The document discusses fluorescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence as emission of light that occurs when a substance absorbs light and returns to its ground state, emitting photons. Factors that affect fluorescence include the molecular structure, substituents, concentration, pH, temperature, and viscosity. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy includes a light source, filters, sample cells, and detectors such as photomultiplier tubes. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy include determination of inorganic substances, use as fluorescent indicators, pharmaceutical analysis, and liquid chromatography.
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
This presentation include the detailed explanation of various parts of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and two types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers-Single beam and Doube beam. It also include the comparison between single beam and double beam spectrophotometers.
a substance can absorb any visible light or external radiation and then again emit it. this called fluorescence and the process of reduction in fluorescence intensity is called quenching. this presentation is all about quenching of fluorescence.
This presentation include the detailed explanation of various parts of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and two types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers-Single beam and Doube beam. It also include the comparison between single beam and double beam spectrophotometers.
a substance can absorb any visible light or external radiation and then again emit it. this called fluorescence and the process of reduction in fluorescence intensity is called quenching. this presentation is all about quenching of fluorescence.
Fluorimetry is a technique used in analytical chemistry and biochemistry to measure the concentration of a substance in a sample by analyzing the fluorescence it emits when exposed to specific wavelengths of light. This technique is based on the principle of fluorescence, which is the emission of light (or photons) by a molecule when it absorbs photons at a shorter wavelength.
Here's how fluorimetry works:
Excitation: A sample is exposed to a specific wavelength of light, known as the excitation wavelength, which is typically in the ultraviolet or visible range. This excitation light is absorbed by the molecules of interest in the sample, causing them to move to higher energy states.
Emission: After absorbing the excitation light, the molecules return to their ground state by releasing energy in the form of fluorescent light at longer wavelengths. The emitted light is typically at a longer wavelength than the excitation light, and it is specific to the particular molecule or compound being analyzed.
Detection: A detector, such as a photomultiplier tube or a photodiode, is used to measure the intensity of the emitted fluorescent light. The detector is sensitive to the specific wavelength of light emitted by the target molecules.
Data Analysis: The intensity of the emitted fluorescent light is correlated with the concentration of the substance in the sample. By comparing the intensity of the emitted light to a calibration curve or standard, the concentration of the substance can be determined.
Fluorimetry has various applications in chemistry and biology. It is commonly used for quantifying the concentration of fluorescent dyes, proteins, nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA), and other biomolecules. It is also employed in environmental analysis, drug discovery, and medical diagnostics.
One of the advantages of fluorimetry is its high sensitivity, which allows for the detection of very low concentrations of analytes. Additionally, it offers high selectivity because the emitted fluorescence is specific to the target molecule.
Overall, fluorimetry is a valuable analytical tool that helps researchers and scientists measure and analyze a wide range of substances with high precision and sensitivity
Luminescence is the emission of light by a substance. It occurs when an electron returns to the electronic ground state from an excited state and loses its excess energy as a photon.
It is of 3 types.
Fluorescence spectroscopy.
Phosphorescence spectroscopy.
Chemiluminescence spectroscopy
Fluorescence spectroscopy. : When a beam of light is incident on certain substances they emit visible light or radiations. This is known as fluorescence. Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off. The substances showing this phenomenon are known as flourescent substances
Phosphorescence spectroscopy: When light radiation is incident on certain substances they emit light continuously even after the incident light is cut off.
This type of delayed fluorescence is called phosphorescence.
Substances showing phosphorescence are phosphorescent substances.
Chemiluminescence (also chemoluminescence) is the emission of light (luminescence) as the result of a chemical reaction. There may also be limited emission of heat
Fluorescence
Phosphorescence
Radiation less processes
Vibration relaxation
Internal conversion
External conversion
Intersystem crossing
Jablonski diagram is a graphical representation of the various transitions(electronic states, vibrational levels) that can occur after a molecule has been excited photochemically.
When a molecule is raised from its ground state to a higher state using light, photochemistry occurs.
The molecule in the excited state has a shorter lifetime and significantly more energy than the ground state from which it was formed.
As a result, molecules in the excited state are much more reactive.
A photochemical or photophysical process deactivates an excited state.
Therefore, the fate of the excited molecules is described by using the Jablonski diagram, which only focuses on the photophysical process occurring during the excitation and deactivation process.
Radiative transitions involve the absorption of a photon, if the transition occurs to a higher energy level, or the emission of a photon, for a transition to a lower level.
Nonradiative transitions arise through several different mechanisms, all differently labeled in the diagram. Relaxation of the excited state to its lowest vibrational level is called vibrational relaxation. This process involves the dissipation of energy from the molecule to its surroundings, and thus it cannot occur for isolated molecules. A second type of nonradiative transition is internal conversion (IC), which occurs when a vibrational state of an electronically excited state can couple to a vibrational state of a lower electronic state.
