The document discusses various factors to consider when selecting eyeglass frames, including facial shape and features. It describes the seven main facial shapes and recommendations for frame styles that complement each shape. Additional details covered include using an existing frame versus a new frame, frame size, weight and color based on facial features, and bridge and temple designs that can shorten, lengthen or narrow the appearance of the nose. Proper fitting of the bridge and pads is also discussed to ensure comfort and support of heavier frames.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
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This ppt presentation is about eyeglass frame styles that suit your face shape. The immense designs and creations of Lenspick.com have empowered the vision in developing different kinds of frame styles. This site consists a fabulous wide spectrum of frame style collections that best matches your face shape and magnifies your facial look. This presentation guides the wearers to pick out the right pair of eyeglasses fitted with a suitable frame style.
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Choosing sunglasses that flatter your face can be a difficult proposition with all the choices that are out there. Sometimes it is easy to fall into the trap of choosing a pair with a pleasing color or feature without considering the shape of your face. But in actuality, the first consideration should be the shape of your face and which pair flatters its associated angles and curves.
Understanding the face shape is the first step in body evaluation. This eventually results in providing the right recommendation on the best hairstyles (including beard for men), make-up and accessories.
Add Bulk – such as our male counterparts, we females have to fret
about thinning hair also. If looking for styling products, seek
supplements to fill out your strands. To beef up weakened hair, try
taking a thousand micrograms of biotin and five hundred milligrams
of niacin on a day-to-day basis. You might likewise wish to try a
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The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
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DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
2. The person aiding in selection mustThe person aiding in selection must
have the ability to know what the framehave the ability to know what the frame
will look like with lenses,& how it willwill look like with lenses,& how it will
perform in fulfilling the wearer’s needs.perform in fulfilling the wearer’s needs.
3. USING THE WEARER’S OLDUSING THE WEARER’S OLD
FRAMEFRAME
There are a number of valid reasonsThere are a number of valid reasons
for wanting to use the old frame.for wanting to use the old frame.
These include cost, comfort of theThese include cost, comfort of the
old frames, and sometimes theold frames, and sometimes the
inability of the wearer to look in theinability of the wearer to look in the
mirror with any other frame.mirror with any other frame.
4. FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFOREFACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE
USING THE WEARER’S OLD FRAMEUSING THE WEARER’S OLD FRAME
Putting new lenses in an old frame mayPutting new lenses in an old frame may
involve putting additional stress on theinvolve putting additional stress on the
frame.frame.
Older frames may not withstand that stressOlder frames may not withstand that stress
very well, particularly older plastic framesvery well, particularly older plastic frames
that have become brittle with age.that have become brittle with age.
It is hard to predict how long an old frameIt is hard to predict how long an old frame
will lastwill last
5. If the old frame needs repairing in theIf the old frame needs repairing in the
future, will there be parts available.future, will there be parts available.
Usually people keep their old glassesUsually people keep their old glasses
as a backup spare pair in case theyas a backup spare pair in case they
lose.lose.
6. COSMETICCOSMETIC
CONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONS
Any new frame will represent aAny new frame will represent a
change and will look strange.change and will look strange.
What is cosmetically correct for a givenWhat is cosmetically correct for a given
face must be related to whateverface must be related to whatever
styles are in vogue.styles are in vogue.
7. Frame shape & face shapeFrame shape & face shape
Hair style can also alter the apparentHair style can also alter the apparent
shape of the face.shape of the face.
A well selected frame can increase theA well selected frame can increase the
attractiveness of a faceattractiveness of a face
Facial typesFacial types
Fitter who has an understanding of facialFitter who has an understanding of facial
shapes will know how a frame will lookshapes will know how a frame will look
before placing it on the face.before placing it on the face.
8. 1.1. The oval face isThe oval face is
considered the idealconsidered the ideal
shape because of itsshape because of its
mostly balancedmostly balanced
proportionsproportions
2.2. Frames should maintainFrames should maintain
the natural balance of thethe natural balance of the
oval faceoval face
Oval Face: Description
Generally, there are seven basic facialGenerally, there are seven basic facial
shapes:shapes:
9. 1.1. Diamond-shaped faces areDiamond-shaped faces are
narrow at the eye line and thenarrow at the eye line and the
jaw line with a small foreheadjaw line with a small forehead
and chinand chin
2.2. Cheekbones are frequentlyCheekbones are frequently
high and dramatic.high and dramatic.
