This document provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori, including its historical discovery in 1982 by Marshall and Warren which revolutionized ulcer treatment. It describes H. pylori's morphology as a spiral-shaped, flagellated, gram-negative bacterium that lives in the stomach mucus layer. The document discusses H. pylori's worldwide prevalence, routes of transmission, virulence factors, mechanisms of infection, associated diseases like ulcers and stomach cancer, and laboratory tests for diagnosis. In conclusion, H. pylori infection typically causes long-term gastritis in most cases, while clinical complications represent an imbalance in gastric homeostasis.
Laboratory diagnosis of H. Pylori infection, Ola ElgaddarOla Elgaddar
A short presentation for the different laboratory techniques used in diagnosing Helicobacter Pylori infection. A special focus is given for the diagnostic performance of every test.
Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcer diseaseDiaa Srahin
Case Study
Clinical Case Summary
History
Helicobacter pylori
Biochemical characteristics
Transmission
Epidemiology
Global incidence of H. pylori infection
risk factors for acquisition of H.pylori
Immune responses
Pathogenesis
Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Peptic Ulcer
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Laboratory diagnosis of H. Pylori infection, Ola ElgaddarOla Elgaddar
A short presentation for the different laboratory techniques used in diagnosing Helicobacter Pylori infection. A special focus is given for the diagnostic performance of every test.
Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcer diseaseDiaa Srahin
Case Study
Clinical Case Summary
History
Helicobacter pylori
Biochemical characteristics
Transmission
Epidemiology
Global incidence of H. pylori infection
risk factors for acquisition of H.pylori
Immune responses
Pathogenesis
Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Peptic Ulcer
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Helicobacter pylori associated Peptic ulcer diseaseS M Ali Hasan
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for H. pylori associated peptic ulcer disease based on
Japanese society of Gastroenterology, 2015
American College of Gastroenterology, 2017
The Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report, 2018
This is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for both undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students... This lecture covers cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and dysentry
Helicobacter Pylori infect more than 50% of worlds population.HP causes gastritis,PUD,gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma.Variable invasive and noninvasive diagnostic modilities are available.Eradication of H.Pylori is possible with proper therapy.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
Helicobacter pylori associated Peptic ulcer diseaseS M Ali Hasan
Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for H. pylori associated peptic ulcer disease based on
Japanese society of Gastroenterology, 2015
American College of Gastroenterology, 2017
The Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report, 2018
This is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for both undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students... This lecture covers cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea and dysentry
Helicobacter Pylori infect more than 50% of worlds population.HP causes gastritis,PUD,gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma.Variable invasive and noninvasive diagnostic modilities are available.Eradication of H.Pylori is possible with proper therapy.
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. Historical Background
Human stomach long considered inhospitable for bacteria.
Spiral shaped organisms occasionally visualized in gastric mucous
layer, but no evidence of disease association.
1982 - Marshall and Warren identified and subsequently cultured
the gastric bacterium, Campylobacter pyloridis, later reclassified as
Helicobacter pylori.
Discovery revolutionized the treatment of duodenal and gastric
ulcers.
Earned them the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2005.
Nearly 20 species of Helicobacter are now recognized.
The gastric helicobacters colonise the stomachs of animals. The
monkey, cat, dog, tiger all harbour their own species.
3. Historical Background (Contd.)
The bacterium lives in the
stomach of about half the people
in the world. Many are apparently
well,
and
most
have
an
inflammation of the stomach lining,
a condition which is called
"gastritis".
Gastritis
is
the
underlying
condition which causes ulcers and
other
digestive
complaints,
possibly including cancer of the
stomach.
Marshall and Warren culture
organism from human gastric
mucosa and show association with
gastric inflammation.
4. A silver stain of H. pylori on gastric mucus-secreting epithelial
cells (x1000). From Dr. Marshall's stomach biopsy taken 8
days after he drank a culture of H. pylori (1985).
5. Morphology and structure of H. Pylori
Spiral-shaped
Gram-negative,
oxidase and catalase-positive
motile bacterium with 4-6 flagella.
Almost all the bacteria have the
same size
length:2.5~4.0μm
width:0.5~1.0μm
Microaerophilic, i.e. it requires
oxygen but at lower levels than
those contained in the atmosphere
With its flagella and its spiral
shape, the bacterium drills into
the mucus layer of the stomach,
and can either be found
suspended in the gastric mucosa
or attached to epithelial cells.
6. Morphology and structure of H.
Pylori
Produces adhesins which bind to
membrane-associated lipids and
carbohydrates and help its
adhesion to epithelial cells
Breaks down urea (NH2CONH2)
to NH4+ and CO2
Stomach acidity
Possible for H. pylori to survive
Not cleared by host immune
response.
8. Epidemiology
The most common chronic bacterial infection in humans.
The risk of acquiring H. pylori infection is related to socio-economic
status and living conditions early in life.
Developing nations: the majority of children are infected before the
age of 10, the prevalence in adults peaks at more than 80 percent
before age 50.
Developed countries: evidence of infection in children is unusual but
becomes more common during adulthood.
Immigration is responsible for isolated areas of high revalence in
some Western countries.
10. Transmission of H.pylori
Transmission — Route by which
infection occurs remains unknown
Humans are major source of
transmission - if not only –
reservoir.
Transmission among persons
sharing
the
same
living
environment.
Family members often carry same
strain.
Person-to-person transmission of
H. pylori through either fecal/oral
or oral/oral exposure seems most
likely.
Organism can be cultured from
feces.
Infection from environment or from
animals
cannot
be
totally
excluded.
