Stylistics is the study of style in texts. It examines an author's distinctive use of features like vocabulary, grammar, figures of speech and their effects. Foregrounding refers to linguistic features that are made prominent in a text to achieve special effects. It relates to deviation from ordinary language norms. Foregrounding devices attract attention and influence a reader's interpretation through what is emphasized versus backgrounded.
This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
What is Universal Grammar Theory and its Criticism Farhad Mohammad
This document discusses Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar and its application to language acquisition and learning. It begins by introducing Chomsky's work in the 1960s questioning how children can produce novel sentences if language is learned through conditioning alone. It then defines Universal Grammar as the innate, universal principles and parameters that are part of the human language faculty. The document outlines some key aspects of Universal Grammar, including principles that are shared across all languages and parameters that allow for variation. It discusses arguments for and against Universal Grammar, hypotheses about how UG is accessed in first and second language acquisition, and debates around issues like whether parameters can be reset in a second language. Overall, the document provides an overview of Chomsky's influential theory of Universal Grammar
Regional dialects are variations of a language that differ based on geographic region. They can vary in pronunciation, word choices, and grammatical rules. Examples include different pronunciations of words like "luxury" between American and British English. Regional dialects also vary lexically, with different words used to refer to the same objects in different places. Additionally, regional dialects exhibit syntactic differences, such as the use of double modals or objects in some areas. Social dialects arise from social factors and can be based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and other social attributes.
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
Stylistics is the study of style in texts. It examines an author's distinctive use of features like vocabulary, grammar, figures of speech and their effects. Foregrounding refers to linguistic features that are made prominent in a text to achieve special effects. It relates to deviation from ordinary language norms. Foregrounding devices attract attention and influence a reader's interpretation through what is emphasized versus backgrounded.
This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
Semantics is the study of meanings of words, phrases and sentences. It involves analyzing conceptual meanings, which are the basic components of a word's meaning, and associative meanings, which are connotations attached to a word. Semantics also examines how words fulfill roles like agent, theme, and experiencer within sentences, and lexical relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, and polysemy.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
What is Universal Grammar Theory and its Criticism Farhad Mohammad
This document discusses Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar and its application to language acquisition and learning. It begins by introducing Chomsky's work in the 1960s questioning how children can produce novel sentences if language is learned through conditioning alone. It then defines Universal Grammar as the innate, universal principles and parameters that are part of the human language faculty. The document outlines some key aspects of Universal Grammar, including principles that are shared across all languages and parameters that allow for variation. It discusses arguments for and against Universal Grammar, hypotheses about how UG is accessed in first and second language acquisition, and debates around issues like whether parameters can be reset in a second language. Overall, the document provides an overview of Chomsky's influential theory of Universal Grammar
Regional dialects are variations of a language that differ based on geographic region. They can vary in pronunciation, word choices, and grammatical rules. Examples include different pronunciations of words like "luxury" between American and British English. Regional dialects also vary lexically, with different words used to refer to the same objects in different places. Additionally, regional dialects exhibit syntactic differences, such as the use of double modals or objects in some areas. Social dialects arise from social factors and can be based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and other social attributes.
The document defines various linguistic terms related to code switching including code, monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual. It then discusses types of code switching such as inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and tag code switching. Finally, it outlines some common reasons for code switching such as to fulfill a need, show solidarity, reflect social status, based on topic, to express affection, and to persuade an audience.
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to regional variation and dialects, including:
1) Regional dialects arise from variations in language associated with different places, and are an easy way to observe language variety.
2) Over time and distance, dialects can diverge and become unintelligible to one another, as seen with the evolution of Latin into the distinct languages of French, Spanish, and Italian.
3) Dialect atlases aim to map the geographical boundaries of linguistic features using lines called isoglosses, showing where different pronunciations, words, or syntactic features are used on either side.
4) Bundles of intersecting isoglosses often delineate clear dialect boundaries between regions.
Language varieties refer to different forms of a language influenced by social factors such as situation, occupation, age, geography, education, gender, social status, and ethnicity. There are several types of language varieties including dialects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. A dialect is a variety of a language used in a specific region or social class. Registers are varieties used in different situations based on formality. A pidgin is a simplified mixed language with reduced vocabulary and grammar used for communication between speakers of different languages, while a creole develops when a pidgin becomes the primary language of a group and acquires more complex grammar.
The document repeatedly lists the "Department of English Language and Literature, MUL" without providing any additional context or information. It is unclear what the purpose or content of the document is, as only the department name is repeated over 15 times.
This presentation is about gender differences in the use of language from the perspective of Sociolinguistics. The contents have mostly been taken from Ronald Warhaugh's book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". However, some examples have also been provided from the Urdu language.