Diamond Face: Description
10. 3.3. The diamond is the rarestThe diamond is the rarest
face shapeface shape
4.4. Frames should widen theFrames should widen the
forehead and jaw andforehead and jaw and
minimize the temples andminimize the temples and
cheekbonescheekbones
Diamond Face: Description
11. 1.1. The round face is full withThe round face is full with
few anglesfew angles
2.2. The width and length are inThe width and length are in
roughly equal proportionsroughly equal proportions
3.3. Frames should make theFrames should make the
face appear longer andface appear longer and
thinnerthinner
Round Face: Description
12. 1.1. The square face isThe square face is
characterized by a strongcharacterized by a strong
jaw line, a broad forehead,jaw line, a broad forehead,
and a wide chin andand a wide chin and
cheekbonescheekbones
2.2. Frames should make theFrames should make the
face look longerface look longer
Square Face: Description
13. 1.1. The base-down triangularThe base-down triangular
face has a narrow foreheadface has a narrow forehead
that widens at the cheek andthat widens at the cheek and
chin areaschin areas
2.2. Frames should add width toFrames should add width to
the forehead while softeningthe forehead while softening
and narrowing theand narrowing the
appearance of the jaw, chin,appearance of the jaw, chin,
and cheeksand cheeks
3.3. The ideal face for glassesThe ideal face for glasses
Triangle Face: Description
14. 1.1. The base-up triangularThe base-up triangular
face is characterized by aface is characterized by a
very wide forehead andvery wide forehead and
high cheekbones whichhigh cheekbones which
narrows gradually to thenarrows gradually to the
chinchin
2.2. Frame should add widthFrame should add width
below the eye line to offsetbelow the eye line to offset
the narrow chinthe narrow chin
3.3. The worst face for glassesThe worst face for glasses
Inverted Triangle Face: Description
15. 1.1. The oblong face is one thatThe oblong face is one that
is longer than it is wideis longer than it is wide
2.2. Select a frame that isSelect a frame that is
deeper than it is wide todeeper than it is wide to
create the illusion that thecreate the illusion that the
face is shorterface is shorter
3.3. Frames should “break up”Frames should “break up”
the length of the face tothe length of the face to
make the face appearmake the face appear
shorter and widershorter and wider
Oblong Face: Description
16. Fitting by face shapeFitting by face shape
BASIC FITTING FITTING SUGGESTIONBASIC FITTING FITTING SUGGESTION
FACIALFACIAL SHAPESSHAPES
SHAPESSHAPES
Oval Normal May wear most any typeOval Normal May wear most any type
Oblong Long face Deep frameOblong Long face Deep frame
Low temple attachmentLow temple attachment
Round Wide face contrasting Narrow frameRound Wide face contrasting Narrow frame
Square shapes High temple attachmentSquare shapes High temple attachment
Base down Erect (base Fit size to larger part of lower facialBase down Erect (base Fit size to larger part of lower facial
Triangular down) trian - areaTriangular down) trian - area
gular face contrasting Dark colors or bolder look are in ordergular face contrasting Dark colors or bolder look are in order
Inverted Inverted (base shapes Unobtrusive frame (metal or rimlessInverted Inverted (base shapes Unobtrusive frame (metal or rimless
Triangle up) works well)Triangle up) works well)
Triangular face Light or medium weight frameTriangular face Light or medium weight frame
Lighter color is in orderLighter color is in order
Diamond Rounded lens shapeDiamond Rounded lens shape
Delicate characteristics of frame for womenDelicate characteristics of frame for women
17. Affecting the length of theAffecting the length of the
faceface
For purposes of frameFor purposes of frame
selection, we are concernedselection, we are concerned
with the vertical and horizontalwith the vertical and horizontal
dimensions of the frame, thedimensions of the frame, the
roundness or squareness ofroundness or squareness of
the frame shape, and thethe frame shape, and the
coloration of the frame front.coloration of the frame front.
As a general rule, the longerAs a general rule, the longer
the face, the greater thethe face, the greater the
vertical depth.vertical depth.
18. The shorter the face, the smaller theThe shorter the face, the smaller the
vertical depthvertical depth
A deeper frame is more complimentaryA deeper frame is more complimentary
to a long face.to a long face.
