Hello,
I am trying to explain about Steam Generator (Boiler) in this session, due to length of said presentation, I am deciding to divide it in three parts.
Part 1 cover the “Introduction & Types of Steam Generator”
Part 2 cover about the “Parts of Steam Generator and Its Accessories & Auxiliaries” and
Part 3 cover the “Efficiency & Performance”
Hello,
I am trying to explain about Steam Generator (Boiler) in this session, due to length of said presentation, I am deciding to divide it in three parts.
Part 1 cover the “Introduction & Types of Steam Generator”
Part 2 cover about the “Parts of Steam Generator and Its Accessories & Auxiliaries” and
Part 3 cover the “Efficiency & Performance”
boiler accessories, basics of economizer, types of economizer, air preheater, types of air preheater, reheater, basics of superheater, types of superheater.
mounting and accessories of boiler in eme Pratik Patel
it contain detail of element used in boiler for its working
it also teach the concept of mounting
nd it is helpfull for the student of engineering 1 st year
Layout of modern coal power plant, super critical boilers, FBC boilers, coal handling, pulveriser, ash handling and types of draught – surface condenser types – cooling towers – binary cycles – cogeneration system
High Pressure Boilers — Classification. Construction and principle of working of Lamont boiler, Benson boiler, Loeffler boiler, Velox boiler, Schmidt Hartman boiler, Ramsin boiler Fluidized bed combustion boilers (FBC): principle, need, types, various arrangement, control system and advantages over other boiler systems. Comparison of various types of boilers Indian Boiler Regulation Act Maintenance procedure of major components of high pressure and FBC boilers
boiler accessories, basics of economizer, types of economizer, air preheater, types of air preheater, reheater, basics of superheater, types of superheater.
mounting and accessories of boiler in eme Pratik Patel
it contain detail of element used in boiler for its working
it also teach the concept of mounting
nd it is helpfull for the student of engineering 1 st year
Layout of modern coal power plant, super critical boilers, FBC boilers, coal handling, pulveriser, ash handling and types of draught – surface condenser types – cooling towers – binary cycles – cogeneration system
High Pressure Boilers — Classification. Construction and principle of working of Lamont boiler, Benson boiler, Loeffler boiler, Velox boiler, Schmidt Hartman boiler, Ramsin boiler Fluidized bed combustion boilers (FBC): principle, need, types, various arrangement, control system and advantages over other boiler systems. Comparison of various types of boilers Indian Boiler Regulation Act Maintenance procedure of major components of high pressure and FBC boilers
Steam boiler is a closed vessel in which heat produced by the combustion of fuel is utilized to generate steam from water, at desired temperature and pressure
Presentation on LANCASHIRE BIOLER BY SHAKEEL AHMED.pptxbaghbana bajoi
what is Lancashire boiler?
Lancashire boiler is a horizontal drum axis, natural circulation, natural draft, two-tubular, low pressure, stationary, fire tube boiler with furnace located internally. Its main purpose is to create steam and then this steam is used to drive steam turbines for power generation. It has high thermal efficiency and it is about 80 to 90 percent. It is mostly used in locomotive engines and marines etc
=> The Lancashire Boiler works on the principle of Heat Exchanger. A Heat Exchanger is a device that is used for the transfer of heat between two or more fluids.
=> At first, water is fed uniformly to the boiler shell using the feed pump.
Before entering into the boiler, the water is preheated using the economizer which gets heat from the flue gases. This economizer increases the efficiency of the boiler.
After that, solid fuel is entered from the fire door and burnt on the grate which is present at the starting if each fire tube.
As the solid fuel is burnt, flue gases start traveling in the fire tube.
There is a small brick arc which stops ashes and burnt coal to enter into the fire tube.
As the flue gases pass through the fire tubes, these fire tubes start getting heated and the heat is transferred to the water which is surrounding the fire tube
As the heat is transferred to the water, the water starts to get converting into steam and the steam generated is transferred to the required place using the stop valve.
