The presentation is for the simulator for the operation of Thermal Power Plant from starting. It describes the Electrical Charging and Water Cycle Establishment. The simultaneous operations on Turbine sides are also described for the First Part.
This document provides instructions for operating a thermal power plant over the course of a day. It includes starting various systems like the coal handling plant, primary air fans, mills and coal feeders to start producing power. It also details increasing the load by bringing additional mills online and adjusting support systems. The goal is to eventually reach full load of 210 MW by following the specified procedures.
The document provides instructions for various operations at a thermal power plant, including:
1) Charging the PRDS system and opening associated valves.
2) Opening valves in the cooling water system and starting the cooling water pump.
3) Heating the deaerator and establishing feedwater flow to the boiler by regulating valves.
4) Starting the boiler feed pumps and monitoring associated parameters.
5) Charging the main steam lines and monitoring drum level and flue gas temperatures.
6) Building condenser vacuum by opening air vents and valves, starting the ejectors, and admitting gland sealing steam.
The document discusses the HP/LP bypass system used in thermal power stations. The bypass system allows live steam from the boiler to bypass the turbine and be dumped into the condenser. This allows the boiler to continue operating during turbine trips or startup before the turbine is up to temperature. It comprises HP and LP bypass valves, spray valves, and other components. The bypass system cuts startup time, allows boiler operation during trips, and helps match boiler and turbine temperatures for efficient operation.
A boiler trip command stops all fuel inputs and closes all heavy oil nozzle valves. There are two separate boiler trip commands that must both be reset before a furnace purge can begin. A boiler trip establishes a master fuel trip memory signal, indicated by red and green lights, and triggers various safety events like tripping pulverizers and fans. Boiler explosions can occur if unburned fuel accumulates in the furnace, while implosions result from rapid decreases in furnace pressure. Preventive measures include maintaining minimum air flows and slowly reducing fuel and fan speeds after a trip.
The presentation details about the Boiler Operation specifically while lightup of boiler and loading of boiler. the course participants discuss in details about the operations carried in their respective power stations
The discussion on "Handling of Turbines During Emergencies" has been detailed in the ppt. Some case studies are also discussed in the session where the course participants express their difficulties while coming across the emergencies in handling the turbines at their locations.
This document provides instructions for operating a thermal power plant over the course of a day. It includes starting various systems like the coal handling plant, primary air fans, mills and coal feeders to start producing power. It also details increasing the load by bringing additional mills online and adjusting support systems. The goal is to eventually reach full load of 210 MW by following the specified procedures.
The document provides instructions for various operations at a thermal power plant, including:
1) Charging the PRDS system and opening associated valves.
2) Opening valves in the cooling water system and starting the cooling water pump.
3) Heating the deaerator and establishing feedwater flow to the boiler by regulating valves.
4) Starting the boiler feed pumps and monitoring associated parameters.
5) Charging the main steam lines and monitoring drum level and flue gas temperatures.
6) Building condenser vacuum by opening air vents and valves, starting the ejectors, and admitting gland sealing steam.
The document discusses the HP/LP bypass system used in thermal power stations. The bypass system allows live steam from the boiler to bypass the turbine and be dumped into the condenser. This allows the boiler to continue operating during turbine trips or startup before the turbine is up to temperature. It comprises HP and LP bypass valves, spray valves, and other components. The bypass system cuts startup time, allows boiler operation during trips, and helps match boiler and turbine temperatures for efficient operation.
A boiler trip command stops all fuel inputs and closes all heavy oil nozzle valves. There are two separate boiler trip commands that must both be reset before a furnace purge can begin. A boiler trip establishes a master fuel trip memory signal, indicated by red and green lights, and triggers various safety events like tripping pulverizers and fans. Boiler explosions can occur if unburned fuel accumulates in the furnace, while implosions result from rapid decreases in furnace pressure. Preventive measures include maintaining minimum air flows and slowly reducing fuel and fan speeds after a trip.
The presentation details about the Boiler Operation specifically while lightup of boiler and loading of boiler. the course participants discuss in details about the operations carried in their respective power stations
The discussion on "Handling of Turbines During Emergencies" has been detailed in the ppt. Some case studies are also discussed in the session where the course participants express their difficulties while coming across the emergencies in handling the turbines at their locations.
This document provides an overview of the condensate system in a power plant, including:
- Key components like the condenser, CEP pumps, SJAE ejectors, LP heaters, and their functions.
- Parameters and specifications of the condenser and LP heaters.
- Importance of maintaining vacuum in the condenser.
- Startup and shutdown procedures for the condensate system, which involve opening/closing valves, maintaining fluid levels, and isolating components as needed.
The document discusses the turbine protection system of a thermal power plant. It describes 13 different turbine trip conditions such as low lube oil pressure, high drum level, low main steam temperature, high exhaust steam temperature, fire protection operation, axial shift limits, low vacuum, high hydrogen cooler temperatures, high exciter air temperatures, liquid in bushings, master fuel trip, generator faults, and emergency trip from control room. It provides details on the logic, sensors, and mechanisms for each protection system to safely trip the turbine during abnormal operating conditions.
1) The document describes the governing system and components of a steam turbine. It includes throttle controlled governing and discusses advantages like avoiding overspeeding and adjusting droop.
