This document discusses language variation and the different varieties of language. It defines key terms like dialect, idiolect, and varieties. A dialect is a language variety spoken by a speech community that is distinguished by systematic features. An idiolect refers to the speech variety of an individual speaker. Varieties refer to forms of language associated with social factors like region, social class, situation, and individual. Dialects and varieties differ based on factors like geography, occupation, age, education, gender, and ethnicity. While some dialects have more prestige than others due to historical and social factors, all languages consist of dialects and everyone speaks at least one dialect.
These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
Language, Culture and Society
Social dialects
Social variation
Regional variation
Group members
Nik Nur Amalia Bt Wan Anuar Shaipu'din
Alia Atikah Bt Jaafar
Nur Ain Batrisyia Bt Mohd Zaini
A description of English Language Varieties: Language Functions, Dialect Variants , Standard Language, Lingua Franca, Linguistics Variations, among others.
These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
Language, Culture and Society
Social dialects
Social variation
Regional variation
Group members
Nik Nur Amalia Bt Wan Anuar Shaipu'din
Alia Atikah Bt Jaafar
Nur Ain Batrisyia Bt Mohd Zaini
A description of English Language Varieties: Language Functions, Dialect Variants , Standard Language, Lingua Franca, Linguistics Variations, among others.
This ppt will help you to get better understanding on the aspects of sociolinguistic, especially about Linguistic varieties and multilingual nations and Regional and social dialects.
This slide contains about a linguistic branch which is soicolinguistics. It discusses about
*perspectives of sociolinguistics
*speech community
*varieties of sociolinguistics
*Pidgin and Creole
Analyze variation within a language;
Look at differences between speech and writing, at variation in pronunciation between different social classes;
Briefly discuss the linguistic study of social networks;
Outline differences between men’s and women’s speech,
Briefly mention multilingual communities;
Provide suggestions for teachers on how to incorporate sociolinguistic investigations into classroom instruction.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. Language variation
• No two speakers of a language speak exactly
the same way
• No individual speaker speaks the same way all
the time
3. Language Varieties
Language variety refers to the various
forms of language triggered by social
factors.
Language may changes from region to
region, from one social class to another,
from individual to individual, and from
situation to situation. This actual changes
result in the varieties of language.
4. Dialect
• A language variety, spoken by a speech
community, that is characterized by systematic
features (e.g., phonological, lexical,
grammatical) that distinguish it from other
varieties of that same language
• Idiolect: the speech variety of an individual
speaker
5. 5
Varieties
Hudson (1980: 24)
a set of linguistic items with similar distribution
Ferguson (1971: 30)
any body of human speech patterns which
sufficiently homogeneous to be analyzed by available
techniques of synchronic description and which has a
sufficiently large repertory of elements and their
arrangements or process with broad enough
semantic scope to function in all normal context of
communication.
6. 6
Varieties
• Wardaugh (1988: 20)
a specific set of linguistic items or human speech
patterns (presumably, sounds, words, grammatical
features) which we can uniquely associate with some
external factors (presumably, a geographical area and
a social group)
7. Factors that contribute to variation
• Social situation
• Occupation
• Age
• Geography
• Education
• Gender
• Social status/class
• Ethnicity
8. Facts about dialects
• All languages consist of dialects (a language is a
group of dialects; to speak a language is to
speak a dialect of that language)
• Therefore, everyone speaks at least one dialect
• Dialect differences are usually minor and
dialects of a language are usually mutually
intelligible
• Dialects are geographically, socially, politically
determined
9. Facts about dialects
Dialect variation is a matter of difference, not
deficit.
Nonstandard dialects are “self-contained”
systems, with their regular phonological and
syntactic rules.
Nonstandard dialects of English are close
relatives to SE, sometimes reflecting older
forms of SE.
10. 10
Language vs. Dialect
Language (prestige) and dialect (stigma)
The stigmatization of the term dialect
1. I don’t speak dialect
2. in reality, all speakers of English speak some dialect,
regardless of its social status.
Most speakers use a variety of different dialects or styles in
different situations.
• Writing
• Colloquial speech (with friends, family)
• Formal speech (with strangers, authority figures)
11. LANGUAGE AND DIALECT
• What is the difference between language and
dialect?
• Variety is a term used for to replace both terms
- Hudson says “a set of linguistic items with
similar distribution”
• Variety is some linguistic shared items which
can uniquely be associated with some social
items
12. 12
Everybody speaks a dialect
Accent → differences in pronunciation between one
variety of a language and another
Dialect
1. a variety of language used by a group whose
linguistic habit pattern both reflect and are
determined by shared regional, social, or cultural
perspectives.
2. all the differences between varieties of a language,
those in pronunciation, word usage, syntax, and
variation of the given community.