=> Before reaching the stop valve the steam crosses the superheater which superheats the steam before delivering it to the required place.
After passing through the firetube, the flue gases go to the bottom channel which is created in the brickwork and then the flue gases pass through the side channel.
As the flue gases pass through the channels in the brickwork, these flue gases come in contact with the boiler shell and the boiler shell gets heated and this heat is transferred to the water inside the boiler shell and the efficiency of boiler is increased.
channel and transfer heat to the superheater before passing through the chimney.
The flue gases after passing through side channels transfer the heat to the superheater and then escapes to the environment through the chimney.
=>what is Damper in boiler?
A damper, which is used to control the draft inside a boiler. ... When hot air from the boiler rises up the stack, it must be replaced by cooler air surrounding the boiler. This cooler air will push the warmer air up the stack, causing flow.
//Accessories of Lancashire boiler//
=> Economizer:
An economizer is a mechanical device that is used as a heat exchanger in the steam power plant.
It is used to pre-heat the fluid or water by taking the residual heat from the combustion products( flue gases).
It is installed to increase the efficiency of the boiler.
Classification of Steam Boilers based on different factors. Cochran, Babcock Wilcox, Lancashier etc. Accessories of steam boilers like economiser, superheater, steam separator, air preheater. Boiler Mountings like pressure gauges, feed check valve, steam stop valve, safety valves, water gauges, blowdown valves, scum valves, salinometer cocks etc.
Boilers: classification, performance parameters, Draught and its calculations,KIET Group of Institutions
Boilers, classification of boilers, working of different boilers, boiler mountings and accessories, performance parameters of a boiler, heat balance sheet, draught and its calculations
Heat Pump, their types, Classification of airconditioning system, ventilation: its purpose and types, Tunnel and Mine ventilation, All air, All water and Air-water airconditioning system
Effect of Shading Devices, Infiltartion-stack effect, wind pressures, Internal Heat Gains, System Heat gain, cooling and heating load estimates, Energy conservations in airconditioning buildings
Ducts, its classification, AHU and its requirements, Duct Design Methods, Losses in Ducting, Fans and its types, Fan Characteristics, Basic elements of HVAC control system
Air Pollution, Sources of air pollution, types of pollutants, sources of pollutants from I.C. Engines, Effect of pollutants on health, Emission Standards
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. What is a Boiler?
• A boiler is a closed vessel that produces steam or vapors in which water is converted into
steam by applying heat.
• Thermal energy released by the combustion of fuel in the presence of air is transferred to
water, which vaporizes and gets converted into steam at the desired temperature and pressure.
• Usually boilers are coal or oil-fired.
The steam application:
1. Producing mechanical work by expanding it in a steam engine or steam turbine.
2. Heating the residential and industrial buildings.
3. Performing certain processes in the sugar mills, chemical, and textile industries.
3. Characteristics of a Good Boiler
1. Safety: The boiler should be safe under operating conditions.
2. Accessibility: The various parts of the boiler should be accessible for repair and
maintenance.
3. Capacity: The boiler should be capable of supplying steam according to the
requirements.
4. Efficiency: To permit efficient operation, the boiler should be able to absorb a
maximum amount of heat produced due to the burning of fuel in the furnace.
5. It should be simple in construction and its maintenance cost should be low.
6. Its initial cost should be low.
7. The boiler should have no joints exposed to flames.
8. The boiler should be capable of quick starting and loading.
4. Critical Point of Water
• The critical point of a substance is the
temperature and pressure at which that
substance can behave like a gas and a
liquid at the same time, hence
indistinguishable gas and liquid phases
occur.
• That is because the density of the gas phase
and the liquid phase is equal at this point.
• A substance that exists at temperature and
pressure, above its critical point is known as
a supercritical fluid.
• A substance that exits below its critical point
is known as a subcritical fluid.
• In a phase equilibrium curve, the critical
point is the end point of the curve.