19. Frame colorFrame color
Hair color, skin color, feature size, and eye colorHair color, skin color, feature size, and eye color
can all give valuable clues to the suitability ofcan all give valuable clues to the suitability of
eyewear coloreyewear color
Facial featuresFacial features
The smaller and more delicate the features, theThe smaller and more delicate the features, the
lighter the frame color can be; the heavier thelighter the frame color can be; the heavier the
features, the darker the frame color allowable.features, the darker the frame color allowable.
20. Frame thicknessFrame thickness
A man with large, broad face facial features whoA man with large, broad face facial features who
is smaller in stature than would be expected foris smaller in stature than would be expected for
the ruggedness of the face. To help neutralizethe ruggedness of the face. To help neutralize
the effect of a head out of proportion to the bodythe effect of a head out of proportion to the body
, a frame weight lighter than normal might be, a frame weight lighter than normal might be
used.used.
Children and women with childlike features areChildren and women with childlike features are
especially complimented by a thin frame.especially complimented by a thin frame.
21. Fitting by frame weightFitting by frame weight
Frame weight indication forFrame weight indication for
Heavy large, broad featuresHeavy large, broad features
Medium normal features,largeMedium normal features,large
features,& small staturefeatures,& small stature
Light small, delicate features,Light small, delicate features,
women with childlikewomen with childlike
features, children.features, children.
22. BRIDGE DESIGNBRIDGE DESIGN
To Shorten theTo Shorten the
NoseNose::
Choose a frameChoose a frame
with a low or solid,with a low or solid,
colored bridgecolored bridge
Avoid a keyholeAvoid a keyhole
bridge, a highbridge, a high
bridge, or a clearbridge, or a clear
bridgebridge
23. To Lengthen the Nose:To Lengthen the Nose:
Choose a keyholeChoose a keyhole
bridge, a high bridge, orbridge, a high bridge, or
a clear bridgea clear bridge
Avoid a frame with a lowAvoid a frame with a low
or solid, colored bridgeor solid, colored bridge
24. To Narrow and LengthenTo Narrow and Lengthen
a Wide Nose:a Wide Nose:
Use a clear or metalUse a clear or metal
bridge that sits close tobridge that sits close to
the nosethe nose
Use nose padsUse nose pads
25. FITTING CONSIDERATIONSFITTING CONSIDERATIONS
Once the lens size and shape haveOnce the lens size and shape have
been selected, the well-fitted framebeen selected, the well-fitted frame
rests in the choice of the proper bridgerests in the choice of the proper bridge
and the proper temple style and lengthand the proper temple style and length
26. The bridgeThe bridge
The appropriate bridge is determined byThe appropriate bridge is determined by
its width, the position of its pads, theits width, the position of its pads, the
frontal angle of the bridge at the pads, thefrontal angle of the bridge at the pads, the
flare or splay angle of the pads, and theflare or splay angle of the pads, and the
vertical angle of the pads.vertical angle of the pads.
The bridge selected should not allow theThe bridge selected should not allow the
eyewires to ride on the cheeks.eyewires to ride on the cheeks.
27. Significant nasal angles forSignificant nasal angles for
fittingfitting
If the nose is observed from the front, it will beIf the nose is observed from the front, it will be
noted that the two sides form anoted that the two sides form a frontal anglefrontal angle withwith
each other.each other.
The angle with which each side deviates fromThe angle with which each side deviates from
the vertical is called frontal angle.the vertical is called frontal angle.
TheThe splay anglesplay angle is seen as the nose widens fromis seen as the nose widens from
front to back. It can be best visualized as iffront to back. It can be best visualized as if
viewed from above.viewed from above.
