Nickel electroplating
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Nickel electroplating provides benefits like increased corrosion resistance, improved hardness and strength, resistance to wear, and improved ductility. During nickel plating, nickel ions are reduced at the cathode through a reduction reaction, while the anode undergoes an oxidation reaction that dissolves metal. The thickness of a nickel plate coating is affected by applying direct current over time at a certain current density per unit area being plated.
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Electroplating is a process that uses an electric current to coat an electrode with metal by transferring metal ions in a solution onto the electrode. The document provides instructions for electroplating a copper coating onto a key using a copper sulfate solution, copper anode, and battery. When current is applied, copper ions in solution are oxidized from the anode and travel to the cathode/key, where they are reduced and deposited as a copper coating on the key's surface. Electroplating can coat many metal items like ornaments and coins.
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Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic “ELECTROPLATING". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*. By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma) *******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below
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Its Is The Process By Which A Iron Nail Is Been Coated With Copper Plate.Electroplating is a process that uses electrical current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate, as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming.
The process used in electroplating is called electrodeposition. It is analogous to a galvanic cell acting in reverse. The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit. In one technique, the anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part. Both components are immersed in a solution called an electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts as well as other ions that permit the flow of electricity. A power supply supplies a direct current to the anode, oxidizing the metal atoms that comprise it and allowing them to dissolve in the solution. At the cathode, the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the solution and the cathode, such that they "plate out" onto the cathode. The rate at which the anode is dissolved is equal to the rate at which the cathode is plated, vis-a-vis the current flowing through the circuit. In this manner, the ions in the electrolyte bath are continuously replenished by the anode.[1]
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Electroplating of a metal (Me) with copper in a copper sulfate bath
The cations associate with the anions in the solution. These cations are reduced at the cathode to deposit in the metallic, zero valence state. For example, in an acid solution, copper is oxidized at the anode to Cu2+ by losing two electrons. The Cu2+ associates with the anion SO42- in the solution to form copper sulfate. At the cathode, the Cu2+ is reduced to metallic copper by gaining two electrons. The result is the effective transfer of copper from the anode source to a plate covering the cathode.
The plating is most commonly a single metallic element, not an alloy. However, some alloys can be electrodeposited, notably brass and solder.
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Its Is The Process By Which A Iron Nail Is Been Coated With Copper Plate.Electroplating is a process that uses electrical current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode. The term is also used for electrical oxidation of anions onto a solid substrate, as in the formation silver chloride on silver wire to make silver/silver-chloride electrodes. Electroplating is primarily used to change the surface properties of an object (e.g. abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion protection, lubricity, aesthetic qualities, etc.), but may also be used to build up thickness on undersized parts or to form objects by electroforming.
The process used in electroplating is called electrodeposition. It is analogous to a galvanic cell acting in reverse. The part to be plated is the cathode of the circuit. In one technique, the anode is made of the metal to be plated on the part. Both components are immersed in a solution called an electrolyte containing one or more dissolved metal salts as well as other ions that permit the flow of electricity. A power supply supplies a direct current to the anode, oxidizing the metal atoms that comprise it and allowing them to dissolve in the solution. At the cathode, the dissolved metal ions in the electrolyte solution are reduced at the interface between the solution and the cathode, such that they "plate out" onto the cathode. The rate at which the anode is dissolved is equal to the rate at which the cathode is plated, vis-a-vis the current flowing through the circuit. In this manner, the ions in the electrolyte bath are continuously replenished by the anode.[1]
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Electroplating of a metal (Me) with copper in a copper sulfate bath
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The document provides an introduction to electronic passive components. It discusses resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. Resistors are electronic components that oppose the flow of current and come in fixed and variable types. Capacitors are components that store electric charge and also come in fixed and variable types. Inductors are coils of wire that oppose changes in current flow. Transformers are made of two coils of wire wound on a core and transfer energy from one circuit to another through mutual induction. The document provides details on various types of these components, their construction, properties, and applications.