2) It lists the different oils used like trip oil, auxiliary trip oil, and control oil and describes what each oil is used for like tripping the stop valve or hydraulic governing.
3) The main elements of the governing system are described including remote trip solenoids, main trip valve, speeder gear, and follow-up piston valves that control steam flow and turbine speed.
The document outlines the steps to safely shut down a 210 MW power generation unit for overhaul and maintenance. It involves gradually reducing boiler steam parameters and turbine load over several steps by cutting mills and heaters, before finally tripping the turbine. Key steps include maintaining temperature differences, ensuring availability of emergency equipment, monitoring parameters, and opening drains. The shutdown is completed by venting the boiler drum and stopping auxiliary systems once drum pressure is reduced.
The document describes the auxiliary PRDS (pressure reducing and desuperheating) system used in thermal power plants. It has two identical systems - the turbine auxiliary steam system (TAS) and boiler auxiliary steam system (BAS). Low and high capacity auxiliary steam is derived from main steam and its pressure and temperature are reduced before supplying it to various locations in the plant for processes like deaeration, soot blowing, oil heating etc. The systems use control valves, isolating valves, desuperheaters and spray water to control pressure and temperature.
Thermal Power Plant Simulator, Cold, warm and Hot rolling of Steam TurbineManohar Tatwawadi
The presentation describes the cold rolling, warm rolling and hot rolling and synchronising of steam turbine. The Temperature Matching Chart for Turbine metal and Steam is also discussed in the presentation
The document provides an introduction and overview of governing systems for steam turbines. It defines a governing system as a control mechanism that regulates steam turbine parameters like inlet pressure and steam flow rate to enable stable power production. It describes the main types as nozzle and throttle governing and notes most LMW turbines use nozzle while KWU turbines use throttle governing. It outlines the key components of KWU turbine governing systems including control valves, pumps, speeders and more. It provides details on operating parameters and functions of different elements.
The presentation discuss about the operations, causes and remedies for the facing emergencies of steam Turbines. Specially for the 210MW LMW units. The emergencies can be created on simulator and studied on the simulator ACCORDINGLY.
210 mw LMZ Turbine rolling and its GOVERNING Nitin Patel
This document provides information about the startup procedure for a 210 MW thermal power station turbine. It involves gradually heating the turbine components like casings and steam pipes before admitting steam. Steam is initially rolled through bypass lines to heat the turbine. Valves are then opened slowly to admit steam into the high pressure and intermediate pressure turbines. Speed is raised gradually while monitoring parameters like temperature, vibration and differential expansion. Once the turbine is rolled up to operating speed, it is ready for synchronization and loading.
660 mw turbo governing & protection systemAshvani Shukla
This document provides an overview of a turbine system including:
- The topics that will be covered in the presentation such as the turbine components, governing system, extraction circuits, and protection systems.
- A block diagram showing the turbine extractions and their destinations.
- The main turbine components including the high pressure turbine, intermediate pressure turbine, low pressure turbines, bearings, valves, and governing box.
- Details on the governing system, resetting procedure, operation of stop and control valves, and start up sequences.
- Instrumentation for monitoring including turbovisory instruments and the turbine stress calculation system.
- The turbine protection system with electrical and hydraulic protections tripping the turbine if operational limits are exceeded.
The operations carried out to Light up the Boiler, from Air Cycle Establishment, Oil Handling Plant, Scanner air fans and Igniter Air Fans, Boiler Purging.
This document discusses the performance calculation and monitoring of feedwater heaters in thermal power plants. There are three key variables used to monitor feedwater heater efficiency: terminal temperature difference (TTD), drain cooler approach (DCA), and feedwater temperature rise (TR). The TTD measures how close the outlet water temperature is to the saturation temperature, and a higher TTD indicates poorer performance. The DCA measures how close the drain outlet temperature is to the inlet water temperature, and a higher DCA can cause damage. These variables are calculated and trended monthly to monitor heater performance and identify any issues.
The document discusses reheater protection to prevent reheat tubes from starvation. It outlines the conditions that must be met for reheater protection to be enabled or disabled, including drum pressure above 30ksc, openings of high or low pressure bypass valves, feeders on or boiler firing, turbine valve positions, generator circuit breaker status, and bypass valve positions. It also indicates there is a loss of reheater protection signal.
The book describes the basics of heat rate, how it is to be calculated, the mass balance of the Thermal power station and the requisite data to be collected, the boiler efficiency, turbine efficiency and everything related to the heat rate of the Power Plant.
1. The document discusses various boiler emergency situations during operation with an emphasis on safety aspects like boiler protection systems and controls. It provides descriptions of potential causes, effects, and recommended actions for issues like low or high drum level, high furnace draft, flame failure, boiler feed pump failure, high boiler pressure, furnace explosion, tube failures, coal feeder or burner trips, and more. The goal is to safely manage emergencies and prevent damage to the boiler.
This document discusses heat rate audits in thermal power plants. It aims to identify causes of efficiency losses that increase heat rate. Some key points:
- Heat rate is the amount of heat input (fuel) required per unit of power generated and impacts generation costs. Lower heat rates reduce costs.
