Scatter Diagram
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The document discusses scatter diagrams, which graph pairs of numerical data with one variable on each axis to identify relationships between them. Scatter diagrams are useful when variables are correlated and points fall along a line or curve. They are used to find correlations between two variables and predict behavior of one variable based on the other. The document provides examples of when to use scatter diagrams and limitations such as not showing exact correlation extent or multiple variable relationships. Benefits highlighted are showing two variable relationships, non-linear patterns, and simple plotting and observation. An example using test cases and employee designation data is presented.
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1.Line graphs
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a) Simple bar diagram
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d) % bar diagram
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This document compares the performance of various statistical and machine learning techniques for predicting daily returns of the S&P 500 stock index. It finds that support vector regression has the best performance with the lowest root mean squared error of 11.25, though it has the highest processing time. Linear regression performs poorly due to the non-linear nature of stock markets. Other techniques examined include lasso regression, Holt-Winters filtering, and K-nearest neighbors. The document concludes SVR is the best model for predicting S&P 500 returns and further research could explore additional time series models for equity factors.
Different types of charts
The document discusses different types of charts including column charts, bar charts, pie charts, line charts, area charts, stock charts, radar charts, bubble charts, scatter charts, and combo charts. For each chart type, the document outlines typical uses, advantages, and disadvantages. It provides an example of each chart type to illustrate how the chart can be constructed and interpreted.
7 QC Tools for data analysis and problem solving
The document provides information on 7 quality control tools: Pareto diagram, stratification, scatter diagram, cause and effect diagram, histogram, check sheet, and control chart. For each tool, it defines what the tool is, when it is used, and the typical results obtained from its use. The tools are used at different stages of problem solving including monitoring situations, analyzing causes, reviewing the effectiveness of actions, and implementing improvements. They help identify problems, find relationships between factors, and determine if processes are stable or need adjustment.
1133629601 400440
This document discusses various methods for analyzing relationships between variables in data, including categorical and numerical variables. It introduces correlation and covariance as measures of the linear relationship between two numerical variables, and scatterplots as a graphical method to detect these relationships. Crosstabulations and counts are presented as the primary way to examine relationships between categorical variables. The document also discusses comparing numerical variables across categorical subgroups using side-by-side box plots and pivot tables. Examples using baseball salary and golfing statistics data are provided.
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Quality control methods and important parameters forming these methods.Quality control is important concept in quality management. Quality management is an approach used in industry to manage operations and producing best quality products with minimum producer cost.
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The document provides an overview of activity diagrams, including what they are, their purpose, how to draw them, where to use them, and how they differ from flowchart diagrams. Activity diagrams illustrate the flow of activities from one to another and can show parallel, branched, and concurrent flows. They are used to model workflow, business requirements, and the functionalities and systems within an application. Key elements of activity diagrams include activities, flows, decisions, forks, and swimlanes.
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Review
The document discusses different types of peer review processes used for code and document review. It describes peer review inspection, peer review walkthrough, and peer review offline. For peer review inspection, it outlines the roles involved including author, inspector, moderator, reader, and recorder. It also explains the different phases of the peer review inspection process.
Runchart
- A run chart is a line graph that displays observed data over time and can show how a process is running, revealing important early information before large amounts of data are collected, though it cannot determine process stability.
- Run charts can detect "special causes" or outliers if 3 or more consecutive points fall on one side of the center line, indicating something beyond normal variability is influencing the process.
- The document includes an example run chart tracking the number of test cases executed by individual employees in a week, with dots distinguishing test case complexity.
Pareto diagram
A Pareto chart is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph used to identify priorities. It arranges data in descending order by bars to show individual values and uses a line graph to show cumulative totals. This technique helps identify the major causes that need to be addressed to resolve most problems. For example, a Pareto chart shows employee salaries at a company with HR earning the most at $130,000 and accounting for 41.26% of the total salary amount.
