This document discusses language change and how it spreads. It provides three main points: 1) Language changes over time in pronunciation, meaning, and vocabulary. Changes occur due to speaker innovation and are influenced by factors like time, location, and social context. 2) Language changes spread from group to group, style to style, and word to word. Changes originate from both above, which people are aware of, and below, which people are unaware of. 3) Reasons for language change include social status, gender, and interaction between groups. People of higher social status and women often introduce changes, while isolation slows changes. Studying language change involves real-time and apparent-time analysis of usage

1. HOLMES : CHAPTER 9
LANGUAGE CHANGE
By
SHARIFAH FATIN ATHIRA BT SYED
UZIR
1218106
SECTION 1 GROUP 3

2. HOW DO
LANGUAGE
CHANGES
SPREAD
STUDYING
LANGUAGE
CHANGE
LANGUAGE
CHANGE
VARIATION
AND
CHANGE
REASONS
BEHIND
LANGUAGE
CHANGES

3. 

Language changes over time.
Changes occur in:
- Pronunciation
eg: knight, knit
- Meaning
eg: nice
- Vocabulary
eg: hie-hurry, stilly-softly

4. VARIATION AND CHANGE
Language varies in :- Time
- Physical space / setting
- Social context
 Speaker innovation : changes of language
are done by the speakers.


5. New form
Spread usage Replace
- Eg: Really good – cool, wicked, awesome
 Sounds change over time
- Eg: in New zealand : new, nuclear
 These changes are usually proposed people in
higher social class
 Changes from above : changes in language
that people are aware of


6. Changes from below: changes in language that
people are not aware of. Eg: changes in the
vowel pronunciation. (beer, bear)
 The spread of the vernacular forms
- Imitating the speech that are considered
prestigious
- Expression of solidarity


7. HOW DO LANGUAGE CHANGE
SPREAD?
1)
2)
3)
From group to group
From style to style
From word to word

8. STUDYING LANGUAGE
CHANGE
Apparent-time studies of language changes
- Comparing the speech of people of different
age;
younger speakers use more of the newer forms
- Looking at the frequency of the increase and
decrease of a form by age group


9. Language change in real time
- Observing the changes that occur over a
period
of time
- Known as real time studies
- A very reliable method
- Consider the social factors affecting the
language use


10. REASONS FOR LANGUAGE
CHANGE
Social status
- People of higher social status in the
community
introduce changes from other communities
which
are considered prestigious.
- Eg: Upper-class London
- Lower class people spread less-conscious
linguistic
changes.


11. Gender
- Differences in the speeches of men and
women
can cause linguistic change
- It can be either of the two who introduce the
change
- Women tend to introduce changes
associated with
both prestigious and vernacular forms
- Men introduce changes associated with
vernacular forms


12. Interaction
- Interaction among people is crucial in
channeling
linguistic change
- Linguistic change in communities with little
interaction with the outside world progress
slowly
- Isolation causes linguistic conservatism
- Eg: Iceland