28. Frontal anglesFrontal angles
It refers to theIt refers to the
vertical position ofvertical position of
the pads in relationthe pads in relation
to each other whento each other when
viewed from theviewed from the
frontfront
The top shouldThe top should
closer than bottomcloser than bottom
Angling in towardAngling in toward
each othereach other
approximately 20approximately 2000
from a true verticalfrom a true vertical
29. Splay angleSplay angle
Nose is wider at base than bridge,Nose is wider at base than bridge,
that the face of the pad should restthat the face of the pad should rest
fully on the nosefully on the nose
It is apparent that the back edge ofIt is apparent that the back edge of
the pads should be further apart thanthe pads should be further apart than
the front edge of the each pad, viewedthe front edge of the each pad, viewed
from the top or the bottom is the splayfrom the top or the bottom is the splay
angleangle
30. Initial alignment, a splay angle of 25 -30Initial alignment, a splay angle of 25 -3000
is satisfactoryis satisfactory
31. Vertical angleVertical angle
This is important in ensuring properThis is important in ensuring proper
weight distribution under the padweight distribution under the pad
Longitudinal axis of pad face is inLongitudinal axis of pad face is in
contact with the nose surfacecontact with the nose surface
If pads are round no vertical angleIf pads are round no vertical angle
Glasses are positioned on the noseGlasses are positioned on the nose
with proper pantoscopic anglewith proper pantoscopic angle
32. A vertical angle of approx 15A vertical angle of approx 1500
isis
acceptableacceptable
33. Adjustable padsAdjustable pads
The full flat surfaces of the pads rest on theThe full flat surfaces of the pads rest on the
sides of the nose.sides of the nose.
The pads can be adjusted individually for eachThe pads can be adjusted individually for each
side of the nose.side of the nose.
In selecting a frame with adjustable pads, theIn selecting a frame with adjustable pads, the
principal criteria are:principal criteria are:
1.1. The DBL should be such that the pads can beThe DBL should be such that the pads can be
easily set to rest on the sides of the nose.easily set to rest on the sides of the nose.
34. 2. When heavy frames or lenses are being2. When heavy frames or lenses are being
selected, the following factors influence padselected, the following factors influence pad
comfort.comfort.
a.a. The inclination of the frontal angle of the noseThe inclination of the frontal angle of the nose
on which the pad surface will rest. The closeron which the pad surface will rest. The closer
to vertical the pad is, the greater will be theto vertical the pad is, the greater will be the
pressure on the nose to hold the frame inpressure on the nose to hold the frame in
place.place.
b.b. If the surface of the pad is almost vertical, it isIf the surface of the pad is almost vertical, it is
best to use lightweight lenses. Pads madebest to use lightweight lenses. Pads made
from silicone material do not trend to slip asfrom silicone material do not trend to slip as
much as regular plastic pads.much as regular plastic pads.
35. 33.. In selecting a frame with an adjustable bridge.In selecting a frame with an adjustable bridge.
Care must also be given to the type of pad armCare must also be given to the type of pad arm
and its attachment to the eyewear. Very shortand its attachment to the eyewear. Very short
vertically attached pad arms. Such arms allowvertically attached pad arms. Such arms allow
only very limited adjustment of the pads.only very limited adjustment of the pads.
4. The center of gravity of a heavy frame is closer4. The center of gravity of a heavy frame is closer
to the front. If the pads are set closer to theto the front. If the pads are set closer to the
frame front, the frame moves closer to theframe front, the frame moves closer to the
face. This places the center of gravity fartherface. This places the center of gravity farther
back, resulting in the frame staying in placeback, resulting in the frame staying in place
more easily.more easily.
36. Children’s bridgesChildren’s bridges
It has been found that in children betweenIt has been found that in children between
the ages of 3 and 18 yrs there is only athe ages of 3 and 18 yrs there is only a
slight change in the crest angle of theslight change in the crest angle of the
nose the slope from the crest to the tip ofnose the slope from the crest to the tip of
the nose.the nose.
A larger pad or contact surface area helpsA larger pad or contact surface area helps
the frame sit better.the frame sit better.
37. Fitting temple stylesFitting temple styles
Temple style indicated for contraindicated forTemple style indicated for contraindicated for
Comfort cable active people Off and on wearComfort cable active people Off and on wear
or riding bow jobs requiring unusualor riding bow jobs requiring unusual
head positionshead positions
young childrenyoung children
Especially heavy fra -Especially heavy fra -
mes and/or lensesmes and/or lenses
Straight back Off and on wear Heavy lensesStraight back Off and on wear Heavy lenses
Persons with parallel -Persons with parallel -
sided nosessided noses
Frames with week frontsFrames with week fronts
Skull Normal,everyday Jobs requiring unusual headSkull Normal,everyday Jobs requiring unusual head
wear positionswear positions
38. SELECTING FRAMES FOR THESELECTING FRAMES FOR THE
PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS WEARERPROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS WEARER
A progressive addition lens wearerA progressive addition lens wearer
needs a frame with:needs a frame with:
1.1. A minimal vertex distance.A minimal vertex distance.
2.2. An adequate pantoscopic tilt.An adequate pantoscopic tilt.
3.3. Sufficient vertical depth in the nasalSufficient vertical depth in the nasal
portion of the frame shape.portion of the frame shape.
