This document describes the components and design of spectrophotometry instruments. It discusses the key components including the light source, monochromator system using filters, prisms or gratings, sample holder, detector and readout. Specific light sources like tungsten-halogen lamps, hydrogen and xenon discharge lamps are covered. Requirements for an ideal light source and operating principles of filters, prisms and diffraction gratings as monochromators are summarized.
This presentation include the detailed explanation of various parts of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and two types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers-Single beam and Doube beam. It also include the comparison between single beam and double beam spectrophotometers.
a substance can absorb any visible light or external radiation and then again emit it. this called fluorescence and the process of reduction in fluorescence intensity is called quenching. this presentation is all about quenching of fluorescence.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
This presentation include the detailed explanation of various parts of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and two types of UV-Visible spectrophotometers-Single beam and Doube beam. It also include the comparison between single beam and double beam spectrophotometers.
a substance can absorb any visible light or external radiation and then again emit it. this called fluorescence and the process of reduction in fluorescence intensity is called quenching. this presentation is all about quenching of fluorescence.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
In this slide contains principle of IR spectroscopy and sampling techniques.
Presented by: R.Banuteja (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
In this slide contains principle, instrumentation, methodology, and application of gel chromatography.
Presented by: SATHEES CHANDRA (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantapur
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
In this slide contains principle of IR spectroscopy and sampling techniques.
Presented by: R.Banuteja (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
An electron gun generates an electron beam that is interacting with a slow-wave structure.
It sustains the oscillations by propagating a traveling wave backwards against the beam
. The generated electromagnetic wave power has its group velocity directed oppositely to the direction of motion of the electrons.
The output power is coupled out near the electron gun.
OES is the reference analysis technique for elemental analysis of solid metallic samples . that uses the light emitted of an excited element and (PMT) convert the light in an electrical signal. that can be read by the instrument computer and the software
UV SPECTROSCOPY AND INSTRUMENTATION .INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS, B.PHARM 7TH SEM. AND FOR BSC,MSC CHEMISTRY.
This is Geeta prasad kashyap (Asst. Professor), SVITS, Bilaspur (C.G) 495001
Seminar on Uv Visible spectroscopy by Amogh G VAmoghGV
PPT of seminar on UV Visible spectroscopy, electronic transitions, Instrumentation of Double beam spectrophotometers, Advantages of Double beam over single beam, Beer Lamberts law derivation
spectrophotometer.pptx,DNA/RNA Quantification,clinical diagnosis, protein ana...Parthvi Soni
Spectrophotometry is a powerful analytical technique that plays a crucial role in scientific research and industrial applications. By measuring the absorbance of light by a sample, spectrophotometers provide valuable information about the concentration and characteristics of substances. Understanding the principles, components, and applications of spectrophotometry enables scientists and professionals to utilize this technique effectively for a wide range of analyses. As technology advances, spectrophotometry continues to evolve, offering greater precision, versatility, and efficiency in the pursuit of scientific knowledge and innovation.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. Absorption spectrophotometry in the ultraviolet and visible
region is considered to be one of the oldest physical method
for quantitative analysis and structural elucidation.
Wavelength
• UV- 200-400nm
• VISIBLE- 400-800nm
3
4. PHOTOMETER
SPECTOPHOTOMETER
COLORIMETER
PHOTOMETER: An instrument for measuring the
intensity of light or the relative intensity of a pair of
lights. Also called an illuminometer. It utilizes filter
to isolate a narrow wavelength region.
4
5. 5
SPECTOPHOTOMETER: An instrument measures the
ratio, or a function of the two, of the radiant power of two
EM beams over a large wavelength region. It utilizes
dispersing element (Prisms/Gratings) instead of filters, to
scan large wavelength region.
COLORIMETER: An instrument which is used for
measuring absorption in the visible region is generally
called colorimeter.
6. source of radiant energy.
Collimating system.
monochromator system.
sample holder or container to hold sample.
detector system of collecting transmitted radiation.
suitable amplifier or readout device.
6
8. REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL SOURCE
It should be stable and should not allow fluctuations.
It should emit light of continuous spectrum of high and
uniform intensity over the entire wavelength region in which
it’s used.