- Losses occur in the boiler, turbine, condenser/feedwater systems, circulating water system, and from electrical/steam auxiliaries.
- Common causes of higher heat rates include incomplete combustion, turbine erosion, condenser tube fouling, and electrical auxiliary inefficiencies.
- Tracking plant parameters and conducting monthly performance tests can identify losses and guide improvement efforts to lower heat rates.
The document discusses boiler circulation systems and boiling phenomena. It covers:
1) Sub-critical and super-critical boiler systems and different circulation methods like natural, forced, and assisted circulation.
2) Features of boiling like nucleate boiling, critical heat flux, film boiling, and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB).
3) Special features of once-through supercritical boilers including their start-up system using a boiler circulation pump (BCP) to maintain minimum flow during low load conditions.
This document describes the key components and processes involved in a thermal power plant. Water is heated to produce steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The main components are the boiler, turbines, condenser, cooling tower and auxiliary systems. Coal is pulverized and burned in the boiler to heat water and produce high pressure steam. The steam powers high, intermediate and low pressure turbines in succession to generate electricity before being condensed back into water in the condenser. The water is cooled in the cooling tower and recycled to the boiler to repeat the process.
This document describes the thermal power cycle of a steam turbine power plant. It includes diagrams of the boiler, turbines, condenser and other components. It discusses the efficiencies of the boiler (86.5%), high pressure turbine (81.11%), intermediate pressure turbine (89.83%) and low pressure turbine (85%). It states that the overall steam cycle efficiency is 40%, with 60% of heat being removed by the condenser. Losses at each stage are also outlined.
Some potential causes for fluctuating boiler water level even when the feed water control valve is fully open:
- Issues with the feed water pump - it may not be operating properly or consistently providing the required flow rate. Need to check the pump.
- Air in the feed water system - presence of air can cause inconsistent flow. Need to bleed air from the system.
- Restriction in the feed water line - build up of scale or debris inside the line can restrict flow. Need to inspect and clean the line if required.
- Incorrect setting of water level controllers - level controllers may be set too sensitively causing them to hunt. Need to adjust settings.
- Blowdown valve partially open -
The document provides instructions for operating a steam turbine. It discusses startup procedures like charging the steam line, operating cooling water and lube oil systems, building vacuum in the condenser, and rolling the turbine to full speed. It also describes shutdown procedures and checklists. Potential emergency situations for the turbine like overspeed, lube oil failure, high vibration, and fires are reviewed. The document is an operating manual for a Siemens SST300 C-160 steam turbine with technical specifications provided.
This document provides an overview of the condensate system in a power plant, including:
- Key components like the condenser, CEP pumps, SJAE ejectors, LP heaters, and their functions.
- Parameters and specifications of the condenser and LP heaters.
- Importance of maintaining vacuum in the condenser.
- Startup and shutdown procedures for the condensate system, which involve opening/closing valves, maintaining fluid levels, and isolating components as needed.
The document discusses the turbine protection system of a thermal power plant. It describes 13 different turbine trip conditions such as low lube oil pressure, high drum level, low main steam temperature, high exhaust steam temperature, fire protection operation, axial shift limits, low vacuum, high hydrogen cooler temperatures, high exciter air temperatures, liquid in bushings, master fuel trip, generator faults, and emergency trip from control room. It provides details on the logic, sensors, and mechanisms for each protection system to safely trip the turbine during abnormal operating conditions.
1) The document describes the governing system and components of a steam turbine. It includes throttle controlled governing and discusses advantages like avoiding overspeeding and adjusting droop.
2) It lists the different oils used like trip oil, auxiliary trip oil, and control oil and describes what each oil is used for like tripping the stop valve or hydraulic governing.
3) The main elements of the governing system are described including remote trip solenoids, main trip valve, speeder gear, and follow-up piston valves that control steam flow and turbine speed.
The document outlines the steps to safely shut down a 210 MW power generation unit for overhaul and maintenance. It involves gradually reducing boiler steam parameters and turbine load over several steps by cutting mills and heaters, before finally tripping the turbine. Key steps include maintaining temperature differences, ensuring availability of emergency equipment, monitoring parameters, and opening drains. The shutdown is completed by venting the boiler drum and stopping auxiliary systems once drum pressure is reduced.
The document describes the auxiliary PRDS (pressure reducing and desuperheating) system used in thermal power plants. It has two identical systems - the turbine auxiliary steam system (TAS) and boiler auxiliary steam system (BAS). Low and high capacity auxiliary steam is derived from main steam and its pressure and temperature are reduced before supplying it to various locations in the plant for processes like deaeration, soot blowing, oil heating etc. The systems use control valves, isolating valves, desuperheaters and spray water to control pressure and temperature.
Thermal Power Plant Simulator, Cold, warm and Hot rolling of Steam TurbineManohar Tatwawadi
The presentation describes the cold rolling, warm rolling and hot rolling and synchronising of steam turbine. The Temperature Matching Chart for Turbine metal and Steam is also discussed in the presentation
The document provides an introduction and overview of governing systems for steam turbines. It defines a governing system as a control mechanism that regulates steam turbine parameters like inlet pressure and steam flow rate to enable stable power production. It describes the main types as nozzle and throttle governing and notes most LMW turbines use nozzle while KWU turbines use throttle governing. It outlines the key components of KWU turbine governing systems including control valves, pumps, speeders and more. It provides details on operating parameters and functions of different elements.