Histogram
This document discusses histograms, which are graphical representations of frequency distributions of data presented as bar charts. It describes histograms as a quality tool that can summarize large data sets, compare measurements to specifications, and assist in decision making. The key parts of a histogram are identified as the title, horizontal axis, bars, and vertical axis. Steps for constructing a histogram are outlined, and an example histogram showing employee working hours is provided to illustrate the components. Advantages of histograms include displaying large amounts of data and revealing variations, while disadvantages are limitations to continuous data and difficulty comparing multiple data sets.
Control chart
A control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over time by plotting data points in time order. It has a central line for the average, and upper and lower control limits determined from historical data. By comparing current data to these lines, you can determine if a process is in or out of control. Control charts are used for controlling ongoing processes, predicting expected outcomes, determining process stability, and analyzing patterns of variation from special or common causes. The basic components are a centerline, lower and upper control limits, and performance data plotted over time. The basic procedure is to determine the time period, collect and plot data, and look for out of control signals to investigate and document the cause and correction.
Checklist
This document discusses checklists, one of the seven basic quality tools. It defines a checklist as a comprehensive list of important actions or steps to be taken in a specific order, which can be in the form of questions or tasks. Checklists are useful when collecting data that can be repeatedly observed, from production processes, or to track frequencies and patterns of events. Examples of checklists are provided. Benefits of using checklists include organization, motivation, productivity, creativity, delegation, and safety. References are also included.
Cause effect diagram
This document provides an overview of cause and effect analysis and cause and effect diagrams. It explains that cause and effect analysis is a technique used to identify all possible causes associated with a problem or effect. A cause and effect diagram visually illustrates the results of this analysis and shows the relationships between potential causes. The document outlines how to construct a cause and effect diagram, including defining the problem, drawing the fishbone structure, and analyzing the diagram to identify the root cause.
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https://doi.org/10.1145/3626246.3653374
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Scatter Diagram
- 1. © Sun Technologies Inc. 1 Scatter Diagram
- 2. © Sun Technologies Inc. 2 What is Scatter Diagram? The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical data, with one variable on each axis, to look for a relationship between them. If the variables are correlated, the points will fall along a line or curve.
- 3. © Sun Technologies Inc. 3 ⹠The scatter diagram is used to find the correlation between two variables. ⹠This diagram shows you how closely the two variables are related. ⹠After determining the correlation between the variables, you can easily predict the behavior of the other variable. ⹠This chart is very useful when one variable is easy to measure and the other is not.
- 4. © Sun Technologies Inc. 4 When to Use a Scatter Diagram? ïWhen you have paired numerical data. ïWhen your dependent variable may have multiple values for each value of your independent variable. ïWhen trying to determine whether the two variables are related, such as, âą When trying to identify potential root causes of problems. âą When testing for autocorrelation before constructing a control chart.
- 5. © Sun Technologies Inc. 5 Limitations of a Scatter Diagram The following are a few limitations of a scatter diagram: ⹠Scatter diagram is unable to give you the exact extent of correlation. ⹠Scatter diagram does not show you the quantitative measure of the relationship between the variable. It only shows the quantitative expression of the quantitative change. ⹠This chart does not show you the relationship for more than two variables.
- 6. © Sun Technologies Inc. 6 Benefits of a Scatter Diagram The following are a few advantages of a scatter diagram: ⹠It shows the relationship between two variables. ⹠It is the best method to show you a non-linear pattern. ⹠The range of data flow, i.e. maximum and minimum value, can be easily determined. ⹠Observation and reading is straightforward. ⹠Plotting the diagram is relatively simple.
- 7. © Sun Technologies Inc. 7 Example By using two variables, Test Cases and Employees with designation in scatter diagram, it is easy to determine the best productivity of employees. Test Cases Employees 90 Manager 60 Test lead 35 Senior Test Engineer 40 Junior Test Engineer 20 Trainee
- 8. © Sun Technologies Inc. 8 T JTE STE TL M 20 40 60 80 100 Employees NoofTestCases
- 9. © Sun Technologies Inc. 9 Thank you