5. Pressure v/s Temperature & Latent Heat
Absolute Pressure
(Bar)
Saturation
Temperature (o C)
Latent Heat (K
J/Kg.)
50 264 1640
150 342 1004
200 366 592
221 374 0
6. Classification of Boilers
➢ On the basis of Pressure
Low-Pressure Boiler: P < 60 bar
High-Pressure Boiler: P > 60 bar
Critical Pressure Boiler: P = 221.2 bar
Super Critical Pressure Boiler: P > 221.2 bar
Sub-Critical Boiler: P < 221.2 bar (generally in between 130 to 180 bar)
➢ On the basis of Steam flow rate
Low Capacity Boiler: ms = 4,000 to 6,000 kg/hr
Heavy Duty boiler: ms > 100,000 kg/hr
7. High Pressure Boilers
• In all modern power plants, high-pressure boilers (> 100 bar) operating at supercritical pressures are
universally used.
• In order to obtain efficient operation and high capacity, forced circulation of water through boiler tubes is
found helpful.
• The efficiency and the capacity of the plant can be increased as reduced quantity of steam is required for the
same power generation if high-pressure steam is used.
ADVANTAGES
1. The forced circulation of water through boiler tubes provides freedom in the arrangement of furnaces and
water walls, in addition to the reduction in the heat exchange area.
2. The tendency of scale formation is reduced due to the high velocity of water.
3. The danger of overheating is reduced as all the parts are uniformly heated.
4. The differential expansion is reduced due to uniform temperature and this reduces the possibility of gas and
air leakages.
8. Subcritical and Supercritical Boilers
• Subcritical Boilers:
• Subcritical boilers are boilers that work at temperatures up to 374°C and at a pressure of
3,208 psi (the critical point of water).
• These boilers compose a system with a constant evaporation endpoint.
• A typical example of a subcritical boiler is the drum-type steam generator.
Supercritical Boilers:
• Supercritical boiler (supercritical steam generator) is a type of boiler that works under
supercritical pressure conditions.
• This type of boiler is often used in generating electricity.
• Unlike in subcritical boilers, there is no bubble formation in supercritical boilers, and
liquid water immediately converts into steam.
• Supercritical boiler works at temperatures around 538–565°C and pressures above 3,200
psi
9. LA MONT BOILER
• It is a forced circulation, high-pressure water tube
boiler. The circulation of the water is maintained by
a centrifugal pump.
• This pump is driven by a steam turbine using the
steam from the boiler. In this La Mont Boiler, the
separator drum is kept outside the boiler.
• From the hot flue gases produced from the
combustion of the fuel, the heat is supplied to the
water in the evaporator tubes, superheater tubes,
economizer tubes, and the air in the air heater tubes.
• Then the waste gases move to the atmosphere
through the chimney.
• The separator drum separates the steam from the
water. Steam passes from the evaporator and feed
water is fed from the economizer to the drum.
• The steam is separated from the water. The water is
again pumped to the evaporator by the centrifugal
pump via the distributing header.
10. LA MONT BOILER
• The separated steam is sent to the superheater which
receives the heat from the flue gases flowing from the
combustion chamber. This superheated steam is then
delivered out through a stop valve.
• An economizer is provided in the water circuit to preheat
the feed water using the hot gases leaving the boiler.
• The feed water is sent inside the boiler through the
economizer. The centrifugal pump is used to circulate the
water to the economizer.
• The centrifugal pump delivers the feed water to the
headers at a pressure of 2.5 atm above the drum pressure.
In the evaporator, water is distributed through the
nozzles.
• The steam is going to the superheater before it goes to
the prime mover.
• A choke is usually fitted at the entrance to each unit, in
order to give a secure uniform flow of feed water
through the pipelines.
11. Disadvantages of LA MONT BOILER
• The major disadvantage is the formation and attachment of bubbles on
the inner surfaces of the heating tubes.
• This reduces the heat flow and steam generation.
