This document discusses regional and social dialects. It defines dialect as a variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary that is associated with a particular region. Dialects arise due to geographic separation of populations over time. Social dialects are varieties associated with social groups based on factors like education, occupation, religion, etc. More educated speakers tend to use features of the standard language while vernacular dialects are used by lower classes. The document provides examples of regional dialects in Malaysia that differ in pronunciation and vocabulary depending on the state like Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu. It also discusses how social dialects differ between upper, middle, and working classes in the UK.

1. SOCIAL
DIALECTPRESENTED BY:
NIK NUR AMALIA BINTI WAN ANUAR SHAIPU’DIN
ALIA ATIKAH BINTI JAAFAR
NUR AIN BATRISYIA BINTI MOHD ZAINI

2. WHAT IS DIALECT ?
• Dialect is a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by
pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary
• The study of dialects is known as DIALECTOLOGY or SOCIOLINGUISTICS
• The term dialect is often used to characterize any way of speaking that
differs from the standard variety of a language which is largely
considered to be dialect-free.
• For example: Terengganu Dialect Kedah Dialect
Mung Hang
Air Ayaq

3. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN ACCENT AND
DIALECT ?
DIALECT
• Dialects refer to the way people
speak their mother tongue
• A dialect includes the
pronunciations, grammar and
vocabulary
ACCENT
• Accents refer to how someone
speaks another language
• An accent refers to how people
pronounce words
• For example: A person speaking
English with an Italian accent

4. WHAT IS SOCIAL DIALECT
?
• Social dialect is a variety of language that reflects social variation in
language use, according to certain factors related to the social group of
speakers.
• For example, education, occupation, income level, etc.
• Social dialect also known as SOCIOLECT, GROUP IDIOLECT AND CLASS
DIALECT.
• According to Peter Trudgill, “Sociolect is a variety which is thought of as
being related to its speakers’ social background rather than
geographical background”.

5. SOCIAL
DIALECT
SOCIAL
VARIATION
REGIONAL
VARIATION

6. SOCIAL
VARIATION

7. SOCIAL DIALECTS
Socio-lect / social dialects is a variety of language associated
with a social group.
Social groups are classified based on education, occupation,
social class, religion or ethnic.

8. Factors affecting social dialects
• Education
• Religion
• Profession
• Age
• Ethnic
• Gender
• Caste

9. STANDARD AND VERNACULAR LANGUAGE
ALSO CONSIDERED AS SOCIAL DIALECT
PRESTIGIOUS AND EDUCATED PEOPLE ~~ STANDARD
LOW CLASS AND LESS EDUCATED PEOPLE ~~ VERNACULAR

10. More-highly educated speakers and, often, those belonging to a
higher social class tend to use more features belonging to the
standard language, whereas the original dialect of the region
(vernacular) is better preserved in the speech of the lower and
less-educated classes.
Educational differences between speakers strongly affect the
extent of their vocabulary

11. Standard vs Vernacular
Standard English is the prestige variety of English
which is used in written forms, institutional
contexts or ‘globalizing institutions’
For examples schools and universities, business
and government offices, and banks
Used by prestigious and educated groups
Vernacular is a social dialect spoken by socially
subordinate groups and closely associated with
locally-based communities
Used by lower class and less educated groups
Used locally and globally
Learnt formally in schools
Used locally
Tend to be learnt at home and used in informal
and casual contexts

12. What is RP?
- received pronunciation
- Is an language which is not associated with any
region of the country and carries a high social status
- such as high educated people, prestigious society
or highest social class
- Its also known as the standard English in UK

13. Social Dialects can
be distinguish by
• Vocabulary
• Grammar
• Pronunciation
Social dialects in UK
The social structure of England has been highly influenced by the different
social classes. The Great British Class Survey divided the social system into
classes:
• Upper class
• Middle class including lower middle class, middle class & upper middle
class
• Working class including unskilled working class & skilled working class
• Underclass