It should provide incident light of sufficient intensity for the
transmitted energy to be detected at the end of optic path.
It should not show fatigue on continued use.
8
9. TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMP
Its construction is similar to a house hold lamp.
The bulb contains a filament of Tungsten fixed in evacuated
condition and then filled with inert gas.
The filament can be heated up to 3000 k, beyond this
Tungsten starts sublimating.
It is used when polychromatic light is required. To prevent this
along with inert gas some amount of halogen is introduced
(usually Iodine).
9
10. 10
Sublimated form of tungsten reacts with Iodine to
form Tungsten –Iodine complex.
Which migrates back to the hot filament where it
decomposes and Tungsten get deposited.
DEMERIT:
It emits the major portion of its radiant energy in
near IR region of the spectrum.
11. HYDROGEN DISCHARGE LAMP:
In Hydrogen discharge lamp pair of electrodes is enclosed in a
glass tube (provided with silica or quartz window for UV
radiation to pass trough) filled with hydrogen gas.
When current is passed trough these electrodes maintained at
high voltage, discharge of electrons occurs which excites
hydrogen molecules which in turn cause emission of UV
radiations in near UV region.
They are stable and robust.
11
12. XENON DISCHARGE LAMP:
It possesses two tungsten electrodes separated by some distance.
These are enclosed in a glass tube (for visible) with quartz or fused
silica and xenon gas is filled under pressure.
An intense arc is formed between electrodes by applying high
voltage. This is a good source of continuous plus additional intense
radiation. Its intensity is higher than the hydrogen discharge lamp.
DEMERIT:
The lamp since operates at high voltage becomes very hot during
operation and hence needs thermal insulation.
12
13. In mercury arc lamp, mercury vapor is stored under high
pressure and excitation of mercury atoms is done by electric
discharge.
DEMERIT:
Not suitable for continuous spectral studies,(because it doesn’t
give continuous radiations).
13
14. The radiation emitted by the source is collimated (made
parallel) by lenses, mirrors and slits.
LENSES:
Materials used for the lenses must be transparent to the
radiation being used.
Ordinary silicate glass transmits between 350 to 3000 nm
and is suitable for visible and near IR region.
Quartz or fused silica is used as a material for lenses to work
below 300nm.
14
15. MIRRORS
These are used to reflect, focus or collimate light beams in
spectrophotometer.
To minimize the light loss, mirrors are aluminized on their
front surfaces.
15
16. SLITS:
Slit is an important device in resolving polychromatic
radiation into monochromatic radiation.
To achieve this, entrance slit and exit slit are used.
The width of slit plays an important role in resolution of
polychromatic radiation.
16
17. It is a device used to isolate the radiation of the desired
wavelength from wavelength of the continuous spectra.
Following types of monochromatic devices are used.
1. Filters
2. Prisms
3. Gratings
17
18. Selection of filters is usually done on a compromise between
peak transmittance and band pass width; the former should be as
high as possible and latter as narrow as possible.
1. Absorption filters- works by selective absorption of
unwanted radiation and transmits the radiation which is
required.
Examples- Glass and Gelatin filters.
18
19. Selection of absorption filter is done according to
the following procedure:
Draw a filter wheel.
Write the color VIBGYOR in clockwise or anticlockwise
manner, omitting Indigo.
19
20. If solution to be analyzed is BLUE in color a filter having a
complimentary color ORANGE is used in the analysis.
Similarly, we can select the required filter in colorimeter, based
upon the color of the solution.
20
21. An Absorption glass filter is made of solid sheet of glass that
has been colored by pigments which Is dissolved or dispersed
in the glass.
The color in the glass filters are produced by incorporating
metal oxides like (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu etc.).
21
22. Gelatin filter is an example of absorption filter prepared by
adding organic pigments; here instead of solid glass sheets thin
gelatin sheets are used. Gelatin filters are not use now days.
It tends to deteriorate with time and gets affected by the heat and
moisture. The color of the dye gets bleached.
22
23. MERITS:-
Simple in construction
Cheaper
Selection of the filter is easy
DEMERITS:-
Less accurate
Band pass (bandwidth) is more (±20-30nm) i.e. if we have to
measure at 400nm; we get radiation from 370-430nm. Hence
less accurate results are obtained.
