This document provides guidance for writing research papers and publications. It discusses key sections of a research paper such as the title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and references. For each section, it provides details on what to include and best practices. The goal is to write papers that are informative, accurately summarize the research, and can be understood by other experts in the field.

2. RReesseeaarrcchh aanndd PPuubblliiccaattiioonn
• “The world is just awesome” (Discovery)
• “Question Everything” (Discovery Science)
• "Dare to Explore". "Live Curious". "Think
again.“ (National Geographic)
• “Big ideas are nothing unless they're shared”
(BBC Knowledge)

3. TTiittllee
• Should be informative  it summarizes as
specifically, accurately, and concisely as possible
what the paper is about
• Should reflect the significance of the work
• Include information about the research subject
matter and the contribution of the paper
• Avoid the use of unnecessary words  “A recent
study on” and “Notes on…”
• One frequent mistake in the title is using
acronyms and initials

4. AAbbssttrraacctt
• A brief summary of the research and its
significance
• It is important because most readers will only
read the abstract to determine its relevance to
their research interests and to decide whether
they need to explore the entire paper
• The abstract also plays an important role as “the
first impression” to the editor and the reviewers.
 Thus, it deserves significant effort in polishing
and editing.

5. AAbbssttrraacctt
• A typical abstract should include:
– Background, Aim, Purpose  An introduction to the
research area and problem statement  To
determine, to examine, to describe, to review
– Setting*  Where the research was held at
– Materials and Methods  The general research
procedures and methods utilized
– Results  A highlight of research findings and results
– The expected significance in the field  Conclusion

6. AAbbssttrraacctt
• Avoid using words such as “for the first time”,
“new” and “novel” in the abstract and the title
because the research work may not be new;
therefore, it should be not be submitted for
publication
• Conclusion  High magnitude
• Use “may”, “maybe” and avoid “do”, “does”,
“is”, “are” in Conclusion

7. KKeeyywwoorrddss
• 5 or 6 words
• Allow others to see
• Use the most “searchable” words

8. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
• The highlight
• Through the introduction, readers develop
impressions about:
– Are you really an expert in the field and know
what you are doing/saying?
– Do you know the mainstream, evolution, and
challenges of the research field?
– Do you motivate yourself?

9. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
• Specify the research area
• The magnitude and importance of the study
• The purpose and benefit of the study
• The goal and contribution of the study
• Review the relevant knowledge and give
credit to previous works
• Point out the controversy or limitation in
previous studies

10. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
• Implicit sentences of the hypothesis
• The abbreviation

11. IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
• An impressive introduction, for example, can
have the following strategy in writing:
– There is a technological obstacle: the present
study is aimed to overcome the barrier
– There is a phenomenon of fundamental interests:
the present study is to understand underlying
mechanisms.
– There is a controversy in previous theories: the
present study is aimed to prove or disapprove one
such theory

12. MMaatteerriiaallss aanndd MMeetthhooddss
• Setting  conducted
• Design
• Declare that all steps in the study ethically meet
Declaration of Helsinki and particular center ethical
council
• Clinical grading, definition or criterion
• Role, process and procedure of study  Who and How
• Specific material used  What
• Statistic analysis (test and software used) and
significance criterion

13. RReessuullttss
• Determines the merit of the work
• Presenting the data
• Informative Tables
• Informative Figures
• Statistic analysis
• Significance of analysis

14. FFiigguurree
• Tell what the figure is about
• Tell the highlight
• Explain what the general observations are
• Explain the significance by pointing out the
most important features in the figure
• Helping the audience to understand the value
of the information

15. DDiissccuussssiioonn
• Explain the result in detail
• Determines the “new founds” of the work 
to Whom, Where, When, Why its and How its
work, What its mean  “Its should be…” or
“its supposed to be…”
• It should flow smoothly by following the order
of the tables and figures under statistical
analysis
• Compared with previous studies

16. DDiissccuussssiioonn
• Be clear among common sense, clinical
significance and statistical significance
• Limitation of the study*
• Puts the results in the context of the
hypothesis in the Introduction
• Explain  What is really happen?
• What is the suggestion

17. WWoorrddss tthhoossee wwiiddeellyy uusseedd iinn ddiissccuussssiioonn
• Particularly
• Obviously
• Numerous
• Slightly
• Consecutively
• Respectively
• Successively
• Sequentially
• In accordance
• The concordance
• Interpreted
• Predominant
• Exceed
• Interestingly

18. AAvvooiiddeedd wwoorrddss
• Harmony
• Awesome
• Stunning
• Magnificent
• Wonderful
• Beautiful
• Majestic
• Astonishing
• Great
• Huge
• Amazing
• Marvelous
• Fabulous
• Gorgeous
• Lovable
• Adorable

19. AAcckknnoowwlleeddggmmeennttss:: EExxaammppllee
• The authors thank Prof Sjamsu Boediono MD,
Andika Prahasta MD PhD, Anang Tribowo MD
PhD, Apsari D Kusumastuti MD PhD, and
Andrew P Watts MD PhD for their support and
advice.

20. DDiisscclloossuurree:: EExxaammppllee
• The authors report no conflicts of interest in
this work.

21. RReeffeerreenncceess:: EExxaammppllee
1. Pardianto G, Moeloek N, Reveny J, Wage S, Satari I,
Sembiring R, Srisamran N (2013) Retinal thickness
changes after phacoemulsification. Clin Ophthalmol
7:2207–2214
2. Pardianto G. 2014’s MataPedia. 1st ed. Medan:
Perdana Publishing; 2014.
How to cite a source in the discussion is extremely
important to avoid plagiarism.

22. Remember
• Use proper and official English
• Use (for example): Medical School or School
of Medicine

23. TThhee mmaannuussccrriipptt
• Submit your paper to any international
accredited meeting
• Submit your paper to any PubMed, NLM and NIH
indexed International Journal
• It is not just about your self actuality
• It is not just for institution
• It is about the idea and inspiration
• Make your work matters
• Make your own legacy
• Make it everlasting

24. LLaasstt qquuootteess
• "I know that I know nothing“, or "I know one
thing: that I know nothing“, or “Ipse se nihil
scire id unum sciat”, or “Scio me nihil scire“, or
“Scio me nescire“. (Socrates)
• “In the end only kindness matters”. (Jewel)

25. www.slideshare.net/pardianto
www.gedepardianto.blogspot.com
#SpiritToGive