The presentation discuss about the operations, causes and remedies for the facing emergencies of steam Turbines. Specially for the 210MW LMW units. The emergencies can be created on simulator and studied on the simulator ACCORDINGLY.
210 mw LMZ Turbine rolling and its GOVERNING Nitin Patel
This document provides information about the startup procedure for a 210 MW thermal power station turbine. It involves gradually heating the turbine components like casings and steam pipes before admitting steam. Steam is initially rolled through bypass lines to heat the turbine. Valves are then opened slowly to admit steam into the high pressure and intermediate pressure turbines. Speed is raised gradually while monitoring parameters like temperature, vibration and differential expansion. Once the turbine is rolled up to operating speed, it is ready for synchronization and loading.
660 mw turbo governing & protection systemAshvani Shukla
This document provides an overview of a turbine system including:
- The topics that will be covered in the presentation such as the turbine components, governing system, extraction circuits, and protection systems.
- A block diagram showing the turbine extractions and their destinations.
- The main turbine components including the high pressure turbine, intermediate pressure turbine, low pressure turbines, bearings, valves, and governing box.
- Details on the governing system, resetting procedure, operation of stop and control valves, and start up sequences.
- Instrumentation for monitoring including turbovisory instruments and the turbine stress calculation system.
- The turbine protection system with electrical and hydraulic protections tripping the turbine if operational limits are exceeded.
The operations carried out to Light up the Boiler, from Air Cycle Establishment, Oil Handling Plant, Scanner air fans and Igniter Air Fans, Boiler Purging.
This document discusses the performance calculation and monitoring of feedwater heaters in thermal power plants. There are three key variables used to monitor feedwater heater efficiency: terminal temperature difference (TTD), drain cooler approach (DCA), and feedwater temperature rise (TR). The TTD measures how close the outlet water temperature is to the saturation temperature, and a higher TTD indicates poorer performance. The DCA measures how close the drain outlet temperature is to the inlet water temperature, and a higher DCA can cause damage. These variables are calculated and trended monthly to monitor heater performance and identify any issues.
The document discusses reheater protection to prevent reheat tubes from starvation. It outlines the conditions that must be met for reheater protection to be enabled or disabled, including drum pressure above 30ksc, openings of high or low pressure bypass valves, feeders on or boiler firing, turbine valve positions, generator circuit breaker status, and bypass valve positions. It also indicates there is a loss of reheater protection signal.
The book describes the basics of heat rate, how it is to be calculated, the mass balance of the Thermal power station and the requisite data to be collected, the boiler efficiency, turbine efficiency and everything related to the heat rate of the Power Plant.
1. The document discusses various boiler emergency situations during operation with an emphasis on safety aspects like boiler protection systems and controls. It provides descriptions of potential causes, effects, and recommended actions for issues like low or high drum level, high furnace draft, flame failure, boiler feed pump failure, high boiler pressure, furnace explosion, tube failures, coal feeder or burner trips, and more. The goal is to safely manage emergencies and prevent damage to the boiler.
This document discusses heat rate audits in thermal power plants. It aims to identify causes of efficiency losses that increase heat rate. Some key points:
- Heat rate is the amount of heat input (fuel) required per unit of power generated and impacts generation costs. Lower heat rates reduce costs.
- Losses occur in the boiler, turbine, condenser/feedwater systems, circulating water system, and from electrical/steam auxiliaries.
- Common causes of higher heat rates include incomplete combustion, turbine erosion, condenser tube fouling, and electrical auxiliary inefficiencies.
- Tracking plant parameters and conducting monthly performance tests can identify losses and guide improvement efforts to lower heat rates.
The document discusses boiler circulation systems and boiling phenomena. It covers:
1) Sub-critical and super-critical boiler systems and different circulation methods like natural, forced, and assisted circulation.
2) Features of boiling like nucleate boiling, critical heat flux, film boiling, and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB).
3) Special features of once-through supercritical boilers including their start-up system using a boiler circulation pump (BCP) to maintain minimum flow during low load conditions.
This document describes the key components and processes involved in a thermal power plant. Water is heated to produce steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The main components are the boiler, turbines, condenser, cooling tower and auxiliary systems. Coal is pulverized and burned in the boiler to heat water and produce high pressure steam. The steam powers high, intermediate and low pressure turbines in succession to generate electricity before being condensed back into water in the condenser. The water is cooled in the cooling tower and recycled to the boiler to repeat the process.
This document describes the thermal power cycle of a steam turbine power plant. It includes diagrams of the boiler, turbines, condenser and other components. It discusses the efficiencies of the boiler (86.5%), high pressure turbine (81.11%), intermediate pressure turbine (89.83%) and low pressure turbine (85%). It states that the overall steam cycle efficiency is 40%, with 60% of heat being removed by the condenser. Losses at each stage are also outlined.
Some potential causes for fluctuating boiler water level even when the feed water control valve is fully open:
- Issues with the feed water pump - it may not be operating properly or consistently providing the required flow rate. Need to check the pump.
- Air in the feed water system - presence of air can cause inconsistent flow. Need to bleed air from the system.