12. BENSON BOILER
• In 1927, the Benson boiler was developed by Benson in West
Germany. It was the first super-critical drumless boiler.
• It is a high-pressure, vertical, fire tube boiler. This boiler has
no drum and is designed to operate at a critical pressure of 225
bar.
WORKING
• The fuel is burnt on the grate and the hot flue gases flow over
the radiant evaporator, convection superheater, convection
evaporator, economizer, and air preheater and then pass
through the chimney.
• The feed water is pumped through the economizer tubes and
receives heat from the flue gases.
• Then this heated water flows into the radiant superheater
where it receives further heat from the flue gases and gets
evaporated.
• The remaining water is evaporated in the convection
superheater.
• The steam now becomes saturated steam in the convection
superheater.
• Then the steam is delivered out through the stop valve.
13. BENSON BOILER
• The water is passed to the radiant evaporator
through the economizer.
• In the economizer, the major amount of water is
converted into steam.
• The remaining water is evaporated in the final
evaporator absorbing the heat from the hot gases
by convection.
• The main disadvantage is salt deposition in this
system in the transformation zone when all
remaining water is converted into steam.
• To avoid this, for every 4000 hrs, after working
periods, the boiler is cleaned by high-pressure
water.
• The maximum pressure obtained from the
Benson boiler is 500 atm.
14. Advantages of BENSON BOILER
1.In this system, there is no drum. So the total weight of the Benson boiler is
reduced by 20% when compared to other boilers.
2.The erection of this boiler is easier and quicker.
3.Transformation is easy.
4.It occupies very little space.
5.It can be started very quickly since it has welded joints.
6.It is an economical one.
7.Sudden fall of demand creates circulation problems due to bubble formation
in the natural circulation boiler which never occurs in the Benson boiler.
8.Around only 4% of blow-down losses are occurred in the Benson boiler.
9.There is no explosion hazards.
15. LOEFFLER BOILER
• The major difficulty experienced in the Benson
boiler is the deposition of salt and sediment on the
inner surfaces of the water tubes.
• The deposition reduced the heat transfer and
ultimately the generating capacity. This further
increased the danger of overheating the tubes due to
salt deposition as it has high thermal resistance.
• The difficulty was solved in the Loffler boiler by
preventing the flow of water into the boiler tubes.
• Most of the steam is generated outside from the feed
water using part of the superheated steam coming out
from the boiler.
• The pressure feed pump draws the water through the
economizer and delivers it into the evaporator drum.
• About 65% of the steam coming out of the
superheater is passed through the evaporator drum in
order to evaporate the feed water coming from the
economizer.
16. LOEFFLER BOILER
• The steam circulating pump draws the saturated steam
from the evaporator drum and is passed through the
radiant superheater and then the convective superheater.
• About 35% of the steam coming out from the superheater
is supplied to the H.P. steam turbine.
• The steam coming out from the H.P. turbine is passed
through the reheater before being supplied to the L.P.
turbine.
• The amount of steam generated in the evaporator drum is
equal to the steam tapped (65%) from the superheater.
• The nozzles that distribute the superheated steam through
the water into the evaporator drum are of special design to
avoid priming and noise.
• This boiler can carry higher salt concentration than any
other type and is more compact than indirectly heated
boilers having natural circulation. These qualities fit it for
land or sea transport power generation.
• Loffler boilers with a generating capacity of 94.5
tonnes/hr and operating at 140 bar have already been
commissioned.
18. VELOX BOILER
• When the gas velocity exceeds the sound velocity, the heat is transferred from the gas at a much higher rate
than rates achieved with sub-sonic flow.
• The advantages of this theory are taken to obtain the large heat transfer from a smaller surface area in this
boiler.
• Air is compressed to 2.5 bars with the help of a compressor run by a gas turbine before being supplied to
the combustion chamber to get the supersonic velocity of the gases passing through the combustion
chamber and gas tubes and high heat release rates.