The document defines inter-language as the language system produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a new language. Inter-language develops based on rules from the learner's first language and the target language, and may not reflect features of either. The inter-language system changes over time as rules are altered, deleted, or added. Learners progress through stages from early approximations of the target language to later intermediate and final stages. Fossilization occurs when errors become impossible to correct despite ability and motivation.
what is stylistics and its levels 1.Phonological level 2.Graphological leve...RajpootBhatti5
This document discusses stylistics and its levels of analysis. It defines stylistics as the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective, focusing on literature but also other written texts. There are five main levels of stylistics analysis:
1. Phonological level - Analyzes sounds, pronunciation, rhythm, etc.
2. Graphological level - Examines handwriting, fonts, punctuation, spelling.
3. Grammatical level - Looks at parts of speech, abbreviations, verbs, and the language of newspaper headlines.
4. Pragmatics level - Studies context, meaning, presuppositions, and speech acts.
5. Conversation/discourse analysis - Analyzes
This document discusses language variation and the different types of language varieties. It defines varieties as forms of language that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between regions, social classes, or functions. The key varieties discussed are standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, and lingua francas. Standard language is used widely for official purposes, while dialects vary regionally or among social groups. Registers differ based on social or occupational context. Pidgins emerge for communication between groups with no shared language, and creoles develop when pidgins are passed to children as a native language.
The document discusses the relationship between language and identity. It explains that identity is multifaceted and expressed through factors like accent, vocabulary, and naming practices. How people address each other and what pronouns they use can indicate social relationships and group membership. Language use helps people both construct their own identities and categorize others as belonging to certain social groups or not. Identity involves complex interactions between individual, social, and political identities shaped by language.
Discourse analysis is the study of written and spoken language use beyond the sentence level. It examines how language is used in a social context and how it relates to other factors like culture. There are different types of discourse including narrative, descriptive, persuasive, argumentative, and expository. Oral discourse involves spoken communication while written discourse conveys meaning through written language. Some key differences between oral and written discourse are that oral discourse allows for nonverbal cues and can be more spontaneous while written discourse provides more structure and cannot be changed once published.
Discourse analysis refers to studying language use beyond the sentence level, including conversational exchanges and written texts. There are several approaches to discourse analysis from different disciplines. These include speech act theory (language as action), conversation analysis (structure of dialogue), interactional sociolinguistics (context and social identities), ethnography of communication (culture and communication), pragmatics (meaning based on context), and variation analysis (linguistic structures in texts). Each approach provides a distinct perspective for analyzing discourse in social contexts.
This document discusses societal multilingualism. It defines multilingualism as the knowledge or use of more than one language by an individual or community. It describes characteristics of multilingual communities, including that individuals may not have perfect command of multiple languages and instead demonstrate selective functionality. The document also discusses concepts like speech communities, language choice based on domains, patterns of language use, diglossia, code switching, code mixing, and implications for language teaching.
Language plays a key role in forming and expressing identity. Identity is influenced by both conscious and unconscious processes and is shaped by how individuals see themselves and how society defines them. Language serves both communication and identity functions, with neither being fixed. Through language, groups distinguish members from non-members and develop variations that mark their identity. A person's identity formation occurs through discourse, with language choices being paramount to how they construct self and are identified by others.
Here are the key points about pidgins and creoles:
- Pidgins develop as a means of communication between groups that don't share a common language. They are simplified linguistic systems.
- Creoles develop when pidgins are passed down to children and become their native language. Creoles are more fully developed systems compared to pidgins.
- Pidgins borrow features from the languages in contact, like vocabulary and word order. They simplify phonology and morphology.
- Creolization occurs when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community and takes on richer linguistic properties through natural language acquisition by children.
The document discusses language identity, power, and politics. It defines identity as something that is constantly negotiated through interactions. There are four types of identity: master, interactive, personal, and relational. Language plays a role in national and cultural identity. Power can be exercised through language by elevating some varieties and suppressing others. Language is also used politically through techniques like presupposition, implicature, metaphors, and euphemisms. Historically, English emerged as the language of power in India under British rule and eventually became a global language with technological advancement.
This document discusses language change and how it spreads. It provides three main points:
1) Language changes over time in pronunciation, meaning, and vocabulary. Changes occur due to speaker innovation and are influenced by factors like time, location, and social context.
2) Language changes spread from group to group, style to style, and word to word. Changes originate from both above, which people are aware of, and below, which people are unaware of.
3) Reasons for language change include social status, gender, and interaction between groups. People of higher social status and women often introduce changes, while isolation slows changes. Studying language change involves real-time and apparent-time analysis of usage
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
The document discusses the concept of speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who share similar language ideas, uses and norms. It notes that members of a speech community use language according to a set of shared norms and characteristics. The document outlines key elements of speech communities including population, area, facilities, identification and interaction. It also discusses sociolinguistic variables that can cause one to belong to one speech community and not another, such as age, social class, education and others.
