What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
physics of remote sensing,ideal remote sensing,swath,platform,sensor,orbit and its characteristics,electromagnetic radiations,EMR solar radiations and its application,shortwave and long waves,spectrul reflectance curve, resolution AND multi concept,FCC,
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
physics of remote sensing,ideal remote sensing,swath,platform,sensor,orbit and its characteristics,electromagnetic radiations,EMR solar radiations and its application,shortwave and long waves,spectrul reflectance curve, resolution AND multi concept,FCC,
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
This is all about remote sensing. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. Special cameras collect remotely sensed imagesof the Earth, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
it is highly useful for geography students in the field of remote sensing and it is in very simple and explanatory for the purpose of simplification with relevant images in this ppt.
This is all about remote sensing. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. Special cameras collect remotely sensed imagesof the Earth, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
it is highly useful for geography students in the field of remote sensing and it is in very simple and explanatory for the purpose of simplification with relevant images in this ppt.
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APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to in situ observation. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the surface, and in the atmosphere and oceans) by means of propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into active remote sensing (when a signal is first emitted from aircraft or satellites)[1][2][3] or passive (e.g. sunlight) when information is merely recorded.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Outline
1. Basic Concept
2. Principles of radiation
3. Types of system
4. Spectral signatures
5. Resolution
7. Applications
8.Adavantage
3.
4. Remote sensing is the small- or large-scale
acquisition of information of an object or
phenomenon, by the use of either recording
or real-time sensing device(s) that are
wireless, or not in physical or intimate contact
with the object (such as by way of aircraft,
spacecraft, satellite)
In practice, remote sensing is the stand-off
collection through the use of a variety of
devices for gathering information on a given
object or area.
5. Remote Sensing Systems:Remote Sensing Systems:
the Human Eyethe Human Eye
• SpectralSpectral Resolution: 0.4-0.7 µm
• SpatialSpatial Resolution: ~ 1-3 cm @ 20 m
• RadiometricRadiometric Resolution: ~16-32 shades
B/W or ~100 colors
6.
7. Remote Sensing: A Definition
"Remote sensing is the science (and to
some extent, art) of acquiring information
about the Earth's surface without actually
being in contact with it.”
This is done by sensing and recording
reflected or emitted energy and processing,
analyzing, and applying that information.
9. Types of remote sensing
Passive: source of
energy is either the Sun
or Earth/atmosphere
Sun
- wavelengths: 0.4-5
µm
Earth or its atmosphere
- wavelengths: 3 µm
-30 cm
Active: source of
energy is part of the
remote sensor system
Radar
- wavelengths: mm-m
Lidar
- wavelengths: UV,
Visible, and near
infrared
Camera takes photo as example, no flash and flash
10. Active sensors provide their own
energy source for illumination.Active
Emit radiation
Radiation reflected is
detected and
measured
LIDAR, RADAR, and
SONAR
11. Passive
Sun’s energy which is
reflected (visible) or
Absorbed and re-
emitted as thermal
infrared wavelengths
Landsat,
AVHRR
Remote sensing systems which measure
energy that is naturally available are
called passive sensors
13. Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
A.A.
EnergyEnergy
Source orSource or
IlluminationIllumination
For photography, the source is light from the sun. Other types
of remote sensing, such as radar, supply their own energy source
14. Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
B.B.
Radiation &Radiation &
AtmosphereAtmosphere
Remote sensing is affected by how well the illuminating energy
penetrates the atmosphere. This is especially important when the
distance involved is great, such as from a satellite
15. Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
C.C.
InteractionInteraction
with Targetwith Target
What the remote sensor is really measuring is how the
energy interacts with the target.
16. Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
D.D.
Recording ofRecording of
Energy by theEnergy by the
SensorSensor
The sensor records the reflected energy it receives
17. Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
E.E.