Basic_Electronics_2_Res_Cap.pptx
This document discusses different types of electronic components, including passive components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors. It provides details on resistors, describing how they work based on Ohm's law. Resistor specifications like resistance value, tolerance, wattage rating, and temperature coefficient are explained. The common types of resistors - carbon composition, metal film, and wirewound - are outlined along with their characteristics and applications. Color coding used to indicate resistor values is also covered.
Resistors
A resistor is an electrical component that opposes or resists the flow of electric current. It works by converting electrical energy into heat energy as current passes through it. Resistors are commonly used to regulate current and voltage levels in electronic circuits. They come in various types defined by their material and manufacturing process, and their resistance values are color coded for easy identification.
Surface coating technology mechanical engineering.pptx
This document provides an overview of surface coating technology. It discusses metallic and non-metallic coatings, comparing their materials and applications. Several coating processes are described, including electroplating, electroless plating, hot dipping, and wire spraying. Electroplating involves depositing metal ions onto a cathode using an electrolytic process. Common metals plated include zinc, nickel, gold, chrome, and tin. Electroless plating is a chemical process that plates without electricity. Hot dipping involves immersing a substrate in molten coating metal.
Electric discharge machining by shaikh mohd aslam
The document describes the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. EDM involves using electrical sparks to erode material from a conductive workpiece. A tool shaped to the desired cavity or hole acts as an electrode and is placed near the workpiece in a dielectric fluid. High-frequency pulses of voltage are applied, causing sparks that melt and evaporate small amounts of material. The process is repeated until the cavity is shaped. Key aspects of EDM include the dielectric fluid, gap size, electrode material, and operating parameters which control the machining rate and surface finish.
NON CONVENTIONAL MACHINING PRESENTATION
This document provides an overview of non-conventional machining processes including electron beam machining (EBM), laser beam machining (LBM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). EBM uses a focused beam of high velocity electrons to melt and evaporate material. LBM uses a high power laser beam capable of high power density to melt and evaporate material. USM uses a tool that vibrates at ultrasonic frequencies in an abrasive slurry to erode material away. Non-conventional machining processes allow machining of materials that are difficult to machine with conventional methods and provide benefits like higher accuracy, less heat impact, and ability to machine complex shapes.
Alumlytictrain6020
The document provides an overview of aluminum electrolytic capacitors, including their characteristics, construction, types, dimensions, part numbering system, applications, and more. Key points covered include:
- They are polarized components with anode and cathode terminals and dominate higher capacitance values.
- Available in leaded and surface mount styles with capacitance values ranging from 0.1uF to 68,000uF.
- Dimensional specifications include diameter by length and lead spacing/orientation.
- Part numbering specifies values for capacitance, tolerance, voltage, size, and series.
- Applications include common usage in various end products/industries.
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Blackodising process
Blackodising is a process that forms a corrosion-resistant coating on ferrous metals through a chemical reaction when immersed in a hot alkaline salt solution. This reaction converts the metal surface into magnetite (Fe3O4), providing protection without changing the part's dimensions. The black oxide coating has various applications and advantages, including corrosion resistance, an aesthetic black finish, and low cost processing, making it suitable for tool parts, fixtures, gears, and other mechanical components.
Schimidt hartman boiler
The Schmidt Hartmann boiler consists of two circuits - a primary circuit of distilled water that generates high pressure steam at 95-100 bar, and a secondary circuit of impure water that uses the high pressure steam to generate lower pressure steam at 55-60 bar. This design allows for the generation of steam using impure water, reducing costs by eliminating the need for a softening plant. However, deposits in the evaporator drum from the impure water require more frequent cleaning stops.