23
24. Works on the interference phenomenon, causes rejection of
unwanted wavelength by selective reflection.
It is constructed by using two parallel glass plates, which are
silvered internally and separated by thin film of dielectric
material of different (CaF2, SiO, MgF2) refractive index. These
filters have a band pass of 10-15nm with peak transmittance of
40-60%.
24
25. Merits -
Provide greater transmittance and narrower band pass (10-
15nm) as compare to absorption filter.
Inexpensive
Additional filters can be used to cut off undesired wavelength.
25
26. Prism is made from glass, Quartz or fused silica.
Quartz or fused silica is the choice of material of UV
spectrum.
When white light is passed through glass prism, dispersion
of polychromatic light in rainbow occurs. Now by rotation
of the prism different wavelengths of the spectrum can be
made to pass through in exit slit on the sample.
The effective wavelength depends on the dispersive power
of prism material and the optical angle of the prism.
26
28. • There are two types of mounting in an instrument one is called
‘Cornu type’(refractive), which has an optical angle of 60o
and its adjusted such that on rotation the emerging light is
allowed to fall on exit slit.
• The other type is called “Littrow type”(reflective), which has
optical angle 30o and its one surface is aluminized with
reflected light back to pass through prism and to emerge on the
same side of the light source i.e. light doesn’t pass through the
prism on other side.
28
29. Are most effective one in converting a polychromatic light to
monochromatic light. As a resolution of +/- 0.1nm could be
achieved by using gratings, they are commonly used in
spectrophotometers.
Gratings are of two types.
1. Diffraction grating.
2. Transmission gratings.
29
30. More refined dispersion of light is obtained by means of
diffraction gratings.
These consist of large number of parallel lines ( grooves)
about 15000-30000/ inch is ruled on highly polished surface of
aluminum.
these gratings are replica made from master gratings by
coating the original master grating with a epoxy resin and are
removed after setting
30
31. To make the surface reflective, a deposit of aluminum is made
on the surface. In order to minimize to greater amounts of
scattered radiation and appearance of unwanted radiation of
other spectral orders, the gratings are blazed to concentrate the
radiation into a single order.
31
32. It is similar to diffraction grating but refraction takes place
instead of reflection. Refraction produces reinforcement. this
occurs when radiation transmitted through grating reinforces
with the partially refracted radiation.
32
33. Grating gives higher and linear dispersions compared to
prism monochromator.
Can be used over wide wavelength ranges.
Gratings can be constructed with materials like
aluminium which is resistant to atmospheric moisture.
Provide light of narrow wavelength.
No loss of energy due to absorption.
33
34. 34
Comparison Prism Grating
Made of Glass-: Visible
Quartz/fused silica-: UV
Alkali halide:- IR
Grooved on highly polished
surface like alumina.
Working Principle Angle of Incident Law of diffraction
nλ= d (sini±sinθ)
Merits/demerits Prisms give non-liner
dispersion hence no
overlap of spectral order.
It can’t be used over
consideration wavelength
ranges.
Prisms are not sturdy and
long lasting.
Grating gives liner dispersion
hence overlap of spectral
order.
It can be used over
considerable wavelength
ranges.
Grating are sturdy and long
lasting
35. The cells or cuvettes are used for handling liquid samples.
The cell may either be rectangular or cylindrical in nature.
For study in UV region; the cells are prepared from quartz or
fused silica whereas color corrected fused glass is used for
visible region.
The surfaces of absorption cells must be kept scrupulously
clean. No fingerprints or blotches should be present on cells.
Cleaning is carried out washing with distilled water or with
dilute alcohol, acetone.
35
37. Device which converts light energy into electrical signals, that
are displayed on readout devices.
The transmitted radiation falls on the detector which
determines the intensity of radiation absorbed by sample
The following types of detectors are employed in instrumentation
of absorption spectrophotometer
1. Barrier layer cell/Photovoltaic cell
2. Phototubes/ Photo emissive tube
3. Photomultiplier tube
37
38. Requirements of an ideal detector:-
It should give quantitative response.
It should have high sensitivity and low noise level.
It should have a short response time.