- Restriction in the feed water line - build up of scale or debris inside the line can restrict flow. Need to inspect and clean the line if required.
- Incorrect setting of water level controllers - level controllers may be set too sensitively causing them to hunt. Need to adjust settings.
- Blowdown valve partially open -
The document provides instructions for operating a steam turbine. It discusses startup procedures like charging the steam line, operating cooling water and lube oil systems, building vacuum in the condenser, and rolling the turbine to full speed. It also describes shutdown procedures and checklists. Potential emergency situations for the turbine like overspeed, lube oil failure, high vibration, and fires are reviewed. The document is an operating manual for a Siemens SST300 C-160 steam turbine with technical specifications provided.
Steam turbines convert heat energy from steam into rotational mechanical energy. There are two main types of steam turbines - impulse and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines expand steam in nozzles, while reaction turbines expand steam in both stationary and moving blades. Turbines require lubrication, governing, safety, and sealing systems to operate properly. Key components include turning gears to rotate turbines slowly for start up and shutdown, oil pumps and filters to lubricate bearings, control valves to govern speed, and condensers to condense exhaust steam using circulating cooling water.
This document provides guidance on starting up a turbine from a cold start. It discusses general operation philosophy, preparation steps, classification of start-ups, requirements for a cold start-up, and the detailed cold start-up procedure. The cold start-up procedure takes around 6 hours and involves warming lines, pulling vacuum, establishing sealing, building steam parameters slowly according to curves, soaking the turbine at intermediate speeds, and gradually increasing speed and load until synchronization and full load. The turbine oil, condensate, feedwater, and vacuum systems are also checked and established as part of the start-up.
The document describes the piping systems on a ship. It discusses the importance of an efficient piping system and provides examples of common piping systems like bilge, ballast, fuel, cooling water, lubrication oil, compressed air, steam, and cargo tank systems. It emphasizes preparing accurate piping plans and diagrams using standardized symbols and labeling key details like pipe sizes, flow directions, and component capacities. Common arrangements for pumping, drainage, overflows, and other aspects of key systems are illustrated with diagrams.
This document provides information on the various auxiliary systems used in hydro power plants, including:
- Braking and jacking, compressed air, heating/cooling, governing, cooling water, drainage, and mechanical auxiliary systems.
- Electrical auxiliary systems like bus ducts, transformers, cables, switchgear, protection systems, and control/monitoring panels.
- Operation procedures including pre-start checks, normal start/stop sequences, synchronization, and emergency handling.
- Key components of sub-systems like pressure tanks, compressors, pumps, valves and details of lubrication, ventilation, fire protection and crane systems.
Power Plant Simulator, Unloading and shutting the TurbogeneratorManohar Tatwawadi
The Presentation describes the steps for gradual unloading of the machine/turbogenerator for a planned shutdown. The steps are described in the presentation.
This document provides information about boilers. It defines a boiler as a closed vessel that heats fluid, typically water, which is then used for various heating applications. It describes the basic working principle of boilers, which involves using heat energy to convert water into steam. It also discusses different boiler types, components like burners, pumps, and safety devices, and explains the basic sequence of operations for a boiler.
The document provides information about operating procedures for a compressor at a refinery project in Paradeep. It discusses taking over the compressor from maintenance, starting it up, normal running and monitoring, trips/emergencies, and shutdown procedures. The startup process involves establishing utilities, warming up piping, starting the turbine slowly while monitoring parameters, and gradually increasing the compressor load while watched anti-surge controls. Trips are executed by an ESD system if any parameters exceed safe limits.
The document provides information about operating procedures for a compressor at a refinery project in Paradeep. It discusses various steps involved in taking over the compressor from maintenance, starting it up, normal operation and monitoring, emergency shutdown, and shutting it down for handover to maintenance. Key steps include establishing utilities, warming up piping, starting the turbine slowly, monitoring parameters, and tripping in emergencies. Safety is emphasized throughout compressor operation.
The document summarizes the key components and processes involved in oil production from offshore platforms. It describes how oil and gas are separated after being extracted from subsea wells through manifolds and gathered into the platform. The separated oil, gas, and water then undergo further treatment processes like compression and removal of impurities. Final stages involve storage of oil and gas, metering for export, and transfer through pipelines or marine loading to tankers for transportation.
The presentation is based on the discussions of starting operations of a coal based thermal power plant. This presentation is based on the in-house training to the operation engineers of the thermal power plant. It describes the activity chart for the starting of boiler, Turbine and synchronising of Generator, picking up the load etc.
This document provides instructions for starting up a steam turbine. It outlines the sequence of operations that must be followed, including: opening drains, charging the steam line, starting the cooling water system, operating the condensate system, starting the oil system, putting the turbine on barring, building vacuum, charging gland steam, rolling the turbine, and synchronizing once full speed is reached. Special attention is given to ensuring auxiliary systems are operational and parameters are within limits at each stage to safely start the turbine.
The document provides information on commissioning a hydro power station. It discusses the key components of a hydroelectric power plant and outlines the main commissioning activities, which include pre-commissioning tests, initial run tests, and test runs. The pre-commissioning tests check equipment functionality before and after filling the waterways. Initial run tests slowly increase the turbine speed. Test runs involve mechanical spinning without excitation, spinning with excitation, synchronization with the grid, and load run and rejection tests to check performance and response at various load levels.
