Spectrophotometry uses light absorption properties of substances to quantitatively analyze samples. It follows Beer's Law, where absorbance is directly proportional to concentration. A spectrophotometer splits light into wavelengths, passes a sample beam through the sample, and measures the intensities of light transmitted versus a reference beam. This allows measurement of absorbance across wavelengths. Main applications include concentration measurement, detection of impurities, and studying chemical kinetics.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument containing a monochromator, a device which produces a light beam containing wavelengths in a narrow band around a selected wavelength, and a means of measuring the ratio of that beam's intensity as it enters and leaves a cuvette 99 This describes a single-beam photometer.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument containing a monochromator, a device which produces a light beam containing wavelengths in a narrow band around a selected wavelength, and a means of measuring the ratio of that beam's intensity as it enters and leaves a cuvette 99 This describes a single-beam photometer.
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working Sabahat Ali
Spectrophotometric analysis is a technique to measure the concentration of solute solution by measuring the amount of light absorbed by solution.
Absorption can be calculated in terms of transmittance by using Beer's Lambert law.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer .
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.
Spectrophotometer instrumentation & working Sabahat Ali
Spectrophotometric analysis is a technique to measure the concentration of solute solution by measuring the amount of light absorbed by solution.
Absorption can be calculated in terms of transmittance by using Beer's Lambert law.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer .
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of, or in addition to, reflection and absorption to study properties of organic or inorganic substances.
The detailed information of UV Visible Spectroscopy, it includes the information regarding electronic transitions, Electromagnetic radiations, Various shifts.
UV - Visible Spectroscopy detailed information is included .The Spectroscopy study provide the information and the absorbance as well the concentration of the drugs is studied.
Instrumentation of uv visible spectrophotometerTalha Liaqat
A spectrophotometer is an apparatus for measuring the intensity of light in a part of the spectrum, especially as transmitted or emitted by particular substances. The instrumentation of the Spectrophotometer is described in this presentation.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
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The spectrophotometer technique is to measures light intensity as a function of wavelength.
• Measures the light that passes through a liquid sample
• Spectrophotometer gives readings in Percent Transmittance (%T) and in Absorbance (A)
Spectrophotometer techniques are mostly used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the analyte quantity depending on the amount of light received by the analyte.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
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https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
3. Introduction
Spectrometry is a method in which the
absorption or transmission properties of
a material is quantitatively measured as a
function of wavelength.
Spectrophotometry is a measurement of
the intensity of light at selected
wavelengths.
The method depends on the light
absorbing property of either the
substance or a derivative of the
substance being analyzed.
4. Spectrophotometer is an instrument which measures light absorption as a function of
wavelength in the UV as well as visible regions.
It also follows essentially the laws of light absorption viz the beer-lambert’s law.
Unlike colorimeters in spectrophotometers the compound can be measured at precise
wavelength.
The light absorbed by the sample is directly proportional to the concentration of
sample in the solution.
As concentration increases , absorption increases exponentially.
5. Basic concepts
and principles
The basic principle behind this method is that :
“Each compound absorbs or transmits light over a
certain range of wavelength.
When light passes through a solution, a certain
fraction is being absorbed.
This fraction is detected, measured and used to
relate the light absorbed or transmitted to the
concentration of the substance.
This enables both qualitative and quantitative
analyses of substances.
6. • The spectrophotometric technique measures the light intensity due to :
– Diffracting the light beam into a spectrum of wavelengths
– Direct it to an object
– Receiving the light reflected or returned from the object
– Detecting the intensities with a charge-coupled device
– Displaying the results as a graph on the detector and then the display
device
7. • The light absorption is directly related to the
concentration of the compound in the sample.
• As Concentration increases, light Absorption
increases linearly and light Transmission
decreases, exponentially.
8. Spectrometer
Instrumentation
• A spectrometer consists
of a light source, a prism
that separate the lights
into different
wavelengths, a slit
through which a narrow
beam of a desire
wavelength passes, a
sample holder, a detector
and a recording device.
9. Transmittance and Absorbance
• When a sample is illuminated, it absorbs some of the light and
transmits the rest.
• The transmitted light (Is ) is of lower intensity than the incident light
(Io ), and the transmitted light is defined as: T = Is / Io
10. • To ensure accuracy (by eliminating effects of reflection by surface of the
cell, absorption by the cell wall and by solvent) an identical reference cell
without the compound of interest is also used.
• Thus, the amount of light absorbed (A) as the incident light passes through
the sample is equivalent to:
A = - log Is / IR = - log T
• In practice, the Reference cell is inserted, and the instrument adjusted to
an arbitrary scale corresponding to 100% transmittance, after which the
percentage transmittance reading is made on the sample.
12. Single Beam Spectrometer
• To measure the intensity of the incident light the sample must be
removed so that the reference can be placed each time.
• This type of spectrometer is usually less expensive and less
complicated.
13. Double Beam Spectrometer
• In this type, before it reaches the sample, the light source is split into two
separate beams.
• From these one passes through the sample and second one is used for
reference.
• This gives an advantage because the reference reading and sample reading
can take place at the same time.
14. Based on the
wavelength of light
used it can be
classified into:
(A)Visible Spectrometer:-
• Uses visible range (400 – 700nm) of electromagnetic
radiation spectrum.
• Visible spectrophotometers vary in accuracy.
• Plastic and glass cuvettes can be used for visible
light spectroscopy.
(B)UV Spectrometer:-
• Uses light over the UV range (180 - 400 nm).
• UV spectroscopy is used for fluids, and even solids.
• Cuvettes, only made of quartz, are used for placing
the samples.
(C) IR Spectrophotometer:-
• Uses light over infra red range (700 -15000) of
electromagnetic radiation spectra
15. (D)Fluorescence Spectrometer:-
• Its are instruments used to scan the fluorescence
spectrum emitted by liquid fluorescent labels, which
used in scientific research, chemical
industry,medicine,biochemistry,environmental
protection,clinical testing,food testing,teaching
experiments and other fields.
(E)Atomic absorption Spectrometer:-
• This method is mainly applied to detect trace
components in the sample analysis.
• It is powerful tool for material analysis and
elemental analysis of trace metals(semimetals).
16. Device and Mechanism
• The spectrophotometer, in general, consists of two devices. They are the following :
1.Spectrometer : A device that produce, typically disperse and measure the light.
2.Photometer : Indicates the photoelectric detector that measures the light.
• The spectrometer consists of the following parts :
(i) Light source :It produces a desired range of wavelength of light.
(ii) Collimator : It transmits a straight beam of light.
(iii)Monochromator : It split the light into its component wavelength.
(iv)Wavelength selector : transmits only the desired wavelength.
17. (v) Cuvettes : The optically transparent cells (cuvett) are made up of glass,
plastic, silica or quartz, glass and plastic absorb UV light below 310 nm.
(vi) Photocell and photo-multiplier tubes: It a photocell is a photoelectric
device which converts light energy into electrical energy, which is then
amplified, detected and recorded.’’
• The photometer detects the light absorbed by the sample as the light from
the slit is passed through the solution and then it sends signal to the
galvanometer or digital display.
18. Beer – Lambert Law
• It states that the absorbance of light by a material in a solution is directly
proportional to its concentration in that solution.
A = ϵlc
Where,
A -absorbance
ϵ -molar absorptivity
l -length of solution
c -concentration
19. Standardization
Graph
• Standards (solutions of
known concentration) of
the compound of interest
are made, treated, and their
absorbances (ABS) and
concentration values are
used to create a
Standardization Graph.
20. Absorption spectra
• A spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a
substance, showing dark lines or bands due to absorption at specific
wavelengths.