2. Index
Meaning
Spectrophotometer
Types of Spectrophotometer
Principle of Spectrophotometer
Lembert’s Law
Beer’s Law
Working of Spectrophototmeter
Application of Spectrophotometer
Reference
4. Spectrophotometer
Spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the
amount of light that passes through (is transmitted
through) a sample.
Uses a type of light to detect molecules in a solution.
Light is a type of energy, and the energy is reported as
wavelengths in nanometers (nm).
5. Sample Holder
Display
Knobs or buttons used to calibrate the spec to
measure the designated molecule
Wavelength
Selection
6. Two different types of spectrophotometer
Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrophotometers
Uses ultraviolet light of wave lengths from 200 nm to
350 nm.
Visible (VLS) Light Spectrum
Spectrophotometers
Uses visible light (white light) of wave lengths from
350 nm to 700 nm.
8. Working principle of spectrophotometer
When a beam of monochromatic light passed through a
solution it may transmitted as a such or some of may be absorbed.
Proportional the transmitted light can be represented by intensity
of the incident radiation.
T=I/Io
Absorbance(A) of light through a solution in inversely
proportional to log10 of %T.
9. A = Log (1/T)
= Log (I/Io)
Where I = Intensity of transmitted light
Io = Intensity of incident light
The quantitative determination of compounds by
spectrometeric technique is based on two law.
1. Lamberts Law
2. Beers Law
10. Lambert’s Law
Its state that light absorbed by solution is directly proportional
to length of the light through the solution.
Thus, A = Log (Io/I) = E.C.l
Where, A = Absorbance
E = Molar absorptivity coefficient
l = Path length of the sample
C = Concentration of solution
11. Calculating the absorbance of a sample using the equation
depends on the absorbance is directly proportional to the path
length of the sample.
12. Beer’s Law
Its state that amount of light absorbed is directly proportional
to concentration of absorbing solute in the solution.
Thus, A = Log (Io/I) = E.C.l
Where, C = Concentration of solution mole per liter
E = Molar absorptivity coefficient
l = Path length of the sample
13. Calculating the absorbance of a sample using the equation
depends on the absorbance is directly proportional to the
concentration of the sample.
15. How a spectrophotometer works
1. White light hits the prism or grating, it is split into the colors of
the rainbow (Visible Spectrum).
2. The wavelength knob rotates the prism/grating, directing
different color of light toward the sample.
3. The wavelength of light produced by the tungsten lamp range
from about 350 nm (Violet light) to 700 nm (red light).
16. 3. The molecules in the sample either absorb or Transmit the light
energy of one wavelength or another.
4. The detector measures the amount of light being transmitted by
the sample and reports that value directly (% transmittance) or
converts it to the amount of light absorbed in absorbance units
(au) using Beers Law.
17. Applications of a spectrophotometer
Determines the presence and concentration of samples.
Determines the purity of a sample.
Look at the change of samples over time.
Molecular weight determination of compounds.
Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals.
The visible and UV spectrophotometer may be used to identify
classes of compounds in both the pure state and in biological
preparations.
18. Reference
Spectrophotometer- Principle, Instrumentation, Applications
January 8, 2022 by Sagar Aryal.
By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Updated on February 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/ssmvjunwani/spectrophotometer
https://byjus.com/chemistry/spectrophotometer-principle
Spectrophotometer Dictionary, Thesaurus, Acronyms,
Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.