This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to regional variation and dialects, including: 1) Regional dialects arise from variations in language associated with different places, and are an easy way to observe language variety. 2) Over time and distance, dialects can diverge and become unintelligible to one another, as seen with the evolution of Latin into the distinct languages of French, Spanish, and Italian. 3) Dialect atlases aim to map the geographical boundaries of linguistic features using lines called isoglosses, showing where different pronunciations, words, or syntactic features are used on either side. 4) Bundles of intersecting isoglosses often delineate clear dialect boundaries between regions.

1. Language
Variation
Group 6:
• Delvi
• Devlia Mona riza
•Syidrati Mona

2. Regional variation
Regional dialects  a variation in speaking
a language associated with place and it is an easy
way of observing variety in language.

3. Regional Variation
Traditional study of Dialect
• Speakers distance themselves from one another over time
and over space.
• Dialects become new languages
• unintelligible to one another
E.g., Latin became French in Frances, Spanish in Spain,
Italian in Italy.
Historical Linguistics
how language changes over time and how
languages relate to one another.

4. Traditional Model of Linguistic
Change
• Family Tree
e.g., Latin has branched into French, Spanish, and
Italian
• Phonemic „split‟
e.g., English /f/ and /v/ are distinctive sounds
• the „comparative method‟ of reconstruction
e.g., English Knave and German Knabe come from
the same source
• „ Internal reconstruction „
e.g., mouse and mice have different vowel sounds

5. Dialect Atlases
“Try to show the geographical boundaries
of the distribution of a particular linguistic
feature by drawing a line on a map”
Such a line is called an isogloss
– On one side of the line people say one
thing, on the other they say a different
thing.

6. Isogloss
The geographical boundary or delineation of a certain
linguistic feature
Ex: the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a
word, or use of some syntactic feature
A line on a map enclosing an area within which a particular
linguistic feature is found
Various types of isogloss are distinguished: an isophone
is a feature of pronunciation, an isolex an item of
vocabulary, an isomorph a feature of wordformation, and
an isoseme a particular word meaning

7. The isoglosses show a considerable amount of crisscrossing caused a number of coincide. The coincide called
a bundle of isoglosses.
A bundle is often said to marks a dialect boundary

8. The Rhenish Fan
 A transitional area between High German and Low German, defined
by the divergence of a series of isoglosses

9. Relic areas, Focal Areas, and
Transition areas
A focal area
 an area whose dialect has exerted influence on
the dialects of surrounding areas, as reflected in a set of is
oglosses more or less concentrically surrounding it.
e.g., Beverly Hills affect LA called 'coke' with 'soda'

10. Relic area  an area isolated from the influences of any
focal area and preserving older linguistic forms that have b
een lost in other regions.
e.g., Antelope Valley still calls bubbly with 'coke', although
other regions have changed the mention of 'coke' with
'soda', then the AV is called the relic area.

11. A transition area 
an area whose dialect has been influenced by
the dialect of one or more neighboring focal areas.
e.g., The neighboring areas of Beverly Hills, such as Watts
influenced LA called 'coke' rather than 'soda' . LA called a
transition area.