Languages are dying at an alarming rate, with approximately half of the world's 6,500 languages endangered or extinct. A language dies when no one speaks it anymore. As a language's domains of use shrink and its speakers become less proficient, the language gradually dies, as seen in the case of Annie and her Aboriginal language Dyirbal. When the current generation of speakers passes away, the language will likely become extinct if not revitalized. Gradual language loss and death occurs as communities shift to majority languages in more social contexts over time.
Social factors governing language variationZaraAnsari6
Social factors like class, ethnicity, gender, age, and education influence language variation. Labov's study found class affected pronunciation patterns, with upper classes using standard variants and lower classes using non-standard variants. Ethnic groups develop language varieties through substrates and adstrates. Gender influences language choice, with men using more direct and non-standard forms while women use more standard forms. Younger generations adopt new slang that differs from older generations. Education level also impacts language, with more educated speakers using standard dialects. These social dimensions are core to understanding sociolinguistic variation.
This document discusses regional dialects and social dialects. It defines regional dialects as varieties of a language associated with a particular geographical area. Regional dialects can differ in pronunciation, word choices, and syntax. Social dialects are varieties associated with particular social groups or classes defined by factors like occupation, education, income, and ethnicity. The way people speak can provide clues to their social background. Certain linguistic features are used more frequently by some social groups than others.
This document discusses language variation and varieties. It defines key terms such as language, dialect, and varieties. Some main points:
- No two speakers speak exactly the same way and an individual's speech varies across situations.
- Language varieties refer to different forms of language influenced by social factors like region, social class, individual, and situation.
- A dialect is a language variety spoken by a community that has distinguishing phonological, lexical, and grammatical features.
- Varieties refer to sets of linguistic items associated with external social factors like a geographical area and social group.
- Dialects are influenced by various social factors and everyone speaks at least one dialect. Standard dialects have more prestige than others due
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to regional variation and dialects, including:
1) Regional dialects arise from variations in language associated with different places, and are an easy way to observe language variety.
2) Over time and distance, dialects can diverge and become unintelligible to one another, as seen with the evolution of Latin into the distinct languages of French, Spanish, and Italian.
3) Dialect atlases aim to map the geographical boundaries of linguistic features using lines called isoglosses, showing where different pronunciations, words, or syntactic features are used on either side.
4) Bundles of intersecting isoglosses often delineate clear dialect boundaries between regions.
Language varieties refer to different forms of a language influenced by social factors such as situation, occupation, age, geography, education, gender, social status, and ethnicity. There are several types of language varieties including dialects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. A dialect is a variety of a language used in a specific region or social class. Registers are varieties used in different situations based on formality. A pidgin is a simplified mixed language with reduced vocabulary and grammar used for communication between speakers of different languages, while a creole develops when a pidgin becomes the primary language of a group and acquires more complex grammar.
The document repeatedly lists the "Department of English Language and Literature, MUL" without providing any additional context or information. It is unclear what the purpose or content of the document is, as only the department name is repeated over 15 times.
This presentation is about gender differences in the use of language from the perspective of Sociolinguistics. The contents have mostly been taken from Ronald Warhaugh's book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". However, some examples have also been provided from the Urdu language.
The document defines inter-language as the language system produced by second and foreign language learners who are in the process of learning a new language. Inter-language develops based on rules from the learner's first language and the target language, and may not reflect features of either. The inter-language system changes over time as rules are altered, deleted, or added. Learners progress through stages from early approximations of the target language to later intermediate and final stages. Fossilization occurs when errors become impossible to correct despite ability and motivation.
what is stylistics and its levels 1.Phonological level 2.Graphological leve...RajpootBhatti5
This document discusses stylistics and its levels of analysis. It defines stylistics as the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective, focusing on literature but also other written texts. There are five main levels of stylistics analysis:
1. Phonological level - Analyzes sounds, pronunciation, rhythm, etc.
2. Graphological level - Examines handwriting, fonts, punctuation, spelling.
3. Grammatical level - Looks at parts of speech, abbreviations, verbs, and the language of newspaper headlines.
4. Pragmatics level - Studies context, meaning, presuppositions, and speech acts.
5. Conversation/discourse analysis - Analyzes
This document discusses language variation and the different types of language varieties. It defines varieties as forms of language that differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar between regions, social classes, or functions. The key varieties discussed are standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, classical languages, and lingua francas. Standard language is used widely for official purposes, while dialects vary regionally or among social groups. Registers differ based on social or occupational context. Pidgins emerge for communication between groups with no shared language, and creoles develop when pidgins are passed to children as a native language.
The document discusses the relationship between language and identity. It explains that identity is multifaceted and expressed through factors like accent, vocabulary, and naming practices. How people address each other and what pronouns they use can indicate social relationships and group membership. Language use helps people both construct their own identities and categorize others as belonging to certain social groups or not. Identity involves complex interactions between individual, social, and political identities shaped by language.