14. Lower and
working class
Pronunciation
The T sound at the end of a word is sometimes replaced with a weak H sound. This
can happen with multiple words, for example that.
The word book can be pronounced differently, for example as bewk, while other
words like took or look are often pronounced as tuck and luck
The CK or K sound is often replaced by a kind of Dutch G sound. You would say pig,
gan of goge, lige. Instead of pick, can of coke, like
The TH sound can change into a V sound in the middle of a word. So instead of saying
bother you will say bover.
And to continue on the previous point, the R at the end of words can be replaced by
a AH sound. So instead of saying Brother, you will say bruvah
The H is often dropped at the beginning of words, for example, you would say ello
instead of Hello

15. Upper class
What is Posh in UK?
Posh is an accent only spoken by
people in the Upper class.
It uses other words and even has
some of their own words in
comparison with other accents
and/or dialects (like Estuary
English).
Posh means smart, refined and
elegant.
A ‘posh’ in Regency times in
England was a stylish, highly
affected man, elegant in dress and
manner.
Posh vocabulary
Pip Pip, which is a posh way of saying goodbye
Jove, is an abbreviation of ‘Jehova’ which stands for god;
Poppycock, means nonsense;
Jolly, is a word to make things sound more British English, for
example: We’re having a jolly good time.
Beastly, is a posh way of saying that something is very unpleasant;
Spiffing, is a posh way of saying excellent;

16. Upper class
vs middle
class words
Definition Upper class Middle class
a square piece of cloth or paper
used while you are eating for
protecting your clothes
Napkin Serviette
the sweet course eaten at the end
of a meal.
pudding dessert
A seat for 2 or more people sofa couch
the room in a house or apartment
that is used for relaxing in and
entertaining guests
Drawing room or sitting
room
Living room

17. REGIONAL
VARIATIONS

18. • “IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (OR ENGLAND, INDIA OR
AUSTRALIA), THEY SPEAK ENGLISH”
• ALTHOUGH THIS STATEMENT IS TRUE, BUT IT IS ONLY HALF TRUE,
AND UNDERSTANDING THE OTHER HALF OF THE TRUTH IS
FOR ANY LANGUAGE ARTS TEACHER.
INTRODUCTION

19. INTRODUCTION
• LIKE ANY OTHER LIVING LANGUAGE, SOMETHING THAT VARIES CONSIDERABLY
DEPENDING ON ONE’S REGIONAL BACKGROUND, SOCIAL CLASS AND NETWORK,
ETHNICITY, GENDER, AGE AND STYLE TO NAME ONLY THE MOST SALIENT
DIMENSIONS.
• UNDERSTANDING AND RECIGNIZING SUCH VARIATION IS ESSENTIAL FOR LANGUAGE
ARTS AND SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS.

20. DEFINITION
• WHAT IS REGIONAL VARIATION?
–THE STUDY OF REGIONAL DIALECTS
• VARIETIES OF A LANGUAGE WHICH ARE SPOKEN IN DIFFERENT
GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS.
• A VARIATION IN SPEAKING A LANGUAGE ASSOCIATED WITH
PLACE AND IT IS AN EASY WAY OF OBSERVING VARIETY IN
LANGUAGE.

21. DIALECTS AREA
• WHEN DIFFERENT ISOGLOSSES BUNDLE OR RUN TOGETHER, THEY MAY BE TAKEN TO
DEFINE A DIALECT AREA.
• A BUNDLE IS OFTEN SAID TO MARKS A DIALECT BOUNDARY
• WHAT IS ISOGLOSSES?
– THE GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF A PARTICULAR LINGUISTIC
FEATURE BY DRAWING A LINE ON A MAP.
– THE LINES SEPARATING THE AREAS IN WHICH EACH VARIANT IS USED (DUTCH CHEESE, POT
CHEESE AND SMEARCASE) ARE CALLED ISOGLOSSES.
• ON ONE SIDE OF THE LINE PEOPLE SAY ONE THING, ON THE OTHER THEY SAY A DIFFERENT THING.

22. DIALECTS AREA
• THE ISOGLOSSES SEPARATE THE NORTHERN DIALECT AREA,
IN WHICH PAIL, FAUCET, SKUNK AND MERRY CHRISTMAS!
ARE USED.
• FROM MIDLAND AND SOUTH DIALECT AREAS, IN WHICH
BUCKET, SPICKET, POLECAT AND CHRISTMANS GIFT! ARE
USED RESPECTIVELY.

