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OCULAR MOTILITY.pptx
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- 2. Introduction • Under normalconditions, the image of the object of regard falls simultaneously on the fovea of each eye, when the eyes are in perfect alignment. Any deviation from perfect ocular alignment is known as “STRABISMUS.”
- 3. Recti and Obliquemuscle
- 5. DUCTION • Monocular rotationswith no consideration of the position of the other eye • Adduction : Inward rotation • Abduction : Outward rotation • Elevation or Supraduction : Upward rotation • Depression or Infraduction : Downward rotation
- 6. DUCTION • Monocular rotationswith no consideration of the position of the other eye • Adduction : Inward rotation • Abduction : Outward rotation • Elevation or Supraduction : Upward rotation • Depression or Infraduction : Downward rotation FUSION • Formation of one image from the two images seen simultaneously by the two eyes – Motor fusion (EOM control) – Sensory fusion (visual sensory integration of the brain)
- 7. HETEROPHORIA Latent deviation ofthe eyes held straight by binocular vision Esophoria : tendency to turn inward • Exophoria : tendency to turn outward • Hyperphoria : tendency to deviate upward • Hypophoria : tendency to deviate downward
- 8. Heterotropia/Strabismus Manifest deviation ofthe eyes that can not be controlled by binocular vision Esotropia : convergent manifest deviation Exotropia : divergent manifest deviation Hypertropia : manifest deviation of one eye upward Hypotopia : manifest deviation of one eye downward
- 9. Definition of OtherTerms • Orthophoria : absence of any tendency of either eye to deviate when fusion is suspended • Primary deviation : deviation measured with the normal eye fixating and the eye with the paretic muscle deviating • Secondary deviation : deviation measured with the paretic eye fixing and the normal eye deviating • Prism Diopter - a unit of angular measurement used to characterize ocular deviations • Torsion : rotation of the eye about its anteroposterior axis • Intorsion : 12 o clock meridian turning toward the midline • Extorsion : 12 o clock meridian turning away from the midline • Conjugate Movement : Movement of the two eyes in the same direction at the same time • Vergences : Movement of two eyes in opposite directions • Convergence : The eyes turn inwards • Divergence : The eyes turn outwards
- 10. Synergistic and AntagonisticEOMS • Sherrington’s Law - There is a reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscles. – The antagonist relaxes as the agonist contracts eg. The right eye’s right gaze would involve a contraction of the right lateral rectus and a relaxation of the right medial rectus
- 11. Yoke Muscles • Hering’sLaw : for movements of both eyes in the same direction, the corresponding agonist muscles receive equal innervation – e.g. When gazing right the right lateral rectus contracts along with the left medial rectus
- 12. Concomitant Strabismus The degree ofdeviation is equal in all fields of gaze
- 13. Incomitant (paretic) Strabismus the degreeof deviation is unequal in different fields of gaze
- 14. Overshoot in IncomitantEsotropia
- 15. Amblyopia Vision loss withoutany organic or anatomic ocular pathology • Strabismic • Refractive • Deprivation
- 16. Sensory Changes inStrabismus • Diplopia • Suppression • Amblyopia • Anomalous Retinal Correspondence • Eccentric Fixation
- 17. History • Family History •Age at Onset • Type of Onset (gradual, sudden, intermittent) • Type of Deviation (comitant or incomitant) • Fixation (one eye or alternating)
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- 19. Ocular Examination • Visualacuity adapted for age • Determination of Refractive Error • Inspection
- 20. Examination Specific forOcular Motility • Cover Test • Uncover Test • Alternate Cover Test • Prism plus Cover Test • Maddox Rod Test • Hirschberg Test • Krimsky Test • Gaze Positions • Convergence Measurement
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- 25. Patient’s View inMaddox Rod Testing
- 26. Treatment of Amblyopia •Occlusion Therapy • Refraction • Orthoptic Exercises Surgical Management of Strabismus • Resection - strengthening procedure • Recession - weakening procedure
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