages149-154||2013
New Approach In Binocular Single Vision Assessment For
Candidate Of Phacoemulsification Micro Surgeons
Gede Pardianto1, Diyah Purworini2
Department of Ophthalmology, Komang Makes Hospital Belawan, Medan, North
Sumatra, Indonesia
2
Putri Hijau Hospital, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia
1
56. BSV
• State of simultaneous vision
• Coordinated use of both eyes
• Blending of sight from the two eyes to form a
single percept
57. BSV
• Normal
– it is bifoveal
– there is no manifest deviation.
• Anomalous
– images of the fixated object are projected from
the fovea of one eye and an extrafoveal area of
the other eye
58. BSV: Requires
• Clear Visual Axis in both eyes
• The ability of the retino-cortical to promote
the fusion of two slightly dissimilar images
Sensory fusion
• The precise co-ordination of the two eyes for
all direction of gazes to deal with two images
Motor fusion
59. BSV: Advantage
•
•
•
•
Single vision.
The most precise kind of depth perception
Enlargement of the field of vision
Compensation for blind spot and other
differences
61. Development of BSV
Most neonates show coarse re-fixation
1.Conjugate fixation 1st to develop (eyes follow
object together)
2.Disjugate fixation (follow approaching object –
convergence)
3.Fusional reflex (correct for change in image
position)
4.Kinetic reflex (controlled accommodation &
convergence)
62. Stereo fusion
• Objects are “fused” when brain interprets
disparate images in the two eyes as being
the same object and perceives the depth of
the objects
• When disparity gets too large
– Double vision,
– or brain ignores input from one eye
63. Corresponding points
• Pairs of points on each retina share a common
visual direction
• A point on the nasal retina of one eye will
have a corresponding point on the temporal
retina of the other eye
64. Normal retinal correspondence
• Retinal correspondence is called normal when
both the fovea have a common visual
direction
• The retinal elements nasal to the fovea in one
eye corresponds to the retinal elements
temporal to the fovea in the other eye
65. Abnormal retinal correspondence
• The fovea of one eye has a common visual direction
with an extrafoveal area in the other eye
• This results in the eyes seeing binocularly single
inspite of a manifest squint
• When the normal eye is closed the extrafoveal
element loses any advantage over the fovea of that
eye central fixation is over handled by the fovea
the anomalous eye moving to primary position
this is the basis of the cover test
66. Retinal rivalry
• When dissimilar contours are presented to
corresponding retinal areas fusion
becomes impossible retinal rivalry leads
to confusion.
• In order to remove this confusion image
from one of the eyes is suppressed.
67. Horopter
A horopter is an infinitely thin plane drawn
through all object points that project onto
corresponding retinal points.
73. Monocular Cue
• Non-stereo depth cue
• One eye can judge its
• Patients with binocular vision defect still
can feel the depth perception
74. Monocular Cue
• Occlusion near objects block the view of distant
objects
• Apparent size if two objects are actually the same
size, but one appears smaller, then the small one is
farther away than the larger relative size
• Motion parallax and Relative velocity near objects
appear move faster than distant objects
• Light and Shading distance and colour
• Overlapping contour*
77. Motion parallax
• Translocation of the head
• Cause the images of near objects to move
opposite the head
• The images of far objects to move with the
head
• Assuming the fixation point is at an
intermediate distance
80. Monocular cue
• Perspective parallel lines converge in the
distance
• Aerial perspective
• Geometric perspective
• Texture becomes finer with distance
• Colour change colour becomes more blue
with distance Atmospheric effect
• Haze objects become fuzzy in the distance
• Accommodation our brain knows how hard
our eyes are working to focus
85. Why fovea/periphery differences
• Range of disparities in natural scenes.
• Fovea - high depth acuity.
• Periphery - provides coarse information about
where to make convergence eye movements.
111. Visual illusion: Mirage
A inferior mirage occurs when the air
below the line of sight is hotter and
has lower index bias than the air
above it.
A superior mirage occurs when the
air below the line of sight is colder
than the air above it.
112. Mirage: hot haze
Heat shimmer refers to the inferior mirage
experienced when viewing objects through a
layer of heated air
114. Visual illusion: Halo
A sun dog (or sundog), mock sunor phantom
sun, scientific name parhelion (plural
parhelia), is an atmospheric phenomenon
that creates bright spots of light in the sky,
often on a luminous ring or halo on either side
of the sun.
Sundogs may appear as a colored patch of
light to the left or right of the sun, 22° distant
and at the same distance above the horizon
as the sun, and in ice halos.
They can be seen anywhere in the world
during any season, but they are not always
obvious or bright.
Sundogs are best seen and are most
conspicuous when the sun is low.
115. Sunset green flash
The optical phenomenon known as the green
flash can occur at sunrise or sunset, and it’s
most often seen over low, unobstructed
horizons such as the ocean.
116. Sun pillar
A Sun pillar is an atmospheric phenomenon
caused when high-altitude ice crystals reflect
the rising or setting Sun’s reddened light.
118. Visual illusion: Optic
1. Thermal Inversion
The Titanic was sailing from
Gulf Stream waters into the
frigid Labrador Current, where
the air column was cooling
from the bottom up, creating a
thermal inversion: layers of
cold air below layers of
warmer air.
Extraordinarily high air
pressure kept the air free of
fog.
119. Visual illusion: Optic
2. Superior Mirage
A thermal inversion
refracts light abnormally
and can create a superior
mirage: Objects appear
higher (and therefore
nearer) than they actually
are, before a false horizon.
The area between the
false horizon and the true
one may appear as haze.
120. Visual illusion: Optic
3. Iceberg Camouflage
The Californian’s radio
operator warned the Titanic of
ice. But the moonless night
provided little contrast, and a
calm sea masked the line
between the true and false
horizons, camouflaging the
iceberg.
A Titanic lookout sounded the
alarm when the berg was
about a mile away—too late.
121. Visual illusion: Optic
4. Mistaken Identity
• Shortly before the collision,
the Titanic sailed into the
Californian’s view—but it
appeared too near and small
to be the great ocean liner.
• Californian captain Stanley
Lord knew the Titanic was the
only other ship in the area
with a radio, and so concluded
this ship did not have one.
122. Visual illusion: Optic
5. Morse Lamp
• Lord said he repeatedly
had someone signal the
ship by Morse lamp “and
she did not take the
slightest notice of it.”
• The Titanic, now in
trouble, signaled the
Californian by Morse lamp,
also to no avail.
• The abnormally stratified
air was distorting and
disrupting the signals.
123. Visual illusion: Optic
6. Distress Rockets Ignored
• The Titanic fired distress
rockets some 600 feet into
the air—but they appeared to
be much lower relative to the
ship.
• Those aboard the Californian,
unsure of what they saw,
ignored the signals.
• When the Titanic sank, at 2:20
a.m. April 15, they thought the
ship might be simply sailing
away.
126. 3D ability: 3D movie
The archetypal 3D glasses, with modern red
and cyan color filters, similar to the red/green
and red/blue lenses used to view early
anaglyph films.
127. 3D ability: 3D movie
Resembling sunglasses, polarized glasses are
now the standard for theatrical releases and
theme park attractions.
128. 3D ability: 3D movie
A pair of LCD shutter glasses used to view
XpanD 3D films. The thick frames conceal the
electronics and batteries