Velox boiler
The Velox boiler is a water tube boiler that uses a gas turbine to drive an air compressor. This compressor pressurizes air that is fed into a vertical combustion chamber, increasing the heat from fuel combustion and accelerating the flue gases up to the speed of sound. This high-speed combustion transfer heat very efficiently to the water tubes, allowing the Velox boiler to generate steam at a high rate while maintaining a compact size. The key principle is that heat transfer increases when flue gas velocities exceed the speed of sound.
Surface grinding machine
Surface Grinding Machine uses an abrasive grinding wheel to remove material from the surface of a workpiece for finishing. It consists of a base, work table, wheel head, and other parts. Each abrasive particle acts as a single cutting tool. Common abrasive materials are aluminum oxide, diamond, silicon carbide, and cubic boron nitride. It can produce a smooth, high precision surface and is useful for grinding tools, cutters, and other flat or cylindrical surfaces. However, it has limitations such as inability to grind in reverse and constant degradation of the grinding wheel.
Bloom, billet, slab, plate
Bloom, billet, slab, plate, sheet, strip are terms used in metalworking and manufacturing. Blooms undergo first breakdown of ingots through hot working and have a large cross sectional area. Billets are further reduced through hot rolling. Slabs are hot rolled ingots with a specific cross sectional area and width. Plates are thick products over 6mm, while sheets are thinner but wide, and strips are thin and narrow. Blooms, billets, and slabs are considered semi-finished products.
Lapping process
Lapping is a surface finishing process that uses loose abrasive powders at low speeds to achieve very tight tolerances of flatness, parallelism, thickness, or finish. It involves mixing abrasive particles with a liquid to form a slurry, placing the slurry on a rotating lap plate, and placing the workpiece against the slurry-coated plate so the abrasive grains can modify the workpiece surface through rolling/sliding contact. A lapped surface exhibits a dull, non-reflective appearance with multi-directional texture, especially for hard materials with surface roughness under 5 micro-inches.
Injection moulding
Injection moulding is a manufacturing process that involves injecting material into a mould cavity. Common materials used include thermoplastics and thermosets. The injection moulding machine has components like a clamping unit, injection unit, mould, and heaters. It injects molten material into the mould, which then cools and hardens into the final shape before being ejected. Injection moulding is used to make a wide variety of plastic, rubber and metal parts.
Mechanism of gear shaping
Gear shaping is the process of manufacturing gears to precise specifications. It involves using a gear shaper machine with a single-point cutting tool that removes material from a gear blank as it rotates, forming the gear teeth. The cutting tool is fed into the rotating blank following a programmed path to generate the correct tooth profile and dimensions needed for the gear to mesh properly with a mating gear.
Mechanical press
This document discusses mechanical presses. It begins by defining a mechanical press as a machine that can perform cutting and non-cutting processes by applying force without removing chips from metallic or non-metallic sheets. It then outlines the main parts of a mechanical press, including the flywheel, clutch, brakes, driving mechanism, ram, and pitman. It classifies presses based on their power source, number of slides, and frame/construction. Finally, it states that mechanical presses are used for punching, stamping, forming, drawing, embossing, and bending operations in industries like automotive, aircraft, telecommunications, electrical appliances, and utensil making.
advantages of Hard chrome electroplating
Hard chrome electroplating involves applying a layer of chromium to a metal object through electroplating to provide benefits like reducing wear and damage from corrosion while increasing conductivity. The process starts with degreasing and cleaning the metal substrate before electroplating a hard chromium layer that is much more durable and provides superior hardness, lower friction, and improved anti-stick capabilities, making it suitable for applications involving drills, screws, taps and dies.
Drill machine
The document discusses a drill machine. It provides instructions for how to operate a drill machine safely and effectively. A drill machine is used to make holes in various materials like wood, metal, plastic and more. It allows users to control the speed and pressure applied for precise hole-making.
Properties of fluids
The document defines several key properties of fluids: density is defined as mass per unit volume and its SI unit is kg/m3; specific volume is the reciprocal of density and defined as volume per unit mass; specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to a standard fluid like water, and is unitless; and specific weight is defined as weight per unit volume and has an SI unit of N/m3. The document also provides examples that water has a density of 1000 kg/m3 and mercury has a density of 13600 kg/m3.