Discourse analysis is the study of written and spoken language use beyond the sentence level. It examines how language is used in a social context and how it relates to other factors like culture. There are different types of discourse including narrative, descriptive, persuasive, argumentative, and expository. Oral discourse involves spoken communication while written discourse conveys meaning through written language. Some key differences between oral and written discourse are that oral discourse allows for nonverbal cues and can be more spontaneous while written discourse provides more structure and cannot be changed once published.
Discourse analysis refers to studying language use beyond the sentence level, including conversational exchanges and written texts. There are several approaches to discourse analysis from different disciplines. These include speech act theory (language as action), conversation analysis (structure of dialogue), interactional sociolinguistics (context and social identities), ethnography of communication (culture and communication), pragmatics (meaning based on context), and variation analysis (linguistic structures in texts). Each approach provides a distinct perspective for analyzing discourse in social contexts.
This document discusses societal multilingualism. It defines multilingualism as the knowledge or use of more than one language by an individual or community. It describes characteristics of multilingual communities, including that individuals may not have perfect command of multiple languages and instead demonstrate selective functionality. The document also discusses concepts like speech communities, language choice based on domains, patterns of language use, diglossia, code switching, code mixing, and implications for language teaching.
Language plays a key role in forming and expressing identity. Identity is influenced by both conscious and unconscious processes and is shaped by how individuals see themselves and how society defines them. Language serves both communication and identity functions, with neither being fixed. Through language, groups distinguish members from non-members and develop variations that mark their identity. A person's identity formation occurs through discourse, with language choices being paramount to how they construct self and are identified by others.
Here are the key points about pidgins and creoles:
- Pidgins develop as a means of communication between groups that don't share a common language. They are simplified linguistic systems.
- Creoles develop when pidgins are passed down to children and become their native language. Creoles are more fully developed systems compared to pidgins.
- Pidgins borrow features from the languages in contact, like vocabulary and word order. They simplify phonology and morphology.
- Creolization occurs when a pidgin becomes the native language of a community and takes on richer linguistic properties through natural language acquisition by children.
The document discusses language identity, power, and politics. It defines identity as something that is constantly negotiated through interactions. There are four types of identity: master, interactive, personal, and relational. Language plays a role in national and cultural identity. Power can be exercised through language by elevating some varieties and suppressing others. Language is also used politically through techniques like presupposition, implicature, metaphors, and euphemisms. Historically, English emerged as the language of power in India under British rule and eventually became a global language with technological advancement.
This document discusses language change and how it spreads. It provides three main points:
1) Language changes over time in pronunciation, meaning, and vocabulary. Changes occur due to speaker innovation and are influenced by factors like time, location, and social context.
2) Language changes spread from group to group, style to style, and word to word. Changes originate from both above, which people are aware of, and below, which people are unaware of.
3) Reasons for language change include social status, gender, and interaction between groups. People of higher social status and women often introduce changes, while isolation slows changes. Studying language change involves real-time and apparent-time analysis of usage
Sociolinguistics - Chapter Two - Language choice in multilingual communitiesAyu Retno Aditya
This document discusses language choice and code switching in multilingual communities. It defines code switching as alternating between two or more languages in discourse, with one language typically dominant. Code mixing occurs when speakers use two languages below the clause level. The codes chosen convey how the speaker wishes to be viewed by others. Diglossia refers to using distinct language varieties for different social functions, with the "high" variety not used in everyday conversation. Code switching is intentional based on factors like topic or audience, while code mixing has no specific purpose and inserts words from another language.
This document provides an overview of pidgins and creoles. It defines pidgins as contact languages that arise between distinct linguistic groups for communication, featuring reduced grammar and vocabulary. Creoles develop from pidgins when a new generation acquires the contact language as its native tongue, expanding its structure. The document outlines the processes of pidginization and creolization, and notes that creoles may decreolize over time to resemble the standard language. It provides examples of pidgins and creoles, and a model of their life cycle from jargon to creole and possible convergence with the standard form.
The document discusses the concept of speech communities. It defines a speech community as a group of people who share similar language ideas, uses and norms. It notes that members of a speech community use language according to a set of shared norms and characteristics. The document outlines key elements of speech communities including population, area, facilities, identification and interaction. It also discusses sociolinguistic variables that can cause one to belong to one speech community and not another, such as age, social class, education and others.
Languages are dying at an alarming rate, with approximately half of the world's 6,500 languages endangered or extinct. A language dies when no one speaks it anymore. As a language's domains of use shrink and its speakers become less proficient, the language gradually dies, as seen in the case of Annie and her Aboriginal language Dyirbal. When the current generation of speakers passes away, the language will likely become extinct if not revitalized. Gradual language loss and death occurs as communities shift to majority languages in more social contexts over time.
Social factors governing language variationZaraAnsari6
Social factors like class, ethnicity, gender, age, and education influence language variation. Labov's study found class affected pronunciation patterns, with upper classes using standard variants and lower classes using non-standard variants. Ethnic groups develop language varieties through substrates and adstrates. Gender influences language choice, with men using more direct and non-standard forms while women use more standard forms. Younger generations adopt new slang that differs from older generations. Education level also impacts language, with more educated speakers using standard dialects. These social dimensions are core to understanding sociolinguistic variation.