A third type is intersystem crossing (ISC); this is a transition to a state with a different spin multiplicity. In molecules with large spin-orbit coupling, intersystem crossing is much more important than in molecules that exhibit only small spin-orbit coupling. ISC can
spectrofluorometer is the instrument for recording fluorescence emission and absorption spectra When a beam of light is incident on certain substances they emit visible light or radiations. This is known as fluorescence. Fluorescence starts immediately after the absorption of light and stops as soon as the incident light is cut off. The substances showing this phenomenon are known as flourescent substances.
fluorometry is used in pharmaceutical fields.An analytic method for detecting and measuring fluorescence in compounds that uses ultraviolet light stimulating the compounds, causing them to emit visible light. An important topic studied in instrumental analysis.
A fluorometer or fluorimeter is a device used to measure parameters of fluorescence: its intensity and wavelength distribution of emission spectrum after excitation by a certain spectrum of light. These parameters are used to identify the presence and the number of specific molecules in a medium.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
3. Luminescence is the emission of light by a
substance. It occurs when an electron
returns to the electronic ground state from
an excited state and loses its excess energy as
a photon.
It is of 3 types.
Fluorescence spectroscopy.
Phosphorescence spectroscopy.
Chemiluminescence spectroscopy
4. When a beam of light is incident on certain
substances they emit visible light or
radiations. This is known as fluorescence.
Fluorescence starts immediately after the
absorption of light and stops as soon as the
incident light is cut off.
The substances showing this phenomenon are
known as flourescent substances.
5. When light radiation is incident on certain
substances they emit light continuously even
after the incident light is cut off.
This type of delayed fluorescence is called
phosphorescence.
Substances showing phosphorescence are
phosphorescent substances.
6. A molecular electronic state in which all of the
electrons are paired are called singlet state.
In a singlet state molecules are diamagnetic.
Most of the molecules in their ground state are
paired.
When such a molecule absorbs uv/visible
radiation, one or more of the paired electron
raised to an excited singlet state /excited
triplet state.
7. Ground excited singlet triplet state
singlet state spins unpaired
states spin paired
no net mag.field net mag.field
14. FLUORESCENCE AND
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Fluorescence is most commonly observed in
compounds containing aromatic functional
groups with low energy.
Most unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons
show fluorescence - quantum efficiency
increases with the no: of rings and degree of
condensation.
15. CONTD…
Simple heterocyclic do not exhibit
fluorescence.
The n - *singlet quickly converts to the
n - * triplet and prevents fluorescence.
17. Substitution on the benzene ring shifts
wavelength of absorbance maxima and
corresponding changes in fluorescence
peaks
Fluorescence decreases with
increasing atomic no: of the
halogen.
Substitution of carboxylic acid or
carboxylic group on aromatic ring
inhibits fluorescence.
18. Fluorescence is favored in molecules
with structural rigidity.
organic chelating agents complexed with
metal ion increases fluorescence.
19. Nature of molecule
Nature of substituent
Effect of concentration
Adsorption, Light
Oxygen,ph
Photodecomposition
Temp . &viscosity
Quantum yield
Intensity of incident light
Path length
20. nature of molecules
All the molecules cannot show the
phenomenon of fluorescence.
Only the molecules absorbs uv/visible
radiation can show this phenomenon.
Greater the absorbency of the molecule
the more intense its fluorescence.
21. nature of substituent
Electron donating group enhances
fluorescence – e.g.:NH2,OH etc.
Electron withdrawing groups decrease
or destroy fluorescence.
e.g.:COOH,NO2, N=N etc.
High atomic no: atom introduced into
electron system decreases fluorescence.
23. FI = Q X Ia
i.e, F = QIOact
Q = Constant for a particular substance
IO = Constant for an instrument
a = Molecular extinction coefficient
t = Path length
C = Concentration of the substance
F = KC Where K represents all constants
FI α Concentration.
24. Extreme sensitiveness of the method
requires very dilute solution.
Adsorption of the fluorescent substances on
the container wall create serious problems.
Hence strong solutions must be diluted.
25. Monochromatic light is essential for the
excitation of fluorescence because the
intensity will vary with wavelength.
OXYGEN
The presence of oxygen may interfere in 2
ways.
1] by direct oxidation of the fluorescent
substances to non fluorescent.
2] by quenching of fluorescence.
26. Alteration of the ph of the solution will have
significant effect on fluorescence.
Fluorescent spectrum is different for ionized
and un-ionized species.
TEMPERATURE & VISCOSITY
Increase in temperature/decrease in viscosity
will decrease fluorescence.
28. Increase in intensity of light incident on
sample increases fluorescence intensity.
The intensity of light depends upon
1)light emitted from the lamp.
