Schimidt hartman boiler
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The Schmidt Hartmann boiler consists of two circuits - a primary circuit of distilled water that generates high pressure steam at 95-100 bar, and a secondary circuit of impure water that uses the high pressure steam to generate lower pressure steam at 55-60 bar. This design allows for the generation of steam using impure water, reducing costs by eliminating the need for a softening plant. However, deposits in the evaporator drum from the impure water require more frequent cleaning stops.
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Blackodising process
Blackodising is a process that forms a corrosion-resistant coating on ferrous metals through a chemical reaction when immersed in a hot alkaline salt solution. This reaction converts the metal surface into magnetite (Fe3O4), providing protection without changing the part's dimensions. The black oxide coating has various applications and advantages, including corrosion resistance, an aesthetic black finish, and low cost processing, making it suitable for tool parts, fixtures, gears, and other mechanical components.
Velox boiler
The Velox boiler is a water tube boiler that uses a gas turbine to drive an air compressor. This compressor pressurizes air that is fed into a vertical combustion chamber, increasing the heat from fuel combustion and accelerating the flue gases up to the speed of sound. This high-speed combustion transfer heat very efficiently to the water tubes, allowing the Velox boiler to generate steam at a high rate while maintaining a compact size. The key principle is that heat transfer increases when flue gas velocities exceed the speed of sound.
Surface grinding machine
Surface Grinding Machine uses an abrasive grinding wheel to remove material from the surface of a workpiece for finishing. It consists of a base, work table, wheel head, and other parts. Each abrasive particle acts as a single cutting tool. Common abrasive materials are aluminum oxide, diamond, silicon carbide, and cubic boron nitride. It can produce a smooth, high precision surface and is useful for grinding tools, cutters, and other flat or cylindrical surfaces. However, it has limitations such as inability to grind in reverse and constant degradation of the grinding wheel.
Nickel electroplating
Nickel electroplating provides benefits like increased corrosion resistance, improved hardness and strength, resistance to wear, and improved ductility. During nickel plating, nickel ions are reduced at the cathode through a reduction reaction, while the anode undergoes an oxidation reaction that dissolves metal. The thickness of a nickel plate coating is affected by applying direct current over time at a certain current density per unit area being plated.
Bloom, billet, slab, plate
Bloom, billet, slab, plate, sheet, strip are terms used in metalworking and manufacturing. Blooms undergo first breakdown of ingots through hot working and have a large cross sectional area. Billets are further reduced through hot rolling. Slabs are hot rolled ingots with a specific cross sectional area and width. Plates are thick products over 6mm, while sheets are thinner but wide, and strips are thin and narrow. Blooms, billets, and slabs are considered semi-finished products.
Lapping process
Lapping is a surface finishing process that uses loose abrasive powders at low speeds to achieve very tight tolerances of flatness, parallelism, thickness, or finish. It involves mixing abrasive particles with a liquid to form a slurry, placing the slurry on a rotating lap plate, and placing the workpiece against the slurry-coated plate so the abrasive grains can modify the workpiece surface through rolling/sliding contact. A lapped surface exhibits a dull, non-reflective appearance with multi-directional texture, especially for hard materials with surface roughness under 5 micro-inches.
Injection moulding
Injection moulding is a manufacturing process that involves injecting material into a mould cavity. Common materials used include thermoplastics and thermosets. The injection moulding machine has components like a clamping unit, injection unit, mould, and heaters. It injects molten material into the mould, which then cools and hardens into the final shape before being ejected. Injection moulding is used to make a wide variety of plastic, rubber and metal parts.
Mechanism of gear shaping
Gear shaping is the process of manufacturing gears to precise specifications. It involves using a gear shaper machine with a single-point cutting tool that removes material from a gear blank as it rotates, forming the gear teeth. The cutting tool is fed into the rotating blank following a programmed path to generate the correct tooth profile and dimensions needed for the gear to mesh properly with a mating gear.
Mechanical press
This document discusses mechanical presses. It begins by defining a mechanical press as a machine that can perform cutting and non-cutting processes by applying force without removing chips from metallic or non-metallic sheets. It then outlines the main parts of a mechanical press, including the flywheel, clutch, brakes, driving mechanism, ram, and pitman. It classifies presses based on their power source, number of slides, and frame/construction. Finally, it states that mechanical presses are used for punching, stamping, forming, drawing, embossing, and bending operations in industries like automotive, aircraft, telecommunications, electrical appliances, and utensil making.
advantages of Hard chrome electroplating
Hard chrome electroplating involves applying a layer of chromium to a metal object through electroplating to provide benefits like reducing wear and damage from corrosion while increasing conductivity. The process starts with degreasing and cleaning the metal substrate before electroplating a hard chromium layer that is much more durable and provides superior hardness, lower friction, and improved anti-stick capabilities, making it suitable for applications involving drills, screws, taps and dies.
