A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample by directing light through the sample and detecting the intensities of light at different wavelengths. It was invented in 1940 and provided quick, accurate results compared to older techniques. A spectrophotometer uses dispersion devices like prisms and filters to separate light wavelengths and detectors to measure light intensities. It can be used to identify compounds, determine concentrations, detect impurities, study chemical kinetics, and more.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer .
A spectrophotometer is an instrument containing a monochromator, a device which produces a light beam containing wavelengths in a narrow band around a selected wavelength, and a means of measuring the ratio of that beam's intensity as it enters and leaves a cuvette 99 This describes a single-beam photometer.
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample. Spectrophotometer techniques are used to measure the concentration of solutes in solution by measuring the amount of the light that is absorbed by the solution in a cuvette placed in the spectrophotometer .
A spectrophotometer is an instrument containing a monochromator, a device which produces a light beam containing wavelengths in a narrow band around a selected wavelength, and a means of measuring the ratio of that beam's intensity as it enters and leaves a cuvette 99 This describes a single-beam photometer.
An isotope is one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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It involves the quantitative estimation of color.
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An isotope is one of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Unstable isotopes are called Radioisotopes.
uses of radioisotopes are many which are discussed in this slide.
It is the most common analytical technique used in biochemical estimation in clinical laboratory.
It involves the quantitative estimation of color.
A substance to be estimated colorimetrically, must be colored or it should be capable of forming chromogens (colored complexes) through the addition of reagents.
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Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the analyte quantity depending on the amount of light received by the analyte.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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2. SLIDE INDEX
• Definition
• Introduction
• History
• Components of Spectrophotometer
• Dispersion devices
• Types of Spectrophotometer
• Uses of Spectrophotometer
• Applications
3. DEFINITION
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures
the amount of light absorbed by a sample.
OR
The spectrophotometer technique is to measures
light intensity as a function of wavelength It.
4. INTRODUCTION
It does this by:
• 1. diffracting the light beam into a spectrum of wavelengths
• 2. direct it to an object
• 3. receiving the light reflected or returned from the object
• 4. detecting the intensities with a charge-coupled device
• 5. displaying the results as a graph on the detector and then
the display device.
5. HISTORY
• In Older times, it took weeks for the results to come out and, most of the
time, there was only 25 percent accuracy
• It was rather depressing for these scientists because quick results are very
important to them, and there wasn’t any good laboratory equipment at that
time to make the process faster.
• A scientist named Arnold J. Beckman and his colleagues at the National
Technologies Laboratory (NTL) invented the Beckman DU spectrophotometer
in 1940.
• Results come through simple process within few minutes.
• Results were 99.99 %accurate.
9. DISPERSION DEVICES
• Dispersion devices causes a different wavelength of light to be
dispersion at different angles.
Types of Dispersion devices used are
• Prism
• Filters
10. Prism
Prism is used to isolate different wavelength
Prism may be made of glass or quartz.
11. Filters
Filters separate different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum by absorbing
or reflecting certain
wavelengths and transmitting other wavelengths.
Absorption filters are glass substrates containing absorbing
species that absorb certain wavelength. A typical example is a cut on color
filter, which blocks short
wavelength light, and transmits
longer wavelength.
12. Absorption cells(Cuvettes)
A cuvette is a kind of cell (usually a small square tube) sealed at one end,
made of Plastic, glass or
optical grade quartz and designed to hold samples for spectroscopic
experiments.
13. Detectors
Any photosensitive device can be used as a detector
of radiant energy .The photocell and phototube are
the simplest photodetectors, producing current
proportional to the intensity of the light striking
them.
14. Display devices
The data from a detector are displayed by a readout
device, such as an analog meter, a light beam
reflected on a scale, or a digital display , Or liquid
crystal display(LCD) .The output can
also be transmitted to a computer.
16. Single beam
The single beam spectrophotometer was the first
invented, and all the light passes through the
sample.
To measure the intensity of the incident light, the
sample must be removed so all the light can pass
through.
cheaper because there are less parts and the
system is less complicated.
low cost
17. Double beam
A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity
between two light paths, one path containing a reference sample and
the other the test sample.
Measurements from Double beam instruments are easier and more
stable.
18. Split Beam
similar to the double beam spectrophotometer but it uses
a beam splitter instead of a chopper to send light along the
blank
sample paths simultaneously to two separate but identical
detectors
19. Uses of Spectrophotometer
To determines the absorbance or transmission of
characteristic wavelengths of radiant energy (light) by a
chemical species in solution.
Identify organic compounds by determining the
absorption maximum.
Used for color determination within the spectral
range
20. APPLICATIONS
1. Concentration measurement
• Prepare samples
• Make series of standard solutions of known concentrations
• [4]
• Set spectrophotometer to the λ of maximum light absorption
• Measure the absorption of the unknown, and from the standard plot, read the
related concentration[4]
21. 2. Detection of Impurities
•UV absorption spectroscopy is one of thebest methods for
determination of impurities in organic molecules. [7]
Additional peaks can be observed due to impurities in the sample and it
can be compared with that of standard raw material
22. 3. Structure elucidation of organic compounds.
•From the location of peaks and combination of
peaks UV spectroscopy elucidate structure of
organic molecules:
othe presence or absence of unsaturation,
othe presence of hetero atoms.[7
23. 4. Chemical kinetics
•Kinetics of reaction can also be studied using UV spectroscopy.
The UV radiation is passed through the reaction cell and the
absorbance changes can be observed.[7]
5. Detection of Functional Groups
•Absence of a band at particular wavelength regarded as an
evidence for absence of particular
group [5]
24. 6. Molecular weight determination
•Molecular weights of compounds can be
measured spectrophotometrically by preparing the
suitable derivatives of these compounds.
•For example, if we want to determine
the molecular weight of amine then it is converted
in to amine picrate. [7]