This document discusses regional dialects and social dialects. It defines regional dialects as varieties of a language associated with a particular geographical area. Regional dialects can differ in pronunciation, word choices, and syntax. Social dialects are varieties associated with particular social groups or classes defined by factors like occupation, education, income, and ethnicity. The way people speak can provide clues to their social background. Certain linguistic features are used more frequently by some social groups than others.
This document discusses language variation and varieties. It defines key terms such as language, dialect, and varieties. Some main points:
- No two speakers speak exactly the same way and an individual's speech varies across situations.
- Language varieties refer to different forms of language influenced by social factors like region, social class, individual, and situation.
- A dialect is a language variety spoken by a community that has distinguishing phonological, lexical, and grammatical features.
- Varieties refer to sets of linguistic items associated with external social factors like a geographical area and social group.
- Dialects are influenced by various social factors and everyone speaks at least one dialect. Standard dialects have more prestige than others due
This document discusses various regional dialects in the United States and their origins based on early settlement patterns. It provides examples of place names, phonological differences, and vocabulary variations across regions settled by the Dutch, Irish, English, Scots-Irish, and others. The document also examines regional humor styles including Yankee, Southern, Western frontier, and rural/country humor characterized by exaggeration and references to farming/ranching.
Definition....differences...Factors....how does language vary....kinds of social dialect....sociolect in England and Bangladesh..... importance of social class in social dialect.....
This document discusses social dialects and how they differ from regional dialects. It defines dialect as a variety of a language that signals where a person comes from and is influenced by their social background. Social dialect, also called sociolinguistics, refers to variations in language based on social factors like ethnicity, gender, age, and social class. Regional dialect depends more on the geographical area where a language is spoken. While both reflect social variations in language use, social dialects are influenced more by social barriers between groups rather than geographical distance.
This document discusses the complex relationship between language and dialect. It begins by defining key terms like language, dialect, accent, and register. It then examines different ways languages and dialects have been categorized, such as by mutual intelligibility, prestige, size, and through the family tree model of tracing linguistic descent. However, the document notes there is no clear distinction between language and dialect, as variations exist on a continuum. Factors like politics, history and social perceptions further complicate defining and delimiting languages versus dialects.
This document discusses social dialects in England. It defines a dialect as a variety of a language characteristic of a particular group. Social dialects are divided based on social class, while regional dialects differ based on geographic region. Examples of social dialects in England include pronouncing words beginning with "h" as either [h] or dropping the "h", pronouncing "r" after vowels as either [r] or dropping the "r", and pronouncing the "-ing" suffix as either [in] or [iŋ]. The background sections provide historical context on the evolution of these pronunciations from Old English to modern times. Studying social dialects provides insight into time periods, environments, literature, and social backgrounds.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how social factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, and socioeconomic class influence language. It examines how language differs between social groups and how these differences can categorize individuals. Sociolinguists study how grammar, vocabulary, and other language aspects vary depending on social context, in contrast to dialectology which focuses on language's effect on society. Key concepts in sociolinguistics include speech communities, prestige varieties, social networks, and differences in language according to class, age, gender, geography, and politeness.
This document outlines lesson plans for a four-day course on language and gender. Day 1 focuses on how gender plays a role in discourse with activities analyzing gender differences in communication. Day 2 has students analyzing a text to identify gender characteristics. Day 3 teaches about dialect, sociolect and idiolect with videos and exercises. Day 4 is a one hour exam to test students' understanding.
This document introduces the concepts of language variation, dialects, and sociolects. It defines dialects as geographical variants of a language that are mutually intelligible, differing in phonology, syntax, and lexicon between regions. Sociolects refer to linguistic differences between social groups. Language naturally varies across both time and space in dialects and across social dimensions in sociolects. Variation exists within and between speakers and groups, and linguistic forms can be adopted from other dialects or sociolects to perform identity.
Language in social context revised 2012Kristel Cacha
This document discusses speech communities and speech varieties. A speech community is defined as a group that shares a language or language variety and whose members interact frequently. There are four main types of speech varieties: standard languages, social dialects, regional varieties, and registers. Standard languages are promoted varieties, while social dialects are defined by social attributes. Regional varieties are defined geographically and registers are defined by social context or situation. The document also discusses social differentiation of language and how socioeconomic status can correlate with differences in language use.
The document discusses the differences between formal and informal language and when each type of language should be used. Formal language is used when wanting to make a good impression on respected figures like teachers, principals, and police officers. It involves speaking in a more traditional way and using longer word forms. Informal language is for conversations with peers or close adults and allows for a more relaxed speaking style using slang or shortened words while still being respectful. Examples are provided of situations that call for either formal or informal language.