Drill machine
The document discusses a drill machine. It provides instructions for how to operate a drill machine safely and effectively. A drill machine is used to make holes in various materials like wood, metal, plastic and more. It allows users to control the speed and pressure applied for precise hole-making.
Properties of fluids
The document defines several key properties of fluids: density is defined as mass per unit volume and its SI unit is kg/m3; specific volume is the reciprocal of density and defined as volume per unit mass; specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to a standard fluid like water, and is unitless; and specific weight is defined as weight per unit volume and has an SI unit of N/m3. The document also provides examples that water has a density of 1000 kg/m3 and mercury has a density of 13600 kg/m3.
Lecture on quality
The document discusses different definitions and goals of quality. It states that quality involves fitness for use, fitness for purpose, customer satisfaction, and conformance to requirements. It also defines quality as conformance to specifications according to Deming and conformance to requirements according to Crosby. Additionally, it defines quality as meeting customer needs and involving a company-wide system to ensure customer satisfaction at low cost through coordinated actions. Quality is also said to be inversely proportional to variations.
Emissions in engines
This document discusses different types of emissions from engines, including exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. It describes the key pollutants like unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. The document explains the factors that influence emissions formation in spark ignition and compression ignition engines, such as fuel-air mixture, combustion temperature, and engine operating conditions. It also discusses the limitations of hydrocarbons and the processes that lead to HC and CO emissions from spark ignition engines.
Open channel flow
Open Channel Flow is a book written by Rampal Singh, who holds a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Production Engineering, and has qualified three times for the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). The book covers topics related to open channel flow, which is the flow of liquids in rivers, streams, and other channels where the free surface is exposed to the atmosphere.
Zenith carburetor
The Zenith Carburetor has 8 main components: a float chamber, main line, main jet, compensating jet, starting jet, reservoir, choke, and throttle valve. It works by drawing fuel from the float chamber through the main jet at a low speed air to fuel ratio of 15:1. At high speeds, the compensating jet provides extra fuel required. During starting, the starting jet sprays fuel from the reservoir into the air above the throttle valve to form an 11:1 rich mixture, helping the engine start.
Engine performance
The document discusses engine performance and is authored by Rampal Singh, who has a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Production Engineering, and has qualified three times for GATE.
Fuel injection system in ci engine
The document discusses the basics of fuel injection systems in compression ignition (CI) engines. It outlines the key objectives of a fuel injection system which are to meter the correct amount of fuel demanded based on engine load and speed, distribute fuel equally among cylinders, inject fuel at the proper timing and rate, and ensure proper atomization. It also provides details on the typical injection timing window and angle. To achieve these objectives, the key functional components are identified as the pumping element to transport fuel, a metering element to control the fuel supply, a metering control to adjust the metering based on load/speed, and a distribution element to divide fuel evenly among cylinders. Finally, it lists some common types of fuel injection systems used in
Coal handling
Coal handling in thermal power plants involves transporting large quantities of coal from sources via rail or ship, storing it on site, and moving it within the plant. Over 5 million tons of coal per year is typically needed for a 2000 MW plant. Coal is often transported via pipeline as a coal water slurry to avoid weather impacts, with booster pumps along the line. On site, coal is stored in compact heaps up to 12 meters high with drainage to prevent fires from spontaneous combustion. Inside the plant, large rotary car dumpers are commonly used to efficiently unload coal cars and transfer the coal to storage or direct feeding.
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Schimidt hartman boiler
- 1. Schmidt Hartmann boiler By Er. Rampal Singh Ojha B.E. M.Tech Thrice Gate qualified
- 2. Schmidt Hartmann boiler • Consist of two circuits one primary circuit which is of distilled water and secondary circuit which is of impure water • This distilled water is used for generation of high pressure steam at 95-100 bar in the primary evaporating tubes. • Distilled water is recirculated in the circuit without any wastage • This high pressure steam is utilized for generation of low pressure steam from impure water at a pressure of 55-60 bar • This low pressure steam is further passed through super heater to increase pressure and temperature of steam
- 3. Combustion chamber Primary evaporator Water drum Primary separator Evaporator Hot well Feed Pump Superheater Feed Water heater blower
- 4. advantages • It can use impure water for generation of steam • As it can utilize impure water hence there is no requirement of softening plant which ultimately reduces cost • Any deposits in the evaporator can be brushed off easily by removing submerged tubes from the drum or by blowing off water
- 5. disadvantages • Due to deposit in the evaporator drum because of impure water, plant has to be stop frequently for cleaning • Evaporating drum is used which increase bulkiness and in turn cost