39. FITTING THE HIGH MINUSFITTING THE HIGH MINUS
WEARERWEARER
USE AVOIDUSE AVOID
Smaller eye size Large lensesSmaller eye size Large lenses
If in B/w sizes, use the Excessive decentrationIf in B/w sizes, use the Excessive decentration
smaller indicated eye sizesmaller indicated eye size
& larger indicated bridge size& larger indicated bridge size
Rounded corners Squared off cornersRounded corners Squared off corners
Low density (light wt) Crown glass lensesLow density (light wt) Crown glass lenses
lenses if wt reduction islenses if wt reduction is
importantimportant
40. Midindex or high index Low index lenses,suchMidindex or high index Low index lenses,such
lenses,such as polycarbonate as CR 39 plastic lenseslenses,such as polycarbonate as CR 39 plastic lenses
or high index plasticor high index plastic
Antireflection coating or Frames that extend beyondAntireflection coating or Frames that extend beyond
a light tint the side of the wearer’sa light tint the side of the wearer’s
headhead
Aspheric or atoric lenses Flat, non-AR coated frontAspheric or atoric lenses Flat, non-AR coated front
curvescurves
41. FITTING THE HIGH PLUSFITTING THE HIGH PLUS
WEARERWEARER
USEUSE
AVOIDAVOID
Smaller eye size Large lensesSmaller eye size Large lenses
Rounded lens shapes unusual shapes &Rounded lens shapes unusual shapes &
longlong
cornerscorners
Short vertex distance Large vertexShort vertex distance Large vertex
distancesdistances
Adjustable (nose pad) Fixed bridgesAdjustable (nose pad) Fixed bridges
42. Cable or securely fitting Library & straight backCable or securely fitting Library & straight back
temples templestemples temples
High index plastics Glass & CR 39 lensesHigh index plastics Glass & CR 39 lenses
45. Proficiency testProficiency test
Which of the following is indicatedWhich of the following is indicated
and should be used when fitting theand should be used when fitting the
high minus lens wearer?high minus lens wearer?
1.1. Rounded cornersRounded corners
2.2. Large lensesLarge lenses
3.3. Crown glass lensesCrown glass lenses
4.4. Excessive decentrationExcessive decentration
46. The lower the frame bridge, the greaterThe lower the frame bridge, the greater
the effect of:the effect of:
1.1. Shortening of the noseShortening of the nose
2.2. Lengthening of the noseLengthening of the nose
3.3. No changeNo change
4.4. Longer the faceLonger the face
47. Which of the following is not an importantWhich of the following is not an important
criterion in choosing a frame for acriterion in choosing a frame for a
progressive additional lens wearer?progressive additional lens wearer?
1.1. A minimal vertex distanceA minimal vertex distance
2.2. Adequate pantoscopic tiltAdequate pantoscopic tilt
3.3. Sufficient vertical depth in the nasalSufficient vertical depth in the nasal
portion of the frame shape.portion of the frame shape.
4.4. All of the above are important criterionAll of the above are important criterion
when choosing a frame for a progressivewhen choosing a frame for a progressive
addition lens wearer.addition lens wearer.
48. Which of the following should be avoidedWhich of the following should be avoided
when fitting a high minus wearer?when fitting a high minus wearer?
1.1. A high index lens materialA high index lens material
2.2. Squared off cornersSquared off corners
3.3. Aspheric lensesAspheric lenses
4.4. Smaller eye sizeSmaller eye size
49. Which of the following is not a goodWhich of the following is not a good
frame characteristic for a person havingframe characteristic for a person having
a high plus lens prescription?a high plus lens prescription?
1.1. Small lens sizeSmall lens size
2.2. Adjustable bridgeAdjustable bridge
3.3. Library templesLibrary temples
4.4. High index lensesHigh index lenses