This document summarizes techniques for identifying implied main ideas and central ideas that are not directly stated in passages but can be inferred from details and context clues. It defines implied main ideas and central ideas, and provides strategies for determining them such as analyzing an author's thought patterns, identifying topics and supporting details, and formulating summary statements. The document uses examples and questions to illustrate how to apply these skills of implied understanding.
This document discusses language varieties and standards. It notes that every language user has an accent or dialect influenced by their region and social group. It also discusses bilingualism, pidgins, and creoles. Pidgins develop for trade but may become creoles if passed to children. When a country is bilingual, language planning includes standardization through elaboration, selection, codification, and acceptance to establish a standard variety used in public life.
Slang and jargon are both informal vocabularies, but differ in their usage. Slang refers to informal words used in certain social contexts, while jargon consists of specialized terminology used within a particular field or profession. Jargon aims to precisely define terms for practitioners of a discipline, whereas slang is more casual and seeks to identify social groups through novel word usages. Both can evolve over time, with some slang terms becoming standard language and jargon spreading more widely as fields grow in popularity.
An accent describes aspects of pronunciation that identify where a speaker is from regionally or socially, while a dialect describes features of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Specifically, an accent is how a word is pronounced, whereas a dialect can include different words altogether or variations in grammar. For example, the Noakhali language dialect of Bangladesh includes distinctive words and grammar compared to other dialects.
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The document is a 9-page assignment on the topic of language variation submitted for a sociolinguistics course. It defines key concepts in sociolinguistics such as standard language, dialects, registers, and style. It discusses how factors like region, social class, gender, and formality influence language variation. Specific language varieties covered include regional dialects, social dialects, individual dialects, accent, jargon, slang, and styles. Speech accommodation processes like convergence and divergence are also summarized.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics examines language variation according to social factors like age, gender, education level, occupation, and social class. Some key findings are:
1) Social dialects vary regionally and according to social class. Working class speakers tend to use features that differ from middle class speakers, marking social status.
2) Social markers like pronunciation patterns (e.g. dropping /r/ sounds) can signify membership in social groups. Features associated with less education often indicate lower class.
3) Basil Bernstein identified "elaborated codes" used by middle/upper classes that emphasize individual expression, and "restricted codes
This document discusses language, dialects, and registers. It begins by defining the difference between a language and dialect, noting that a dialect is a regional variety of a larger language. It then discusses two types of dialects: geographical/regional dialects, which vary based on geographic location; and social dialects, also called sociolects, which vary based to social factors like occupation, age, or class. Finally, it defines language registers as levels of formality, outlining five main registers from frozen to intimate and factors like audience and purpose that influence register choice.
The results of our group discussion on sociolinguistics. We take this material from several book references. We uploaded this presentation with the aim that we can learn together especially sociolinguistics. We hope that readers can understand the contents of the material. There are many mistakes please forgive us. Thank you.
This document defines sociolinguistics and discusses various aspects of language variation. Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how people vary their language use across different social contexts and how language conveys social meanings. The document also discusses standard and non-standard language varieties, language variation in terms of both users and uses, and other types of language variation including dialect, register, accent, bilingualism/multilingualism, lingua franca, pidgin/creole, and code switching/mixing.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics, including its definition, history, key concepts, methodologies, and subfields of micro-sociolinguistics and macro-sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of how society and language interact and influence each other. It was first developed in the 19th century and pioneered by William Labov in the 1960s. Key concepts discussed include speech communities, prestige of varieties, social networks, and the differences between internal and external language. Methodologies include analyzing language variation across styles from formal to casual. Micro-sociolinguistics examines dialect and register variation while macro-sociolinguistics takes a broader comparative approach studying
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Sociolinguistics is the study of how language interacts with society. It examines how social factors like region, class, gender, and age affect language use and how language influences society. William Labov pioneered sociolinguistic analysis in the 1960s by studying language variation according to social characteristics of speakers. Sociolinguistics can be studied at the micro-level, focusing on linguistic variation within a language, or at the macro-level, examining broader social and cultural influences on language use across speech communities.
This document discusses language choice in multilingual communities. It defines key concepts like domains of language use, settings, diglossia, polyglossia, code-switching, and lexical borrowing. Domains involve typical interactions between participants about topics, like family or employment. Settings refer to physical places like home or school. Diglossia describes communities with high and low language varieties used in formal vs informal situations. Code-switching is moving between languages or styles, while lexical borrowing adopts words from another language due to vocabulary lack. Understanding these factors helps explain language choice in multilingual settings.
This document summarizes a final project paper that investigates the relationship between social class and language use. It defines social class and explores the historical relationship between social class and language. It then discusses how social class affects language from a linguistic perspective and provides an example of a field work study conducted with young Costa Ricans to examine linguistic features according to social class.
This document discusses various concepts related to language choice in multilingual communities, including:
- Diglossia, which describes a situation where two distinct language varieties have clear functional separation between domains. Examples given are Standard Arabic/colloquial Arabic and Standard German/Swiss German.