This document provides an overview of steam heating systems from an energy efficiency perspective. It discusses the components of boilers, including burners, controls, and maintenance. It describes the combustion process for oil and gas firing. It also outlines different types of steam heating piping arrangements like one pipe, two pipe, and systems using condensate pumps or vacuum pumps. Key components like steam traps, controls, sensors and pressuretrols are explained. Maintenance topics like tuning the boiler and combustion testing are covered.
This document discusses condensate management and return systems. It describes various methods for returning condensate, including electric centrifugal pumps and mechanical pumps. Electric pumps require maintenance but are inexpensive, while mechanical pumps have fewer moving parts. The document also discusses considerations for closed-loop condensate return systems and recovering flash steam from condensate for uses like preheating.
The document describes the key components and operating parameters of high pressure ammonia feed pumps (P-1). P-1 pumps ammonia at high pressure from 20-240 kg/cm2. It consists of reciprocating plungers, packing seals, lube oil systems, and driving components. Critical parameters include plunger speed, discharge pressure, seal water pressure, and lube oil pressure which are monitored to protect the pump. Detailed startup, operation, and shutdown procedures are outlined to safely charge and depressurize the pump.
This document describes the Rankine cycle process used in steam power plants. It discusses key components like the boiler, turbine, pump and condenser. It establishes the saturated liquid and vapor lines that form the steam dome on a temperature-entropy diagram. It also describes ways to improve the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle, such as increasing the boiler pressure, superheating steam, using regeneration to preheat feedwater, and implementing reheating in multi-stage turbines. Regenerative cycles use extracted steam from turbines to preheat liquid feedwater prior to the boiler in closed or open feedwater heaters.
This is a presentation series part 3 on Frequently Asked Questions on Steam Turbines in large steam power plants. All questions are answered properly and any doubt may be mailed to the writer.
Green building concepts and good building practicesManohar Tatwawadi
The power sector must adopt the green building concepts and go for good building practices. In fact all industries need to go for the same. The same practices can also be adopted in all commercial as well as residential buildings.
Auxiliary Consumption and Saving due to Increase in Boiler EfficiencyManohar Tatwawadi
Discussions on Auxiliary consumption in a 4 X 210 MW TPS, the common systems and individual unitwise Auxiliary consumption has been briefed in the presentation. Also savings in various aspects due to increase in Boiler Efficiency are also discussed in the presentation.
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM . ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIESManohar Tatwawadi
The presentation gives an idea as to how the compressed air system is designed and the performance of the compressed air system. The losses, conservation of energy, the cost of leakages etc are discussed in the presentation
This document contains frequently asked questions and answers about steam turbines. It discusses issues like speed variation, vibration, deposits, erosion, washing, compounding, and monitoring. Questions cover topics such as reducing speed variation through governor adjustments, the effects of deposits on efficiency, solid particle erosion, monitoring internal efficiency, and reducing vibration damage through blade design modifications. Causes and remedies of issues like governor lubrication problems, safety trip valve trips, and foreign particle damage are also addressed.
- A stage in an impulse turbine consists of moving blades behind a nozzle, while in a reaction turbine each row of blades is a stage.
- Diaphragms hold the nozzles and seals between turbine stages. Tip leakage is a problem in reaction turbines where steam escapes across moving blade tips.
- Thrust bearings maintain the rotor's axial position, while radial bearings support the rotor at each end of the steam cylinder and must be accurately aligned.
- Deposits in a turbine can be detected through pressure monitoring, efficiency monitoring, and exhaust steam temperature monitoring. Deposits are removed through washing with condensate or wet steam for water soluble deposits and mechanically after dismantling for water insoluble
The presentation gives a basic idea of cooling towers in big industries including the Power Plants. The performance of cooling towers and the commonenly used terms with reference to the cooling towers are also discussed at length. Care to be taken while in freezing temperatures in the European countries is also discussed.
The presentation is based on the discussions about the safety in Power Plants and substations. The presentation is a part of the seminar on Electrical safety and reliability. The reporting of accidents was also discussed at length in the seminar
Cost accounting, cost control and cost reduction in TPSManohar Tatwawadi
The subject matter discuss in details about the cost accounting being practiced in a thermal power station for calculating the actual cost of generation of electricity. The cost centres and the cost affecting factors alongwith steps to reduce the cost of generation are described in the presentation. The PPMS system adopted can be further be well designed by any power plant engineer.
Environmental and pollution control in Thermal Power StationsManohar Tatwawadi
The presentation gives the basic idea as to the environment, pollutions and laws, the governing bodies and the limits of the emmissions. Also specifically about the solid waste, liquid waste and the gas emmissions from the Thermal Power Plants.
Energy Audit & Energy Conservation Opportunities in Electrical Equipments ...Manohar Tatwawadi
The discussion is for the Energy Conservation drive in the thermal power plants in the Auxilliary Consumption of the Electrical Auxilliaries in the Plant and thereby identify the steps to be taken for the reduction in Auxilliary Consumption
The presentation details the process of combustion in a 500 MW Coal based Thermal Power Plant where the main fuel is Pulverised coal. It details about the combustion of coal partical in the furnace and also the combustion equations related to the process, the excess air that is supplied.