Lecture on quality
The document discusses different definitions and goals of quality. It states that quality involves fitness for use, fitness for purpose, customer satisfaction, and conformance to requirements. It also defines quality as conformance to specifications according to Deming and conformance to requirements according to Crosby. Additionally, it defines quality as meeting customer needs and involving a company-wide system to ensure customer satisfaction at low cost through coordinated actions. Quality is also said to be inversely proportional to variations.
Emissions in engines
This document discusses different types of emissions from engines, including exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. It describes the key pollutants like unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. The document explains the factors that influence emissions formation in spark ignition and compression ignition engines, such as fuel-air mixture, combustion temperature, and engine operating conditions. It also discusses the limitations of hydrocarbons and the processes that lead to HC and CO emissions from spark ignition engines.
Open channel flow
Open Channel Flow is a book written by Rampal Singh, who holds a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Production Engineering, and has qualified three times for the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). The book covers topics related to open channel flow, which is the flow of liquids in rivers, streams, and other channels where the free surface is exposed to the atmosphere.
Zenith carburetor
The Zenith Carburetor has 8 main components: a float chamber, main line, main jet, compensating jet, starting jet, reservoir, choke, and throttle valve. It works by drawing fuel from the float chamber through the main jet at a low speed air to fuel ratio of 15:1. At high speeds, the compensating jet provides extra fuel required. During starting, the starting jet sprays fuel from the reservoir into the air above the throttle valve to form an 11:1 rich mixture, helping the engine start.
Engine performance
The document discusses engine performance and is authored by Rampal Singh, who has a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Production Engineering, and has qualified three times for GATE.
Fuel injection system in ci engine
The document discusses the basics of fuel injection systems in compression ignition (CI) engines. It outlines the key objectives of a fuel injection system which are to meter the correct amount of fuel demanded based on engine load and speed, distribute fuel equally among cylinders, inject fuel at the proper timing and rate, and ensure proper atomization. It also provides details on the typical injection timing window and angle. To achieve these objectives, the key functional components are identified as the pumping element to transport fuel, a metering element to control the fuel supply, a metering control to adjust the metering based on load/speed, and a distribution element to divide fuel evenly among cylinders. Finally, it lists some common types of fuel injection systems used in
Coal handling
Coal handling in thermal power plants involves transporting large quantities of coal from sources via rail or ship, storing it on site, and moving it within the plant. Over 5 million tons of coal per year is typically needed for a 2000 MW plant. Coal is often transported via pipeline as a coal water slurry to avoid weather impacts, with booster pumps along the line. On site, coal is stored in compact heaps up to 12 meters high with drainage to prevent fires from spontaneous combustion. Inside the plant, large rotary car dumpers are commonly used to efficiently unload coal cars and transfer the coal to storage or direct feeding.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
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### Advantages of TDM
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学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
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A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Nickel electroplating
- 1. Nickel electroplating By Er. Rampal Singh Ojha
- 2. Benefits of Electro Nickel Plating • Increased resistance to corrosion • Improved hardness • Superior strength • Resistance to wear • Improved ductility
- 4. Reaction at cathode Mn+ + ne → M (Reduction reaction = Reduction of metal) Reaction at anode M → Mn+ + ne (Oxidation reaction = Dissolution of metal)
- 5. Nickel electroplating • energy forming the plate coating is the "DC current" used for the reduction reaction of metal ions. • DC power is represented by Current (amps) x Time (min.), and the plating thickness is affected by the current and time per one product • This indicates that targeted plating thickness can be obtained in short amount of time by applying a large current, though it is not unlimited. • concept of "Current density" is used to determine the strength of the electrical current. This indicates the strength of current applied per unit area of the product, and typically represented with A/dm2 (Amperes per 1 square decimeter 100x100mm).