- Polyglossia, which refers to conditions where a population speaks more than three languages, as in Singapore where Mandarin, English, Hokkien and Cantonese are all used for distinct purposes.
- Factors beyond domain that influence language choice, such as social distance between speakers, their social roles, level of formality, and purpose of interaction.
- Attitudes toward 'High' and '
21202244021_Bilingualism_Afiq Amalul Umam_Petrusclaver Samudra Wicaksana.pptxAfiqAmalulUmam
This document discusses various concepts related to language choice in multilingual communities, including:
- Diglossia, which describes a situation where two distinct language varieties have clear functional separation between domains. Examples given are Standard Arabic/colloquial Arabic and Standard German/Swiss German.
- Bilingualism refers to an individual's ability to use two languages, while multilingualism is the ability to use multiple languages.
- Factors that influence language choice include participants, context, topic, social distance between speakers, social roles, level of formality, and purpose of interaction.
- Attitudes toward the "High" and "Low" varieties in diglossia are often ambiguous, with the
This document discusses linguistic stereotypes, dialects, and diversity. It begins by defining linguistics and stereotypes, noting that linguistic stereotypes arise from lack of exposure to other groups and languages. It then provides examples of common stereotypes about women's and men's speech. The document also discusses linguistic diversity in terms of the number of languages and distribution of speakers. It defines dialects and examines reasons for different dialects, as well as the difference between a language and dialect. Finally, it distinguishes between regional and social dialects.
Language, society and culture are forms of social identity that indicate group membership. The science that studies language from a sociocultural perspective is called sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics has strong connections to anthropology and sociology and investigates the crucial roles language plays and the varieties used by different social groups defined by class, education, age, and gender. These social factors can provoke differences in aspects of speech.
This document discusses key concepts in sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of how social factors influence language use and how language impacts society. Some fundamental concepts discussed include speech communities, prestige varieties of language, social networks, internal vs. external language, and how language differs based on social class and aspiration. It also covers concepts like covert prestige, sociolinguistic variables, and deviation from standard language varieties.
This document provides an overview of sociolinguistics. It discusses how sociolinguistics studies language variation in society and how social factors influence language use. Some key points covered include:
- Sociolinguistics examines how social attitudes are conveyed through language variations like accents and vocabulary.
- Language variation can be influenced by both internal structural changes and external social motivations.
- Different types of speech communities exist, including diglossia, bilingualism, and situations that can lead to language splits.
- Sociolinguistic research methods aim to objectively study language use across social groups like age, gender, and class.
1. Code switching refers to switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation. It can occur between speaker turns or within a single turn.
2. Diglossia describes a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used differently, such as a high (H) variety for formal contexts and a low (L) variety for informal contexts.
3. Examples of diglossia include Arabic (H variety for formal contexts vs. colloquial Arabic as L variety), and Swiss German (H variety) vs. local dialects (L varieties). Code switching is a conversational strategy while digloss
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SOCIAL DIALECT
1. SOCIAL DIALECT
Submitted By :
Renaissance Ahmed Sayma
Department of English,
Comilla University.
Email : saymalombu@gmail.com
2. DIALECT
A variety of a language .
A dialect is distinguished by its vocabulary,
grammar, and pronunciation and by its use by
a group of speakers who are set off from
others geographically or socially.
A dialect is very different from accent
Dialect can be divided into two types :
Regional and Social.
3. Social Dialects vs. Regional Dialects
SOCIAL DIALECTS REGIONAL DIALECTS
Difference in use of language due to
social class discrepancies
Different in use of language due to
geographical discrepancies
Social Barriers Geographical Barriers
Distance is not an important factor Distance is an important factor
The distinction is not clear-cut The distinction is clear-cut
Can be easily influenced by external
factors
Not easily influenced by external
factors
4. WHAT IS SOCIAL DIALECT ?
a variety of language that reflects social
variation in language use, according to certain
factors related to the social group of the speaker
such as education, occupation, income level etc.
Social dialect is also known as sociolect.
According to Peter Trudgill,” Sociolect is a
variety which is thought of as being related to its
speakers’ social background rather than
geographical background.”
6. HOW LANGUAGES VARY IN
SOCIAL DIALECT?
Vocabulary
Pronunciation
Grammar
7. Examples of Social Dialects in England
(1) Words that initiate with ‘h’
Two types of pronunciations for ‘h’ in words such as ‘house’ – [h] or Ø
The rate of ‘h’ omission in word initials increase as we go lower in social class
Social Class Rate of ‘h’ omission
1 17
2 21
3 43
4 64
5 96
< Comparison between social class and the rate of ‘h’ omission>
8. (2) ‘r’ that comes behind a vowel
Two types of pronunciations in ‘r’ in words such as ‘car’ or ‘card’ – [r] or Ø
People of high social class have the tendency to omit the sound ‘r’ behind a vowel
Social Class Reading
1 0
2 28
3 44
4 49
< The realization of [r] in words >
9. (3) Suffix ‘-ing’
Two types of pronunciation in ‘-ing’ in words such as ‘swimming’ and
‘sleeping’ – [in] or [iŋ]
Higher social classes use more [in] compared to [iŋ]
< Use of pronunciation [iŋ] for suffix ‘-ing’>
Social Class Norwich West Yorkshire
1 31 5
2 41 34
3 91 61
4 100 83
10. EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL DIALECTS IN
BANGLADESH
“Upper Class’ people and ‘Lower class’ people in
Bangladesh speak different variety of
“BANGLA”.