The presentation gives an idea about the primary requirements for the establishment of a coal based THERMAL POWER STATION. The estimates are quite fair.
Effect of Coal Quality and Performance of Coal pulverisers / MillsManohar Tatwawadi
The presentation discusses about the change in performance parameters of a pulveriser due to change in coal quality and the measurement of performance and troubleshooting of coal firing system as a whole.
The Presentation describes the basics about the Efficiency and performance of a steam based power plant. It also describes how the heat rate of the power plant is important from the point of view of fuel savings.
ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY FOR TURBINE CYCLE IN A POWER PLANTManohar Tatwawadi
This document outlines the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting operational data on the steam turbine and associated equipment. Key measurements of steam and water parameters throughout the cycle are described. The document explains evaluating the turbine's heat rate and efficiency using enthalpy calculations. Factors that could impact the heat rate such as equipment performance, operating conditions and maintenance issues are identified. Methods to analyze the performance of feedwater heaters and determine deviations are also provided.
This document discusses biomass power plants and provides calculations to determine the amount of biomass needed to generate 1 megawatt hour (MWh) of electricity. It explains that biomass is considered carbon neutral, as long as it is replanted and harvested sustainably. Common sources of biomass for fuel are then outlined, along with their composition and heating values. A simple calculation is presented that determines about 0.72 kilograms of biomass on a moisture-and-ash-free basis is needed to generate 1 MWh, with adjustments made depending on the biomass moisture content and ash percentage. Annual biomass requirements are estimated for a sample 5 megawatt biomass power plant.
This document discusses various strategic planning tools including SWOT analysis, Porter's five forces analysis, competitor analysis, and resource gap analysis. SWOT analysis involves analyzing internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats. Porter's five forces model examines the competitive environment through analyzing the threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers and buyers, threat of substitutes, and rivalry among existing competitors. Competitor analysis assesses a competitor's objectives, strategies, assumptions, capabilities, and potential responses. Resource gap analysis identifies performance gaps between business requirements and current capabilities to determine investment needs.
Boiler Drum level measurement in Thermal Power StationsManohar Tatwawadi
The paper describes the basics of Boiler Drum water Level measurement in a Thermal Power Station. The Single element and three element control has been described in a very simple manner. Useful for the Thermal Engineers
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
2. ELECTRICAL CHARGING
• The first step is to establish power supply for
the auxiliaries at least for cooling water /GS
water pumps
• The power supply will be required for the
Instrument Air and Service air compressors.
• For Station Lighting , other station auxiliaries
and in the Water Treatment Plant.
• The power supply may be taken from the
440/220KV GRID by Station Transformers
3. Care to be Taken
• Get the clearance from Switchyard for charging the
400kv/220kv breakers of the station transformers.
• Check that all CTs & PTs in the switchyard are in order
• Before charging breaker, check the isolators.
• Generally always charge the HV side breaker of the
transformers first
• Mostly all 11kv, 6.6kv, 415V boards are charged from
both sides with their respective Bus Couplers in OFF
position
• Before charging check all the transformer protections
are in service.
4. STATION TRANSFORMER
• All the Electrical Supply required for the station is from
the Station Transformer (generally a (220/400)/6.6KV).
The station transformer capacity is approximately 20%
of the generating capacity. The supply may be changed
over to Unit Auxiliary Transformer, after the unit is
synchronized.
• The 6.6 KV station boards are charged by charging the
station transformer from the HV side (220/400KV side)
of the transformer first. The isolators of the 400kv side
breaker are closed and then the breaker is made ON.
• The incomers to the station boards are made ON to
charge the bus bars in the Board.
6. CHARGNG OF UNIT BOARDS 6.6 KV (UAT A & UAT B)
UNIT TRANSFORMER
16.5KV /6.6KV 20/25MVA
UNIT TRANSFORMER
16.5KV /6.6KV 20/25MVA
7. Charging of LT 6.6kv/440V Boards
• Charge Boiler Boards
• Charge Turbine Boards
• Station Service Boards
• Standby Board
• New Emergency Board
• Emergency Board and
• Main Lighting Distribution Board
8. CHARGING OF GS AND DM WATER
• The River water Pumps, pump water for the whole
requirement of water to the TPS. This water pumped
by the RWP is sent to the WT Plant where it is treated
& stored and then made available as G.S. water.
• The General water service pumps for all auxiliaries
cooling systems are started and all cooling water
systems are charged. The overhead GS water tanks are
also filled up. The tanks are provided so as to act as
buffer in case the pumps trip or not available for some
time.
9. Water Cycle Establishment
• General Water System will be charged first so that it
caters the need of cooling water to all auxiliaries.
• Two GS Pumps will be started for the purpose.
• Instrument Air and Service Air Compressors will be
started when cooling water is available
• The WT Plant will be started and DM water from the
WT Plant will be made available
• DM Intermediate Tank will be filled to its full capacity.
• DM Makeup will be started for filling DM Overhead
tanks.