2)Excitation monochromaters
3)Excitation slit width
29. The effective path length depends on
both the excitation and emission slit
width.
Use of microcuvette does not reduce
the fluorescence.
Use of microcell may reduce
interferences and increases the
measured fluorescence
30. Decrease in fluorescence intensity due to specific
effects of constituents of the solution.
Due to concentration, ph, pressure of chemical
substances, temperature, viscosity, etc.
Types of quenching
Self quenching
Chemical quenching
Static quenching
Collision quenching
31. Fluorescence
Concentration of
fluorescing species
Deviations at higher concentrations can be
attributed to self-quenching or self-absorption.
Fluorescence
Concentration of
fluorescing species
Calibration curve
(Low con)
calibration curve
(High con)
32. Here decrease in fluorescence intensity due to
the factors like change in ph,presence of
oxygen, halides &heavy metals.
ph- aniline at ph 5-13 gives fluorescence
but at ph <5 &>13 it does not exhibit
fluorescence.
halides like chloride,bromide,iodide &
electron withdrawing groups like no2,cooH
etc. leads to quenching.
Heavy metals leads to quenching, because
of collisions of triplet ground state.
33. This occurs due to complex formation.
e.g.. caffeine reduces the fluorescence of
riboflavin by complex formation.
COLLISIONAL QUENCHING
It reduces fluorescence by collision. where
no. of collisions increased hence quenching
takes place.
37. MERCURY ARC LAMP
Produce intense line spectrum above 350nm.
High pressure lamps give lines at 366,405, 436,
546,577,691,734nm.
Low pressure lamps give additional radiation at
254nm.
38. Intense radiation by passage of current through an
atmosphere of xenon.
Spectrum is continuous over the range between over 250-
600nm,peak intensity about 470nm.
39. Intensity of the lamp is low.
If excitation is done in the visible
region this lamp is used.
It does not offer UV radiation.
40. Pulsed nitrogen laser as the
primary source.
Radiation in the range between
360 and 650 nm is produced.
41. FILTERS
Primary filter-absorbs visible light & transmits
uv light.
Secondary filter-absorbs uv radiations &
transmits visible light.
MONOCHROMATORS
Exitation monochromaters-isolates only the
radiation which is absorbed by the molecule.
Emission monochromaters-isolates only the
radiation emitted by the molecule.
42. The majority of fluorescence assays are carried out in
solution.
Cylindrical or rectangular cells fabricated of silica or
glass used.
Path length is usually 10mm or 1cm.
All the surfaces of the sample holder are polished in
fluorimetry.
44. Multiplication of photo electrons by
secondary emission of radiation.
A photo cathode and series of dynodes are
used.
Each cathode is maintained at
75-100v higher than the preceding one.
Over all amplification of 106 is obtained.
45.
46.
47.
48. Tungsten lamp as source of light.
The primary filter absorbs visible radiation
and transmits uv radiation.
Emitted radiation measured at 90o by
secondary filter.
Secondary filter absorbs uv radiation and
transmits visible radiation.
49. Simple in construction
Easy to use.
Economical
disadvantages
It is not possible to use reference solution &
sample solution at a time.
Rapid scanning to obtain Exitation & emission
spectrum of the compound is not possible.
50. Similar to single beam instrument.
Two incident beams from light source pass through
primary filters separately and fall on either sample or
reference solution.
The emitted radiation from sample or reference pass
separately through secondary filter.
51. Sample & reference solution can be analyzed
simultaneously.
disadvantage
Rapid scanning is not possible due to use of
filters.
54. 1] Determination of inorganic substances
Determination of ruthenium ions in presence of
other platinum metals.
Determination of aluminum (III) in alloys.
Determination of boron in steel by complex formed
with benzoin.
Estimation of cadmium with
2-(2 hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazole in presence of
tartarate.
55. Field determination of uranium salts.
3]fluorescent indicators
Mainly used in acid-base titration.
e.g.:
eosin- colorless-green.
Fluorescein:colourless-green.
Quinine sulphate: blue-violet.
Acridine: green-violet
57. compound reagent excitation
wavelength
fluorescence
hydrocortisone 75%v/v
H2SO4 in
ethanol
460 520
nicotinamide cyanogen
chloride
250 430
5] organic analysis
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic
aromatic compounds present in cigarette smoke, air
pollutants, automobile exhausts etc.
6] pharmaceutical analysis
58. 7] Liquid chromatography
Fluorescence is an imp method of
determining compounds as they
appear at the end of chromatogram or
capillary electrophoresis column.
8]determination of vitamin B1 &B2.
59. Douglas A Skoog, Principles of instrumental
analysis
H:UV-Vis Luminescence Spectroscopy - Theory.mht
Dr.B.K.Sharma, Instrumental methods of chemical
analysis
Gurdeep R Chatwal, Instrumental methods of
chemical analysis