Upper Class Lower Class
খাচ্ছিΨচ্ছ খাচ্ছইতাচ্ছিΨছ
জাচ্ছনাচ্ছলাচ্ছ জাচ্ছনলাচ্ছ
ভাচ্ছত খাচ্ছব ভাচ্ছত খাচ্ছমু
11. SOCIAL CLASS : VOCABULARY AS A
SOCIAL MAKER
In the 1950s in England, many pairs of words
were to identify the social group the speaker
belongs to.
The word either placed the speaker in the
“Upper-class speakers” or the “non-upper class
speaker”.
Upper Class Speaker Non-Upper class
speaker
Sitting Room Lounge
Lavatory Toilet
Sofa Settee
12. SOCIAL CLASS: GRAMMAR AS A
SOCIAL MARKER
In English speaking communities, it was found
that children from lower-class families used more
vernacular verb form than children from middle-
class families.
Examples:
FORM HIGHER CLASS LOWER CLASS
Present Tense He walks to
college everyday.
He walk to college
everyday.
Past Tense I finished that
book yesterday.
I finish that book
yesterday.
Negative Forms Nobody wants any
chips.
Nobody don’t want
no chips.
13. CASTES AND SOCIAL DIALECT
Social dialects can be seen clearly in Indonesia or
India where caste systems determined by birth.
People’s language reflect their social grouping
when they use different social dialect.
These social distinctions are also reflected in
speech and a person’s social dialect reflects his
social background.
14. EXAMPLES FROM CASTES
In Indonesia, the Javanese language reflects the
social status not just in the choice of linguistic
forms but also in the combination of forms which
each social group uses. There are 3 distinct social
groups-
1)The dialect of lowest status group(peasants,
uneducated town people)
2)The dialect of urbanized people with some
education.
3)The dialect of the highly educated people.
15. CASTE SYSTEM DETERMINED
SOCIAL CLASS
speech system is determined by socioeconomic
class and social context. In the Tamil Speaking
Caste in India,
Iyengar (Brahmin)--scholarly and higher in the
caste hierarchy
Mudaliyar (non-Brahmin)—Lower caste.
word Brahmin non-Brahmin
Drinking Water tirrto tanni
food saado sooru
worship puuje puuse
16. LANGUAGE VARIATION DUE TO
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Well Educated people’s Language :
--- Formal
--Appropriate
--Grammatically Correct
-- Talk Like a book.
Less Educated people’s language :
--- More Casual
--some times ungrammatical
--infrequent words in speech
17. SOCIAL VARIATION (AGE)
Within the same social class,
differences may link with the
age or sex of the speakers.
Grandparent-grandchild time span.
18. SOCIAL VARIATION (ETHNIC
BACKGROUND)
A variety of a language spoken by a particular
ethnic group.
For Example,
African American Vernacular English
(AAVE),also called Black English or Ebonics.
Absence of copula “be” : “You crazy”.
Multiple negation : “I don’t know nobody”.
Omission of the 3rd person –s/es: e.g. “he like
reading”.
19. /R/ SOUND REFERS TO CLASS
DISTINCTION
According to Trudgill ,
Lower-Higher == omission of /r/sound
Higher Lower == use of /r/ sound
According to Labov,
higher socioeconomic status==use more /r/sound
lower socioeconomic status == use fewer /r/ sound.
20. REGISTER RELATED TO SOCIAL
DIALECT
The concept of linguistic register has been
described by Trudgill as follows:
“Linguistic varieties that are linked to
occupations, professions or topics have been
termed registers. The register of law, for example,
is different from the register of medicine, which
in turn is different from the language of
engineering and so on.
They are characterized solely by vocabulary
differences; either by the use of particular words,
or by the use of words in a particular sense.”
21. KINDS OF SOCIOLECT
The following are the several kinds of sociolect :
1) Acrolect : This is the social dialect that is
considered to be higher or more prestigious than
others. For examples, the Javanese with Kromo
dialect is considered to be in the higher level
than Ngoko dialect.
2) Bacilect : It refers to the social dialect that is
considered to be lower or less prestigious than
others.
22. KIND OF
SOCIOLECT(CONTINUED)
3)Vulgars : contains features that are
used by less educated or even uneducated
people.
4) Slang : Non-standard words that are
used by a certain group of people.
5)colloquial : It means the social dialect
used in daily conversation or used in
speaking and not in writing.