• The burned gases in the combustion chamber are passed through the annulus of the tubes.
• The heat is transferred from gases to water while passing through the annulus to generate the steam.
• The mixture of water and steam thus formed then passes into a separator which is so designed that the
mixture enters with a spiral flow.
• The centrifugal force thus produced causes the heavier water particles to be thrown outward on the walls.
This effect separates the steam from the water.
19. VELOX BOILER
• The separated steam is further passed to the superheater and then supplied to the
prime-mover. The water removed from the steam in the separator is again passed into
the water tubes with the help of a pump.
• The gases coming out from the annulus at the top are further passed over the
superheater where its heat is used for superheating the steam.
• The gases coming out of the superheater are used to run a gas turbine as they carry
sufficient kinetic energy.
• The power output of the gas turbine is used to run the air compressor.
• The exhaust gases coming out from the gas turbine are passed through the economizer
to utilize the remaining heat of the gases.
• The extra power required to run the compressor is supplied with the help of an
electric motor.
• Feed water of 10 to 20 times the weight of steam generated is circulated through the
tubes with the help of a water circulating pump. This prevents the overheating of
metal walls.
20. Advantages of Supercritical Boilers
• The efficiency of the supercritical boiler is higher because to generate the same
heat energy, it takes less fuel than the subcritical boiler.
• The exhaust emissions, especially carbon dioxide, are relatively lower than those
of sub-critical boilers.
• The size of the boiler is relatively smaller than the subcritical boiler with the
same generation capacity.
• The term of boiler is not appropriate to use, since the water never actually boiled
at a supercritical boiler.
• It is better to use the “Supercritical Steam Generators” term instead of
supercritical boilers.
21. Introduction to Fluidized Bed Combustion
• The major portion of the coal available in India is of low quality, high ash
content, and low calorific value.
• The traditional grate fuel firing systems have got limitations and are techno-
economically unviable to meet the challenges of the future.
• Fluidized bed combustion has emerged as a viable alternative and has significant
advantages over conventional firing systems and offers multiple benefits –
compact boiler design, fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency, and reduced
emission of noxious pollutants such as SOx and NOx.
• The fuels burnt in these boilers include coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse,
and other agricultural wastes.
• The fluidized bed boilers have a wide capacity range- 0.5 T/hr to over 100 T/hr.
22. Fluidized Bed Combustion
• Fluidized bed combustion boiler (FBC) is a
combustion technology used to burn solid
fuels.
• In its most basic form, fuel particles are
suspended in a hot, bubbling fluidity bed of
ash and other particulate materials through
which jets of air are blown to provide the
oxygen required for combustion or
gasification.
• The resultant fast and intimate mixing of gas
and solids promotes rapid heat transfer and
chemical reactions within the bed.
• FBC plants are capable of burning a variety
of low-grade solid fuels, including most
types of coal, coal waste, and woody
biomass, at high efficiency and without the
necessity for expensive fuel preparation
(e.g., pulverizing).
23. Fluidized Bed Combustion
• When the high-velocity gas is passed through a
packed bed of finely divided solid particles, the
particles become suspended in the gas stream
and the packed bed becomes a fluidized bed.
• When the gas velocity is very high, the fluidized
bed becomes turbulent, and rapid mixing of
particles occurs.
• Ultimately, the behavior of a mixture of solid
particles and gas becomes a fluid.
• Burning of a fuel in such a state is known
as Fluidized Bed Combustion.
• The boiler plant using this fluidized bed
combustion is known as a fluidized bed boiler.
24. Advantages of Fluidized Bed Combustion
• High Efficiency
• Reduction in Boiler Size
• Fuel Flexibility
• Ability to Burn Low-Grade Fuel
• Ability to Burn Fines
• Pollution Control
• Low Corrosion and Erosion
• Easier Ash Removal –No Clinker Formation
• Less Excess Air –Higher CO2 in Flue Gas
• High Efficiency of Power Generation
• Simple Operation, Quick Start-Up