Spectrophotometry involves using a spectrophotometer to measure how much light is absorbed or transmitted by a sample at different wavelengths. It is commonly used to determine the concentration of known substances in solution. A spectrophotometer works by shining light through a sample and measuring the intensity of the transmitted light, then using Beer's Law to calculate absorbance from transmittance. Absorbance measurements at different concentrations can be used to generate a standard curve to determine the concentration of unknown samples. Spectrophotometers are versatile tools that are widely used in laboratory analysis across various industries.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument containing a monochromator, a device which produces a light beam containing wavelengths in a narrow band around a selected wavelength, and a means of measuring the ratio of that beam's intensity as it enters and leaves a cuvette 99 This describes a single-beam photometer.
Colorimeter and spectrophotometer, Mass Spectrometerprachann
It contains a brief knowledge on Introduction, Principle, Laws, Flow representation, Instrumentation, Applications
and Mass spectrometer
- Principle
- Instrumentation
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer .
A spectrophotometer is an instrument containing a monochromator, a device which produces a light beam containing wavelengths in a narrow band around a selected wavelength, and a means of measuring the ratio of that beam's intensity as it enters and leaves a cuvette 99 This describes a single-beam photometer.
Colorimeter and spectrophotometer, Mass Spectrometerprachann
It contains a brief knowledge on Introduction, Principle, Laws, Flow representation, Instrumentation, Applications
and Mass spectrometer
- Principle
- Instrumentation
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer .
Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through sample solution. The basic principle is that each compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain range of wavelength
http://www.redicals.com
The spectrophotometer technique is to measures light intensity as a function of wavelength.
• Measures the light that passes through a liquid sample
• Spectrophotometer gives readings in Percent Transmittance (%T) and in Absorbance (A)
Visible Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.pptxNeetuSoni21
Visible Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.pptx
Color comparison was one of the oldest methods used for quantitative
estimation of elements and substances. The variation of a color of a system with change
in concentration of some components forms the basis of colorimetric analysis. The color
is usually due to the formation of a colored compound by the addition of an appropriate
reagent at specific condition or it may be inherent in the desired constituent itself. The
intensity of the color may then be compared with that obtained by treating a known
amount of the substance in the same manner. Colorimetry is concerned with the
determination of the concentration of a substance by measurement of the relative
absorption of light with respect to a known concentration of a substance. In visual
colorimetry, natural or artificial white light.
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working Sabahat Ali
Spectrophotometric analysis is a technique to measure the concentration of solute solution by measuring the amount of light absorbed by solution.
Absorption can be calculated in terms of transmittance by using Beer's Lambert law.
The detailed information of UV Visible Spectroscopy, it includes the information regarding electronic transitions, Electromagnetic radiations, Various shifts.
UV - Visible Spectroscopy detailed information is included .The Spectroscopy study provide the information and the absorbance as well the concentration of the drugs is studied.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Introduction
Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection or
transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. It is more
specific than the general term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that
spectrophotometry deals with visible light, near-ultraviolet, and nearinfrared, but does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.
Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A
spectrophotometer is a photometer that can measure intensity as a function
of the light source wavelength. Important features of spectrophotometers
are spectral bandwidth and linear range of absorption or reflectance
measurement.
The spectrophotometer has well been called the workhorse of the modern
laboratory. In particular, ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry is the
method of choice in most laboratories concerned with the identification and
measurement of wide range of products and processes.
Modern spectrophotometers are quick, accurate and reliable and make only
small demands on the time and skills of the operator.
4. Spectrophotometric Analysis
Spectrophotometric techniques are used to
measure the concentration of solutes in solution by
measuring the amount of light that is absorbed by
the solution in a cuvette placed in the
spectrophotometer.
The spectrophotometer can measure the amount
of light or electromagnetic radiation (of certain
frequency) transmitted or absorbed by the solution.
If there is too much or too little analyte,
spectrophotometer cannot read the absorbance
accurately.
9. The absorption process
How does matter absorb radiation
When polychromatic light (white light), which contains the whole spectrum of
wavelengths in visible region, is passed through an object will absorb certain
of the wavelengths, leaving the unabsorbed wavelengths to be transmitted.
These residual transmitted wavelengths will be seen as a color. This color is
complementary to the absorbed colors.
10. Classes of
Spectrophotometers
Single beam and double beam are the two major
classes of spectrophotometer.
Single Beam: In this type, all the light passes through
the sample .To measure the intensity of the incident
light the sample must be removed so that all the light
can pass through. This type of spectrometer is usually
less expensive and less complicated.