10. CHARGING OF GS WATER
The General water service pumps for all auxiliaries cooling systems are started and all cooling water systems are
charged. The overhead GS water tanks are also filled up. The tanks are provided so as to act as buffer in case the
pumps trip or not available for some time.
11. Charging of DM and GS Water
• After the cooling water is available for Instrument and
service air compressors, the compressors can be
started and Instrument and Service air is made
available for the operation of valves, Atomisation etc.
• From the WT Plant, the DM water will be available
now. The Intermediate DM Tank is filled up by opening
valves DM4 and DM5 and DM Makeup pumps can be
started after the Intermediate Tank Level reaches more
than 2M.
• There are two Emergency DM tanks provided in case
of failure of DM Pumps. These tanks are filled by DM
Makeup Pumps by opening the respective valves.
13. DM MAKEUP AND COND CYCLE
• The Unit Drain Tank and Condenser may be filled up
with the help of DM Make up pumps by opening the
respective valves. (UDT level 2M & Condenser Level
3M).
• The Condensate Cycle can be taken into service at this
time. There are Three No of CEPs. Two are running and
one standby. The First CEP to be started is started with
its Discharge Bypass valve 10% open, so that it
develops some header pressure. (More than
14kg/cm2, otherwise the started CEP will trip on “CEP
Discharge Header Pressure Low”.) Once a pressure of
20kg/cm2 is reached, the discharge valve of the CEP is
opened.
14. DM MAKEUP AND COND CYCLE
• Before the CEP is started the condensate line
upto the deaerator is made through (All Heaters
Inlet / Outlet Valves open & Bypass Valves
Closed). The main Condenser level control valve
is also kept closed. (MC36 Valve closed).
• After starting the CEP and opening the discharge
valve, Main Condenser level Control Valve (MC36)
can be opened and the flow to Deaerator can be
observed.
15. CONDENSATE CYCLE CHARGING
The Deaerator can now be filled up by opening the Main Condensate Control Valve MC36
slightly. (About 5%). The Condenser Hotwell Level in the process will come down. The
Condensate Level has to be maintained by the Condensate makeup valve CV6 or CV7. Once
the Deaerator level reaches to about 4M close the Main Condensate Control Valve MC36 and
stop the make up to condenser
16. BOILER DRUM FILLING & Feed water system
• The Vents of the boiler drum shall be opened for boiler drum
filling. Also the Economiser Recirculation Valve must be
opened before starting the boiler drum filling. By starting
Boiler Filling Pump and making the circuit through for boiler
filling through the Boiler Drain header, the Boiler Drum can
now be filled up to NORMAL Level. (0.6 M).
• Boiler Drum can also be filled by opening the Feed Control
Station Low Load Line valves, the economizer inlet valve and
the boiler filling pump discharge line to FCS valve.
• After the drum Filling is done up to the normal Level , the
boiler filling valve can now be closed. The Economiser vent
valves shall also be closed as water comes out from
Economoser Vents.
• The Drum Vents and the Economiser Recirculation will be
kept open, till there is pressure in the boiler drum.
19. Turbine Side Activities
• Start AC LOP, AC Seal Oil Pump
• After filling the oil lines fully, start Starting Oil Pump,
observe Relay Oil Pressure 18kg/cm2.
• Lubricating Oil Pressure 4kg/cm2 before oil coolers and
1kg/cm2 after coolers
• Take trials of DC LOP and DC Seal Oil Pumps by tripping the
respective AC Pumps.
• Stop AC Lub oil and AC Seal oil Pumps. Start JOP
• Check the lub oil and seal oil pressures, if OK
• Start Barring Gear motor and check the speed of the
turbine rotor.
• Start the Hydrogen Filling in the Generator. Observe the
pressure and Purity of Hydrogen in the Generator
23. We have Achieved
• Whole Thermal Power Plant has been electrified
• GS water made available to all auxiliaries for cooling.
Overhead GS Tank Levels 3.5M
• Cooling Towers taken in service
• Instrument Air/ Service Air Pressure 6.5kg/cm2
• Unit Drain Tank, Emergency DM Tank, Condenser,
Deaerator and boiler drum filled with DM water.
• Condensate cycle charged with DM water
• Starting Oil Pump for Turbine Lub Oil, Seal Oil and relay oil
started.
• Turbine Rotor put on barring
• Hydrogen filling in Generator started.
24. We have Achieved
• Instrument air/service air pressure 6.5kg/cm2
• DM Intermediate Tank Level 4.5M
• Unit Drain Tank Full to its capacity
• Condenser Hotwell Level 3M
• Deaerator Level 4M
• Boiler Drum Level 0.6M
• SOP running, AC Lub oil & Seal oil Pumps OFF
Governing Oil Pres. 18kg/cm2,
• H2/seal oil Differential Pressure 0.9 to 1 kg/cm2
• Lub oil pres. 4kg/cm2, 1kg/cm2 before, after cooler.
• Barring gear ON Turbine rotor speed 3 to 4 RPM
25. Operational Tests
• Condenser level low, Deaerator level low,
Boiler Drum level low, UDT level low and DM
intertank level low reset.
• Starting of DC Lub oil and Seal oil Pumps on
Turbine lub oil pr low, seal oil pr low.
• Airheater AC motor tripping and DC / Air
motor starting
• All aux are getting cooling water