This document discusses code switching and borrowing in sociolinguistics. It defines code switching as using more than one language or variety within an utterance. There are three types of code switching: inter-sentential, intra-sentential, and extra-sentential. Code switching serves directive, expressive, referential, phatic, metlinguistic, and poetic functions. Borrowing occurs when a word is adopted from another language and naturalized. There are direct and core types of borrowing. Social factors that influence code switching and borrowing include situation, participant attitudes, topics, quoting others, group identity, and lexical need.

1. PRESENTATION
Subject:
Sociolinguistics

2. Code switching & borrowing
Social factors involved in Codes
witching & Borrowing
GROUP
MEMBERS

3. Code Switching
Code:
A system of words, letters, figures, or symbols used to
represent assigned and often secret meanings.
Switching:
Switching means change the position, direction, or focus
of Code.
Code switching:
Code switching can be defined as the use of more
than one language, variety, or style by a speaker
within an utterance or discourse, or between
different interlocutors or situations (Romaine,
1992:110.)

4. Introduction of code switching:
Code switching is common in certain countries where a native language is
spoken alongside a former colonial language.
India: Hindi English is common.
Types of code switching:
There are three types of code switching:
 Inter-Sentential:
In inter-sentential code switching, the language switch is done at sentence
boundaries.
Example:
I can explain you again. Kia aap ko meri bat smaj aa rahi hy? Did you get me?
 Intra-Sentential:
In intra-sentential code switching, accrue within the clause or sentence
boundary as a result of the insertion of the word.
Example:
Kitna khoubsurat SCENE ha (noun).

5.  Extra-Sentential or tag switching:
Tag switching is a tag phrase or a word, or both, from one language to the other.
Example: Iss ka ORDER ouper sy aaya hy.
Function for switching:
 Directive function:
It refers to a situation in which a speaker either wants to associate with, or dissociate
themselves or someone giving command or order.
Example, for order some use directive function “do it fast, fast”. Or someone said “I
am unable to communicate with you in this language”.
 Expressive function:
To express some things or any topic.
Example, a person talking about Eiffel tower in France, “wo both khubsurat hy, it’s
so huge”.
 Referential function:
Speakers use this function to compensate for short comings in the matrix language.
This may either makeup for lexical gaps in the matrix language.
Example, we said class instead of Jamat.

6.  Phatic function:
Sometimes a speaker switches language or repeats something in both languages in order
to emphasize it.
Example, “Good morning, Kesy ho”.
 Met linguistic function:
Reporting something in the other language or commenting on something said in the
other language.
Example, someone telling about car and said “main tummy bta rha hon, ye both achi car
hy. It’s amazing”.
 Poetic function:
The speaker says certain words or makes jokes in the embedded language for
amusement or humor.
Example, a Religious scholar uses Arabic phrase in his speech.
Code switching in Pakistan:
The study of code switching in Pakistan starts from the phenomena of
bilingualism. A Pakistani child learns his mother tongue in home, becomes
acquainted to Urdu, and as he grows older, he has to acquire the knowledge of
English language for academic and official purposes.
For example, Tehsil Officer, Tank Jandola road etc.

7. Borrowing:
Borrowing is a word adopted from another language completely or partially
naturalized.
When one any language is using a word from another language is called
borrowing. In sociolinguistics “borrowing” refers to “copying”.

8. Ways of Borrowing:
Borrowing enters the language in 2 ways:
 Through oral speech (by immediate contact between the peoples).
They took place in the early periods of history. They are usually short and
undergo considerable changes in the act of adoption.
 Through Written speech (by indirect contact through books, etc.)
They gained importance in recent times.
They preserve their spelling and some peculiarities of sound-form, their
assimilation is long and laborious process.

9. List of Common words, which English Borrowed from other
languages:.
Here, there are five common English words Borrowed from other languages.
 They/ Their: This common pronoun comes from the Old Norse Word “Peri”.
 Person: This comes from Latin “Persona”.
 War: This comes from Old French “Were”.
 Zero: This comes from Arabic. In fact, many words related to numeracy,
Mathematics and Trade can be traced back to Arabic.
 Very: This word comes from Old French “Verai” which means “True”.
 Pizza comes from ITALY.
 Hamburger comes from GERMAN.
 Chili comes from SPANYOL.
 Theater comes from GREECE.

10. Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language
communities.
Types of borrowing:
Basically, we have two types of borrowing i.e.
 Direct borrowing:
Also called “loanwords by necessity”.
Cultural borrowings are words that fill gaps in the recipient language’s store
of words because they stand for objective or concepts new to the language’s
culture.
Example: Words related to computers.
 Core borrowings:
Core borrowing is words that duplicate elements that the recipient language
already has in its word store. Then, why are they borrowed? Cultural
pressure… language of prestige etc.

