Plants have basic needs of temperature, light, water, air, nutrients, and space to grow. They are eukaryotes that can produce their own food through photosynthesis. Plants have two main stages in their life cycle - the sporophyte produces spores and the gametophyte produces sex cells. There are two divisions of plants - vascular plants that have transport tissues and nonvascular plants that do not. Nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts while vascular plants are divided into spore producers like ferns and seed producers. Seed plants are further divided into gymnosperms like conifers that produce naked seeds and angiosperms that produce seeds in an enclosed ovary.

1. THE PLANT KINGDOM

2. 7 Basic needs of plants:
*temperature
*light
*water
*air
*nutrients
*time
*room to grow

3. All plants:
*eukaryotes and autotrophic.
*Most live on land and have a
way to obtain water.
* Many have a waterproof layer
covering their leaves called the
cuticle - prevents water loss.

4. Life Cycle of Plants
Two stages:
Sporophyte - the plant
produces spores
Gametophyte - the plant
produces 2 kinds of sex cells
(gametes) sperm cells and
egg cells

5. Two major divisions of plants
Vascular Plants -
those that have
vascular tissues
(tubes that transport
water throughout
the cell

6. Nonvascular Plants
- those that have
no vascular tissues
and must be
completely
connected to the
ground

7. The three kinds of
nonvascular plants are
mosses, liverworts
and hornworts.

8. MOSS

9. Mosses: green fuzzy part you see is
the gametophyte
Root-like structures called rhizoids
anchor the moss & absorb water and
nutrients from the soil.
Has a long thin stalk with a capsule
on the end that contains spores.
They live on tree trunks and rocks.

10. LIVERWORTS

11. Liverworts
Liverworts grow flat
along the ground on
moist rocks and soil
along streams. They
look like a human liver.

12. HORNWORTS

13. Hornworts look like
liverworts except that
they have curved
structures growing
out of them. They live
in moist soil mixed in
grasses.

14. VASCULAR PLANTS
Two main divisions of vascular
plants:
1. SPORE PRODUCERS
(ferns, club mosses and
horsetails)
2. SEED PRODUCERS

15. Ferns, club mosses and horsetails
need moist surroundings so spores
will survive and grow into
gametophytes. When the
gametophytes produce egg and
sperm cells, there must be enough
water nearby for fertilization to
occur.
Most club mosses and horsetails have
become extinct …

16. All other plants are
seed plants. They have
two types of vascular
tissue (xylem and
phloem) and use seeds
to reproduce.

17. Cells of stems
are xylem, or
phloem -
located in long
strands called
vascular
bundles.

18. xylem
cells:
move
water in
plants.

19. phloem
cells:
move food
down the
stem to other
parts of the
plant.

20. TWO TYPES OF
STEMS:

21. woody
Stems that are hard and stiff.
These stems usually don't die
back to the ground during the
winter. These are stems we use
to make furniture and houses.

22. herbaceous
Plants with
stems that are
usually soft.
These stems die
back to the
ground every
year.

23. Two types of seed plants:
GYMNOSPERMS:
•Woody stems(conifers)
• Produce naked
•seeds not enclosed in an
ovary
•Needle like leaves

24. REPRODUCTION IN GYMNOSPERMS
Conifers produce male and female
cones - sometimes cones are produced
on separate trees

25. Male cones
produce pollen
Females
produce one
ovule at base of
cone

26. Pollen falls
from male on
to female.
In time sperm
and egg cell
join in ovule.
Zygote
develops into
embryo.

27. POLLINATION:
Transfer of male
reproductive structure
Seed develops &
cone size increases.
Cones with
immature seeds
point up & cones
to female reproductive with mature seeds
structure point down.

28. 2nd type
of seed ANGIOSPERMS:
plant
•Herbaceous stems
•Produce stems in enclosed fruit
•two characteristics - produce
flowers and fruit
PARTS OF THE FLOWER:

29. The stigma is the
sticky surface at
the top of the pistil;
it traps and holds
the pollen. The
style is the tube-
like structure that
holds up the
stigma. The style
leads down to the
ovary that contains
the ovules.

30. The stamen has two
parts: anthers and
filaments. The
anthers carry the
pollen. These are
generally yellow in
color. Anthers are
held up by a thread-
like part called a
filament.

31. Petals attract
pollinators.
The sepals are
the green petal-
like parts at the
base of the
flower. Sepals
help protect the
developing bud.

33. Seeds develop once the
sperm cells fertilize the egg
cells.
The seed provides a covering
to keep the young plant from
drying out.
All seeds have an embryo,
stored food and a seed coat.

34. •The young plant that develops
from the fertilized egg is called
the embryo.
•The embryo has the beginnings
of the roots, stems and leaves.
•The embryo uses the stored food
inside the seed to grow.
•The stored food is in cotyledons.
The outer part is called the seed
coat.

35. TWO TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS
DICOT: •Flowers have 4 or 5
examples are petals or multiples of
roses, violets that number
and dandelions, •Leaves are wide with
oak, maple, veins that branch off
vanilla bean and each other
apple •Stems have bundles of
vascular tissue
arranged in a circle.

37. •Slender leaves
MONOCOT:
with veins that
Examples are run parallel like
grasses, corn, train tracks
wheat, rice, •Vascular
lilies, tulips
tissue is
scattered
randomly
through stem

39. Life Cycle
A plant's life cycle
describes how long a
plant lives or how long it
takes to grow, flower,
and set seed. Plants can
be either an annual,
perennial, or biennial.

40. Annual
A plant that completes its
life cycle in one growing
season. It will grow,
flower, set seed, and die
Examples: marigolds,
tomatoes, and petunias.

41. Perennial
A plant that lives for 3
or more years. It can
grow, flower, and set
seed for many years.
Examples: daisies,
chrysanthemums, and
roses.
(think bushes!)

42. Biennial
A plant that needs two
growing seasons to
complete its life cycle.
Produces leaves one
season, rests in winter and
grows flowers & seeds the
next season.
Examples: parsley, carrots, & foxglove.

43. Plant Parts - Roots
The roots provide support -
anchor the plant & absorb
water and nutrients needed
for growth. I’M A
ROOT!

45. ROOT SYSTEMS
Taproot system
A root with a few
branches that is very
thick and swollen.
Carrots & potatoes
are example.

46. fibrous root system
Some plants have a root
system like this. It is a
bunch of very fine roots all
together. Grass plants have
fibrous roots.

47. Plant Parts - Stems
Stems carry water and
nutrients taken up by the
roots to the leaves. They
also provide support.
Without stem, there
would be nothing to hold
up leaves or flowers!

48. Plant Parts - Leaves
Leaves are the
food making
factories of green
plants.
Leaves can be simple,
made of a single leaf
blade OR...

49. compound in
which the leaf
blade is divided
into separate
leaflets

50. Joins leaf to main stem

51. Joins leaf to main stem

52. LEAF CELLS

53. Leaf Functions:Leaf cell