The document provides an overview of dialects, particularly focusing on social dialects (sociolects) and their distinctions from regional dialects, highlighting factors like social class, education, and age that influence language use. It presents examples of social dialects in England and Bangladesh, illustrating how vocabulary and pronunciation vary between different social groups. Additionally, the document discusses the implications of caste systems on language and presents different kinds of sociolects.

1. SOCIAL DIALECT
Submitted By :
Renaissance Ahmed Sayma
Department of English,
Comilla University.
Email : saymalombu@gmail.com

2. DIALECT
A variety of a language .
A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary,
grammar, and pronunciation and by its use by
a group of speakers who are set off from
others geographically or socially.
A dialect is very different from accent
Dialect can be divided into two types :
Regional and Social.

3. Social Dialects vs. Regional Dialects
SOCIAL DIALECTS REGIONAL DIALECTS
Difference in use of language due to
social class discrepancies
Different in use of language due to
geographical discrepancies
Social Barriers Geographical Barriers
Distance is not an important factor Distance is an important factor
The distinction is not clear-cut The distinction is clear-cut
Can be easily influenced by external
factors
Not easily influenced by external
factors

4. WHAT IS SOCIAL DIALECT ?
 a variety of language that reflects social
variation in language use, according to certain
factors related to the social group of the speaker
such as education, occupation, income level etc.
 Social dialect is also known as sociolect.
 According to Peter Trudgill,” Sociolect is a
variety which is thought of as being related to its
speakers’ social background rather than
geographical background.”

5. FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIAL
DIALECT
 Social class
 Religion
 Education
 Profession
 Caste
 Age
 Gender

6. HOW LANGUAGES VARY IN
SOCIAL DIALECT?
Vocabulary
Pronunciation
Grammar

7. Examples of Social Dialects in England
(1) Words that initiate with ‘h’
 Two types of pronunciations for ‘h’ in words such as ‘house’ – [h] or Ø
 The rate of ‘h’ omission in word initials increase as we go lower in social class
Social Class Rate of ‘h’ omission
1 17
2 21
3 43
4 64
5 96
< Comparison between social class and the rate of ‘h’ omission>

8. (2) ‘r’ that comes behind a vowel
Two types of pronunciations in ‘r’ in words such as ‘car’ or ‘card’ – [r] or Ø
 People of high social class have the tendency to omit the sound ‘r’ behind a vowel
Social Class Reading
1 0
2 28
3 44
4 49
< The realization of [r] in words >

9. (3) Suffix ‘-ing’
 Two types of pronunciation in ‘-ing’ in words such as ‘swimming’ and
‘sleeping’ – [in] or [iŋ]
 Higher social classes use more [in] compared to [iŋ]
< Use of pronunciation [iŋ] for suffix ‘-ing’>
Social Class Norwich West Yorkshire
1 31 5
2 41 34
3 91 61
4 100 83

10. EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL DIALECTS IN
BANGLADESH
 “Upper Class’ people and ‘Lower class’ people in
Bangladesh speak different variety of
“BANGLA”.
Upper Class Lower Class
খাচ্ছিΨচ্ছ খাচ্ছইতাচ্ছিΨছ
জাচ্ছনাচ্ছলাচ্ছ জাচ্ছনলাচ্ছ
ভাচ্ছত খাচ্ছব ভাচ্ছত খাচ্ছমু

11. SOCIAL CLASS : VOCABULARY AS A
SOCIAL MAKER
 In the 1950s in England, many pairs of words
were to identify the social group the speaker
belongs to.
 The word either placed the speaker in the
“Upper-class speakers” or the “non-upper class
speaker”.
Upper Class Speaker Non-Upper class
speaker
Sitting Room Lounge
Lavatory Toilet
Sofa Settee

12. SOCIAL CLASS: GRAMMAR AS A
SOCIAL MARKER
 In English speaking communities, it was found
that children from lower-class families used more
vernacular verb form than children from middle-
class families.
 Examples:
FORM HIGHER CLASS LOWER CLASS
Present Tense He walks to
college everyday.
He walk to college
everyday.
Past Tense I finished that
book yesterday.
I finish that book
yesterday.
Negative Forms Nobody wants any
chips.
Nobody don’t want
no chips.

13. CASTES AND SOCIAL DIALECT
 Social dialects can be seen clearly in Indonesia or
India where caste systems determined by birth.
 People’s language reflect their social grouping
when they use different social dialect.
 These social distinctions are also reflected in
speech and a person’s social dialect reflects his
social background.

14. EXAMPLES FROM CASTES
 In Indonesia, the Javanese language reflects the
social status not just in the choice of linguistic
forms but also in the combination of forms which
each social group uses. There are 3 distinct social
groups-
1)The dialect of lowest status group(peasants,
uneducated town people)
2)The dialect of urbanized people with some
education.
3)The dialect of the highly educated people.

15. CASTE SYSTEM DETERMINED
SOCIAL CLASS
 speech system is determined by socioeconomic
class and social context. In the Tamil Speaking
Caste in India,
 Iyengar (Brahmin)--scholarly and higher in the
caste hierarchy
 Mudaliyar (non-Brahmin)—Lower caste.
word Brahmin non-Brahmin
Drinking Water tirrto tanni
food saado sooru
worship puuje puuse

16. LANGUAGE VARIATION DUE TO
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Well Educated people’s Language :
--- Formal
--Appropriate
--Grammatically Correct
-- Talk Like a book.
 Less Educated people’s language :
--- More Casual
--some times ungrammatical
--infrequent words in speech

17. SOCIAL VARIATION (AGE)
 Within the same social class,
differences may link with the
age or sex of the speakers.
 Grandparent-grandchild time span.

18. SOCIAL VARIATION (ETHNIC
BACKGROUND)
 A variety of a language spoken by a particular
ethnic group.
 For Example,
 African American Vernacular English
(AAVE),also called Black English or Ebonics.
 Absence of copula “be” : “You crazy”.
 Multiple negation : “I don’t know nobody”.
 Omission of the 3rd person –s/es: e.g. “he like
reading”.

19. /R/ SOUND REFERS TO CLASS
DISTINCTION
 According to Trudgill ,
Lower-Higher == omission of /r/sound
Higher Lower == use of /r/ sound
 According to Labov,
higher socioeconomic status==use more /r/sound
lower socioeconomic status == use fewer /r/ sound.

20. REGISTER RELATED TO SOCIAL
DIALECT
 The concept of linguistic register has been
described by Trudgill as follows:
 “Linguistic varieties that are linked to
occupations, professions or topics have been
termed registers. The register of law, for example,
is different from the register of medicine, which
in turn is different from the language of
engineering and so on.
 They are characterized solely by vocabulary
differences; either by the use of particular words,
or by the use of words in a particular sense.”

21. KINDS OF SOCIOLECT
 The following are the several kinds of sociolect :
1) Acrolect : This is the social dialect that is
considered to be higher or more prestigious than
others. For examples, the Javanese with Kromo
dialect is considered to be in the higher level
than Ngoko dialect.
2) Bacilect : It refers to the social dialect that is
considered to be lower or less prestigious than
others.

22. KIND OF
SOCIOLECT(CONTINUED)
 3)Vulgars : contains features that are
used by less educated or even uneducated
people.
 4) Slang : Non-standard words that are
used by a certain group of people.
 5)colloquial : It means the social dialect
used in daily conversation or used in
speaking and not in writing.

23. THANK YOU !