23. WHY DO REGIONAL DIALECTS ARISE?
• GEOGRAPHY
– THE DIALECTS OF THE TWO SEPARATED POPULATIONS WILL, OVER TIME, DRIFT
APART.
• OTHER FACTORS
– POLITICAL BOUNDARIES
– SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
– MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION ROUTES
– TERRITORIAL CONQUEST
– LANGUAGE CONTACT

24. TRADITIONAL STUDY OF DIALECT
• SPEAKERS DISTANCE THEMSELVES FROM ONE ANOTHER OVER TIME AND
OVER SPACE.
• DIALECTS BECOME NEW LANGUAGES
• UNINTELLIGIBLE TO ONE ANOTHER
• E.G
– LATIN BECAME :
• FRENCH IN FRANCES
• SPANISH IN SPAIN
• ITALIAN IN ITALY

25. TRADITIONAL MODEL OF LINGUISTIC
CHANGE
• FAMILY TREE
– LATIN HAS BRANCHED INTO FRENCH, SPANISH AND ITALIAN
• PHONEMIC “SPLIT”
– ENGLISH /F/ AND /V/ ARE DISTINTIVE SOUNDS THE COMPARATIVES METHOD OF
RECONSTRUCTION
– ENGLISH KNAVE AND GERMAN KNABE COME FROM THE SAME SOURCE
• INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION
– MOUSE AND MICE HAVE DIFFERENT VOWELS SOUNDS

26. FOCAL AREAS
• AN AREA WHOSE DIALECT HAS EXERTED INFLUENCE ON THE
DIALECTS OF SURROUNDING AREAS, AS RELFECTED IN A SET
OF IS IGLOSSES MORE OR LESS CONCENTRICALLY
SURROUNDING IT.
– EXAMPLES
• BEVERLY HILLS AFFECT LA CALLED ‘COKE’ WITH ‘SODA’

27. RELIC AREAS
• AN AREA ISOLATED FROM THE INFLUENCES OF ANY FOCAL
AREA AND PRESERVING OLDER LINGUISTIC FORMS THAT
HAVE BEEN LOST IN OTHER REGIONS.
– EXAMPLE
• ANTELOPE VALLEY STILL CALLS BUBLY WITH ‘COKE’ ALTHOUGH OTHER
REGIONS HAVE CHANGED THE MENTION OF ‘COKE’ WITH ‘SODA’ THEN THE
AV IS CALLED THE RELIC AREA.

28. TRANSITION AREA
• AN AREA WHOSE DIALECT HAS BEEN INFLUENCED BY THE
DIALECT OF ONE OR MORE NEIGHBOURING FOCAL AREAS
– EXAMPLE
• THE NEIGHBORING AREAS OF BEVERLY HILLS, SUCH AS WATTS INFLUENCED
LA CALLED ‘COKE’ RATHER THAN ‘SODA’, LA IS CALLED A TRANSITION AREA

29. MALAYSIA REGIONAL DIALECT
• MALAYSIA IS KNOWN FOR ITS UNIQUE LANGUAGE VARIETIES DUE TO THE EXISTENCE
OF 3 MAJOR RACES MALAY, CHINESE AND INDIAN SPEAKING 3 DIFFERENT MOTHER
TONGUES. IN ADDITION TO THAT, MALAYSIA REGARDLESS RACES TEND TO SPEAK IN
CERTAIN DIALECT ACCORDING TO THE REGION/STATE THEY ARE FROM AS WELL AS
CERTAION DIALECT (ACCENT), WAY OF SPEAKING IN DAILY CONVERSATION
DEPENDING ON SITUATIOS AND SOCIAL SUBJECTS.

30. EXAMPLES

31. EXAMPLES DIALECT IN KEDAH

32. EXAMPLES DIALECT IN KELANTAN

33. EXAMPLES DIALECT IN TERENGGANU

34. THANK YOU