3. to apply to all varieties, not just to non-standard
varieties
13. 13
Kinds of dialect
1. Regional dialect
2. Social dialect
It is possible in a given community, people
speak more than one dialect.
14. 14
Social dialects
Factors such as occupation, place of residence,
education, income, racial or ethnic origin,
cultural background, caste, religion related to
the way people speak.
Social dialect originate from social groups and
depend on a variety of factors; social class,
religion, and ethnicity.
15. 15
Social dialects: examples
e.g.
1. Caste in India often determines which variety of a
language a speaker use.
2. Christian, Muslim and Jewish in Baghdad speak
different variety of Arabic.
3. Ethnic group in America, e.g. Labov’s work in NY.
4. Speakers of Jewish and Italian ethnicity
differentiated from the standard variety or Black
English.
16. 16
Regional Dialect
Very distinctive local varieties → regional dialect
1. It is reflected in the differences in pronunciation, in
the choice and forms of words, and in syntax.
2. There is a dialect continuum.
3. Various pressures-political, social, cultural, and
educational- serve to harden current national
boundaries an to make the linguistic differences
among states
4. Dialect geography → term → used to describe
attempts made to map the distributions of various
linguistic features
17. 17
Accent
• Dialect must not be confused with ‘accent’.
Standard English is spoken in a variety of accents. RP
is the English accent that has achieved certain
eminence.
a. associated with a higher social or educational
background
b. most commonly taught to students EFL
c. other names for this accents: the queen’s
English, Oxford English, BBC English.
18. 18
Why do some dialects have more prestige
than others?
Some dialects have more prestige
1. Historical factors
2. Other factors
Such dialect is called ‘standard’ or ‘consensus dialects.
This designation :
1. Externally imposed
2. The prestige of a dialect shifts as the power
relationship
3. The prestige of the speakers shift
19. Dialect: Prestige and Stigma
• A prestige variety is a dialect associated with
mainstream social prestige – for example a
dialect that sounds “educated” or
“sophisticated”
• A stigmatized variety is a dialect associated
with negative features, from a mainstream
social perspective: e.g. “uneducated” “lower
class”
20. 20
Standard vs. non standard language
Nothing to do with differences between formal & colloquial (bad
language)
Standard language
1. Variety of English, used in print, taught in schools to non-native
speakers.
2. Spoken by educated people & used in news broadcast.
3. The centralization of English political and commercial life at
London
4. Gave the prominence over other dialects
Standard English →widely codified grammar & vocabulary
RP → developed largely in the English public schools & required of
all BBC announcers (BBC English)
21. 21
Standard language
1. A small number of regional differences
2. Standard Scottish ≠ standard English
English ≠ American standard
British : I have got
American : I have gotten
English : It needs washing
Scottish : It needs washed
22. Speech Community
A speech community is a group of people who share a set of
rules and norms for communication and interpretation of
speech.
“Rules and norms” includes everything from intonation and
vocabulary, to body positioning and eye contact
Ottenheimer pg. 94 – “A speech community is a group of
people who share one or more varieties of language and
the rules for using those varieties in everyday
communication.”
23. The idea of a speech community allows us to do two
things:
1) Focus on a smaller social unit than all the speakers
of a language.
2) Get away from the idea that one language = one
culture
Can we belong to more than one speech community?
25. STYLES
• Varieties which are associated only with
particular social situations are known as
styles.
• Language variation which reflect changes in
situational factors such as addressee, setting,
task or topic
26. • What do you intend to do, your majesty?
• Waddya intend doin’, Rex?
• Whateva ya do
27. REGISTER
• A register is a variety of language used
in a particular social setting. Settings
may be defined in terms of greater or
lesser formality, or in terms of socially
recognized events, such as baby talk,
which is used in many western
cultures when talking to small
children, or a joking register used in
teasing or playing the dozens.
28. • Register: sets of vocabulary items associated
with discrete occupational or social groups.
• Surgeons, airline pilot, bank manager, jazz
musician, etc.
• One person can control more than one
register.
29. Example of jargon
• Think outside the box - This term means to
not limit your thinking; it encourages
creativity with regards to your job description
• The helicopter view - An overview of a job or a
project
• Get our ducks in a row - Order and organize
everything efficiently and effectively
30. Small group discussion:
• Try to characterize your own speech – how is
it similar and how is it different than others
around you?
• Hari ini saya akan pergi ke kampus setelah itu
saya ingin pergi ke toko buku untuk mencari
buku sosiolinguistik untuk bahan belajar.
Tolong temani saya ya?
31. DISCUSSION
• FIND A SET OF REGISTER AND DISCUSS THE
MEANING.
• ONE GROUP CONSISTS OF FIVE STUDENTS
• NEXT WEEK