Double Beam: In this type, before reaches the sample
the light source is split into two separate beams. From
these one passes through the sample and second one
is used for reference. This gives the advantageous
because at the same time the reference reading and
sample reading can take place.
13. Different types of
Spectrophotometers
Visible Light:
Visible spectrophotometers use incandescent, halogen, LED, or a
combination of these sources and these spectrophotometers vary in
accuracy. Plastic and glass cuvettes can be used for visible light
spectroscopy.
Ultraviolet Light:
UV spectroscopy is used for fluids, and even for solids. Cuvettes, only
made of quartz, are used for placing the samples.
Infrared Light:
IR spectroscopy, which helps to study different structures of
molecules and its vibrations. Different chemical structures vibrate in different
ways due to variation of energy associated with each wave length. For
example, mid-range and near infrared (higher energy) infrared tends to
cause rotational vibrations and harmonic vibrations respectively.
14. Different types of Lamps used
in Spectrophotometer
Visible spectrophotometer
Contains a tungsten lamp that produces white light. Tungsten
ght
lamp consists of a Tungsten filament, enclosed in a glass
envelop with the wavelength range of 330 to 900nm, are used for
visible region. They are generally useful for measuring
moderately dilute solutions in which change in color intensity
varies significantly with the change in solute. It has long life about
1200hr
Ultraviolet spectrophotometer
Contains a Deuterium/ Hydrogen lamp that produces light in
the UV light part of the spectrum. It ranges about 200 to 450nm
in wavelength. This lamp is generally more stable.
15. How a Spectrophotometer
works?
Shines a beam of light on a sample.
The molecules in the sample interact with the light waves in 3 ways:
Absorb the energy
Reflect the energy
Transmit the energy between and through the atoms and
molecules of the sample.
The spectrophotometer measures the amount of light transmitted
through the sample (Transmittance).
By using an equation (Beers law), it converts the transmittance data
to an absorbance value.
16. Cuvettes are made from plastic, glass, or quartz.
a.
Use quartz cuvettes for UV work.
b.
Glass, plastic or quartz are acceptable in visible work.
c.
There are inexpensive plastic cuvettes that may be suitable for
some UV work.
2. Cuvettes are expensive and fragile (except for “disposable”
plastic ones). Use them properly and carefully.
1.
Do not scratch cuvettes; do not store them in wire
racks or clean with brushes or abrasives.
b. Do not allow samples to sit in a cuvette for a long
period of time.
c. Wash cuvettes immediately after use.
a.
17.
18. Beer’s Law
The
intensity of a ray of monochromatic light
decreases exponentially as the concentration
of the absorbing medium increases.
More
dissolved substance = more absorption
and less transmittance
20. How absorbance is
calculated?
Lambert's law is expressed by
I/Io = T
where I is the intensity of the transmitted light, Io is the intensity
of the incident light, and T is the Transmittance. It is customary to
express transmittance as a percentage:
%T = I/Io x100
A combination of the two laws (known jointly as the BeerLambert Law) defines the relationship between absorbance
(A) and transmittance (T).
A = log Io/I = log 100/T = ε c b
ε : is molar absorptivity ( L.mol-1. cm-1)
b : is path length (cm)
c : concentration (M)
21.
After collecting data for your
concentration
an
absorption
spectrum graph is created.
These can be used when attempting
to identify unknown substances
The absorbance spectrum is a graph
of a sample’s absorbance at different
wavelengths.
Measure
the
absorbance
of
standards
containing
known
concentrations of the analyte
Plot
a
standard
curve
with
absorbance on the X axis and
analyte concentration on the Y axis
Measure the absorbance of the
unknown(s).
Determine the concentration of
material of interest in the unknowns
based on the standard curve.
23. Difference between
Spectrophotometer and Colorimeter
A colorimeter measures the
absorbance
of
a
particular
wavelength by a solution. It is
usually used to determine the
concentration of a known solute in
a known solvent through the
application of the Beer-Lambert
law.
A spectrophotometer is employed
to measure the amount of light
that a sample absorbs. The
instrument operates by passing a
beam of light through a sample
and measuring the intensity of
light reaching a detector.
(1) Wavelength selection, (2) Printer button,
(3) Concentration factor adjustment, (4) UV
mode selector (Deuterium lamp), (5)
Readout, (6) Sample compartment, (7) Zero
control (100% T), (8) Sensitivity switch,
(9)ON/OFF switch