11. Types of Borrowing According to Haugen:
According to Haugen (1950), there five different types of lexical borrowing:
 Loan words:
The word and the meaning are borrowed.
Example: Hummus or Humors.
 Loan translation:
Literal word-for-word translation of both parts of lending compound.
Example: Superman word derived from a German word “Ubermensch”.
 Loan rendition:
This translation vaguely captures the original meaning.
Example: Refrigerator is translated as “Ice-Box” in Chinese

12.  Loan Blend:
One part of the compound is borrowed and the other one is translated.
Example, in Pakistan we use bookian instead of books.
 Semantic loan:
Only the meaning is borrowed, not the word.
Example, Superman word derived from a German word “Ubermensch”. In German,
Ubermensch represent a super hero character, same as superman represent super hero
character in English.
Characteristics:
In Sociolinguistics “Borrowing” refers to “Copying”. It has four important
characteristics:
 Borrowing of Easily Detachable Elements:
Such elements can easily be picked out of their parent language without carrying over
any additional properties along with them.
Example, the names of food items like pizza burger etc. are much used in Urdu
language as well.

13.  Borrowing After Modification:
A few items are borrowed after a little modification in the in order to make the
adjustable in the new language.
Example, English borrowed Urdu Orderly Lantern, in Urdu it is “lal tan”.
 Borrowing of the Compatible items:
Sometimes a dominant structure of a language is borrowed. The borrowed structure is
not new to the borrowing language either, though only in use.
Example, French language places adjective after the noun.
 Minimal Adjustment:
Two neighboring languages usually influence each other.
Example, Class, Jug, Glass, etc.

14. Social Factor Involved in Code switching:
We might assume that people usually switch codes while having any sorts of conversation.
But there are several factors behind switching codes in a single conversation.
 Code switching in advertisement:
In every advertisement which belong to society, media is using English language more than
ever. Just for sake of the growth of their product.
For example: Coca-Cola: ‘Life ho to aisi!’

15.  Situation and participant:
In code switching the linguistic background of the participant refers and switching
basically refers to discourse routine.
Example: Office worker or Professor of English subject.
 Attitude:
Sometimes people use different dialect to communicate with each other. But, if the
educated foreigner comes then they use their national language to show their social
identity.
Example: “Acha, ab tum mujy smjhao gy? Now you will Explain things? Main tumara
Boss hon ya tum”.
 A Particular Topic:
We generally switch codes while making discourse about a particular topic since it
requires specific language and varieties related to the very topic to have a perfect sense
about the topic.
Example: Halqa-e- ahlyzoq

16.  Quoting Someone:
We have to switch codes while quoting someone's quotation and references.
Example: Molvi or Khateeb use Arabic term in his speech.
 Solidarity & Gratitude:
While expressing gratitude, solidarity, feelings we often become emotional and
subconsciously we switch codes to make the environment a little different than usual.
Example: a person receives his boss and said “Oh! Sir please, sit here”
 Clarification:
Sometimes it happens that whatever we tell a listener he or she can't get it properly.
Example: In university class some students are unable to understand some words, then
teacher translate word in Urdu, like Demand meaning in Urdu Miqdar.

17.  Group Identity:
Sometimes we change language to express identification of different groups. Specially
to introduce a group or its members to other people.
Example: In Pakistan, people go to five-star hotel, if they saw anyone doing a cheap
thing, then people start saying “Who is he? Kon hy ye? Khaan sy ayah y?”
 To Soften or Strengthen Command:
Code switching often takes place to soften or strengthen command or request.
Example: May and Can word. May is use for appeal and Can is use as Order.
Sir ye kam mai ker do. May I Sir.
 Lexical Need:
We often use some technical terms or words written in other language. In that case if
we try to translate those words into our language, which might distort the exact
meaning and value of the word or term.
Example: I like samosa.

18. Social factors involve in borrowing:
 Cross cultural borrowing:
Cross cultural borrowing happens due to interaction of other cultures.
Example: Some Pakistani says “jay ho” which is Hindi word for fun and
other words.
 Political influence:
Political influence people use some foreign linguistic terms to raise their
standard.
Example: Porsche class use fast food instead of local foods.

19.  Cross geographical borrowing:
It is a term in which people borrow words, functions and other stuff due to
mutual relationship of land.
Example: Pakistan and India shares Month name, like Sawan, Padhra, Jath, Haar,
Wasakh, etc. And function of Wasakhi and Bsandh.
 Language as barrier in communication:
Language is the first main barrier in every type of communication.
Example: A person goes in foreign country for trade or any passion. He will
borrow some words to communicate.

20. References
Code Switching:
 https://owlcation.com/humanities/Code-Switching-Definition-Types-and-Examples-of-Code-
Switching
 https://youtu.be/7Na4UvRIhu4
Borrowing
 https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-borrowing-language-1689176
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword
Social factors of Code-switching
 http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/Sociolinguistics/Centralfactors
 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/common-and-
uncommon-ground-social-and-structural-factors-in-
codeswitching/9D1B2B729FF088FDAD50D0D68E8C12C0
 https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijsl.1981.issue-32/ijsl.1981.32.139/ijsl.1981.32.139.xml
 http://cco.cup.cam.ac.uk/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511576331&cid=CBO9780511576331A01
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21. Any Questions?

22. Thank you!