It should provide signal or response quantitative to wide
spectrum of radiation received.
38
39. The detector has a thin film metallic layer coated with silver or
gold and acts as an electrode.
It also has a metal base plate which acts as another electrode.
These two layers are separated by a semiconductor layer of
selenium.
39
40. When light radiation falls on selenium layer, electrons become
mobile and are taken up by transparent metal layer.
This creates a potential difference between two electrodes &
causes the flow of current.
When it is connected to galvanometer, a flow of current
observed which is proportional to the intensity and wavelength
of light falling on it.
40
43. Consists of a evacuated glass tube with a photocathode and a
collector anode.
The surface of photocathode is coated with a layer of elements
like cesium, silver oxide or mixture of them.
When radiant energy falls on photosensitive cathode, electrons
are emitted which are attracted to anode causing current to
flow.
More sensitive compared to barrier layer cell and therefore
widely used.
43
44. The principle employed in this detector is that, multiplication
of photoelectrons by secondary emission of electrons.
In a vacuum tube, a primary photo-cathode is fixed which
receives radiation from the sample.
Some eight to ten dynodes are fixed each with increasing
potential of 75-100V higher than preceding one.
Near the last dynode is fixed an anode or electron collector
electrode.
Photo-multiplier is extremely sensitive to light and is best
suited where weaker or low radiation is received
44
46. Depending upon the monochromators (filters or dispersing
device) used to isolate and transmit a narrow beam of radiant
energy from the incident light determines whether the
instrument is classified as Photometer or a Spectrophotometer.
Spectrophotometers used here detects the percentage
transmittance of light radiation, when light of certain
intensity & frequency range is passed through the sample.
Both can be a single beam or double beam optical system.
46
47. 47
• Light from the source is carried through lens and/or through
aperture to pass through a suitable filter.
• The type of filter to be used is governed by the colour of the
solution.
• The sample solution to be analysed is placed in cuvettes.
49. After passing through the solution, the light strikes the surface
of detector (barrier-layer cell or phototube) and produces
electrical current.
The output of current is measured by the deflection of needle
of light-spot galvanometer or micro ammeter. This meter is
calibrated in terms of transmittance as well as optical density.
The readings of solution of both standard and unknown are
recorded in optical density units after adjusting instrument to a
reagent blank.
49
51. Double beam instrument is the one in which two beams are
formed in the space by a U shaped mirror called as beam
splitter or beam chopper .
Chopper is a device consisting of a circular disc. One third of
the disc is opaque and one third is transparent, remaining one
third is mirrored. It splits the monochromatic beam of light
into two beams of equal intensities.
51
54. Advantages of single & double beam spectrophotometer
Single beam-
Simple in construction, Easy to use and economical
Double beam-
It facilitates rapid scanning over wide λ region.
Fluctuations due to radiation source are minimised.
It doesn’t require adjustment of the transmittance at 0% and
100% at each wavelength.
It gives ratio of intensities of sample & reference beams
simultaneously.
54
55. Single beam
Any fluctuation in the intensity of radiation sources affects the
absorbance.
Continuous spectrum is not obtained.
Double beam
Construction is complicated.
Instrument is expensive.
55
57. 2 Radiant energy intensity
changes with fluctuation
of voltage.
It permits a large degree
of inherent
compensation for
fluctuations in the
intensity of the radiant
energy.
3 It measure the total
amount of transmitted
light reaching the detector
It measures the
percentage of light
absorbed by the sample.
57
58. 4 In single beam it’s not
possible to compare blank
and sample together.
In double beam it’s
possible to do direct one
step comparison of sample
in one path with a standard
in the other path.
5 In single beam radiant
energy wavelength has to
be adjusted every time.
In this scanning can be
done over a wide
wavelength region
6 Working on single beam is
tedious and time
consuming.
Working on double beam is
fast and non tedious.
58
59. Instrumental Analysis, Skoog, Fifth edition, Page no. 312-316
Instrumental methods of chemical analysis, Gurdeep R.
chatwal. Page no2.116-2.122
Elementary organic analysis, Principles and chemical
applications , Y R Shrama, page no12-14
A textbook of pharmaceutical analysis, kasturi A V, Vol 3 10th
ed., 169-81
59