11. Defense mechanism of
H.pylori
Once H. pylori is ensconced in the
mucus, it is able to fight the
stomach acid that does reach it
with an enzyme called urease.
Urease converts urea, of which
there is an abundant supply in the
stomach (from saliva and gastric
juices), into bicarbonate and
ammonia, which are strong bases.
This creates a cloud of acid
neutralizing chemicals around the
H. pylori, protecting it from the
acid in the stomach.
The reaction of urea hydrolysis is
important for diagnosis of H.pylori
by the breath test.
12. Site of infection
•
•
•
Highly adapted organism that lives
only on gastric mucosa.
Gastric antrum is the most
favoured site.
Present in the mucus that overlies
the mucosa.
14. Pathogenesis
Most bacteria are killed in hostile environment of gastric lumen.
H. pylori proliferates in mucus layer over epithelium and is not cleared by
host immune response.
Pathophysiology of H. pylori infection and its eventual clinical outcome is
a complex interaction between the host and the bacterium.
H. pylori survives and grows there because of a variety of virulence
factors that contribute to gastric inflammation, alter gastric acid
production, and cause tissue destruction.
Flagella - allows penetration of H.pylori into gastric mucous layer.
Adhesins - mediate binding to host cells.
Localized tissue damage mediated by:
Mucinases and phospholipases - disrupt gastric mucus
Vacuolating cytotoxin - induces vacuolation in epithelial cells that results in
epithelial cell damage
16. Symptoms of H.pylori infection
Abdominal pain with burning
or gnawing sensation.
Pain is often made worse
with empty stomach; night
time pain is common.
Poor appetite.
Weight loss.
Heart burn.
Indigestion (dyspepsia)
Belching.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Blood in stool.
17. Diseases associated with
H. Pylori
•
•
•
•
•
•
Duodenal Ulcer
Gastric (Stomach) Ulcer
Non-Ulcer dyspepsia
Weird Syndromes (associated with acne
rosacea, gulf veterans syndrome, chronic
fatigue syndrome and chronic halitosis)
Stomach Cancer
MALT Lymphoma
18.
19.
20. Sequence of histological and endoscopic events in H. pylori infected stomach
with accompanying transformation of chronic atrophic gastritis to chronic
active gastritis with polyp, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia to cancer.
21. Laboratory diagnosis noninvasive tests
•
•
•
•
Serology : detect an immune
response by examining a blood
sample for antibodies to the
organism (ELISA).
Urea breath test : a urea solution
labelled with C14 isotope is given
to pt. The C02 subsequently
exhaled by the pt contains the C14
isotope and this is measured. A
high reading indicates presence of
H. pylori.
Faecal antigen test : detects H.
pylori
antigens
in
faecal
specimens.
Polymerase
chain
reaction
(PCR) : can detect HP within a
few hours. Not routine in clinical
use.
Urease Test: Urease activity in
the stomach qualitatively detects
active infection with a sensitivity
and specificity of more than 90
percent.
22. Invasive testing
Histological examination of biopsy specimens of
gastric/duodenal mucosa take a endoscopy
Culture
Not sensitive then a skilled microscopy histological section
Can be used for antibiotic resistance testing
Requires selected agars and incubation periods
24. Conclusion
A characteristic of H. pylori infection in humans is gastritis, which persists
for decades without causing serious damage in most cases.
The clinical complications of H. pylori infection, such as peptic ulcer
disease and gastric cancer, appear to represent an imbalance in gastric
homeostasis.
25. Bibliography
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Suerbaum S, Michetti P. Helibacter pylori infection. NEnglJMed 2002;347:1175-86
Malfertheiner P, Megraud F et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter
pylori infection–The Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report. Aliment Pharmacol Ther
2002; 16:167-80
Hjalmarsson S, Sjolund M, Engstrand L. Determining antibiotic resistance in
Helicobacter pylori. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2(3):267-72, 2002 May.
Vaira D, Vakil N, Menegatti M et al. The stool antigen test for detection of Helicobacter
pylori after eradication therapy. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:280-7
Qasim A, O’Morain CA. Review article: treatment of Helicobacter pylori and factors
influencing eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16 (Seppl. 1):24-30.
vanZwet AA, Vandenbrouke-Grauls CMJ et al. Stable amoxicillin resistance in
Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1998;352:1595
Perez Aldana et al. The relationship between consumption of antimicrobial agents and
the prevalence of primary Helicobacter pylori resistance. Helicobacter 2002;7(5):306309
Xia HX, Buckley M, Keane CT. Clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori:
prevalence in untreated dyspeptic patients and stability in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother
1996;37:473-81
Jenks PJ. Causes of failure of eradication of Helicobacter pylori. BMJ 2002;325:3-4
Buckley MJ, Xia HX et al. Metronidazole resistance reduces efficacy of triple therapy
and leads to secondary clarithromycin resistance. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:2111-5
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Houben MHM, Van De Beek D. A systematic review of Helicobacter pylori
eradication therapy – the impact of antimicrobial resistance on eradication
rates. Aliment Pharamcol Ther 1999;13:1047-55
Owen RJ. Molecular testing for antibiotic resitance in Helicobacter pylori.
Gut 2002;50:285-9
Meyer JM, Siliman N. Risk factors for Helicobacter pylori resistance in the
United States: The Surveillance of H. pylori Antimicrobial resistance
partnership (SHARP) study, 1993 – 1999. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:1324
Wen M, Zhang Y et al. An evaluative system for the response of
antibacterial therapy: Based on the morphological change of Helicobacter
pylori and mucosal infllammation. Pathology International April 99
49:4;332-341