Transmission,Transmission,
Reception,Reception,
andand
ProcessingProcessing
All remote sensing systems have some method of transmitting,
receiving, and processing the data. Some satellites actually drop film
canisters to Earth using parachutes. Most remote sensing is now
done digitally, and the data is transmitted using radio waves.
18. Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
F.F.
InterpretationInterpretation
andand
AnalysisAnalysis
Computers can do some analysis, but the final
interpretation is up to the human element.
19. Seven Elements of Remote
Sensing
G.G.
ApplicationApplication
Remotely sensed data isn’t much use unless it is
gathered for a purpose or application.
20. A. Energy Source or IlluminationA. Energy Source or Illumination
26. EMR
Modern physics acknowledges dual nature of
EMR
The wave-particle duality refers to how EMR
of differing wavelengths behaves, not what it is
Low frequency EMR tends to act more like a
wave; higher frequency EMR tends to act
more like a particle
27. The Nature of Light
In the 1860s, the Scottish mathematician and physicist
James Clerk Maxwell succeeded in describing all the basic
properties of electricity and magnetism in four equations
This mathematical achievement demonstrated that electric
and magnetic forces are really two aspects of the same
phenomenon, which we now call electromagnetism
28. Wave Model
Wavelength and frequency are related to the
speed of light as follows: c = λv; λ = c/v; v =
c/λ
•EMR travels as a set of sinusoidal orthogonal harmonic
waves travelling at the speed of light, (c = 3.0x108ms-1
)
Low frequency EMR tends
to act more like a wave;
higher frequency EMR tends
to act more like a particle
29. Particle Model
EMR is comprised of tiny particles (quanta) called
photons travelling in a wave-like pattern at the speed of
light
Intensity is proportional to number of photons
Total amount of energy is related to wavelength and
frequency by Planck’s constant (h):
Q = hv
Q = hc/λ
where : Q = energy of a quantum
30. The Foundation of RS
Differences in how features interact with and
emit EMR allow us to distinguish between objects
based on their unique spectral characteristics or
signatures
Variations are wavelength dependant; some things
may “look” the same at certain wavelengths but
different in others
31. Adavantage
Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data
on dangerous or inaccessible areas and
Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data
collection on the ground, ensuring in the process
that areas or objects are not disturbed.
Other uses include different areas of the earth
sciences such as natural resource management,
agricultural fields such as land usage and
conservation.
32. All alone in ourneighborhood of spaceAll alone in ourneighborhood of space
Apollo 12’s Classic Earth Rise from Moon
33. Ikonos 1 m panchromatic imageryIkonos 1 m panchromatic imagery
20002000
34. MODIS Land Reflectance andMODIS Land Reflectance and
Sea Surface TemperatureSea Surface Temperature
35.
36. Depending almost exclusively on imaging capabilities,
"spy satellites" have activities. Visible,
Near-Infrared; Thermal Infrared, and Radar sensors
are applied to gathering been orbited by the hundreds
(by several countries) to gather military intelligence
or information about terrorist information about ground
targets and activities of national security significance .
,
TESAR IMAGE OF PENTAGON,U.S.A
37.
38. Of course, picking up changes over large areas and long
time spans is just one of many uses that space imagery is
being put to. As an example here is a classification of major
ground cover types in part of one county (Monmouth) in
New Jersey just south of Sandy Hook. Its specific purpose
was to define the surface characteristics that could affect
water quality planning in the Navesink Watershed. This
map was made using Landsat MSS imagery.
39. A given scene imaged at different times of the year can
show great variety. Changing Sun angles, atmospheric
variations, seasonal differences in vegetation cover,
presence of snow, and other variables will produce often
pronounced contrasts in the spectral responses that
determine "how an image looks". This is evident in this
montage of 6 Landsat MSS images of an area in the
desert of Utah.
40. Here is a plot of
the global
distribution of the
ionosphere,
measured by the
Jason-1 satellite
(pages 8-7 and
14-12) whose
prime mission is
to measure Sea
Surface Heights.
41. The image is made by HENA
( High Energy Neutron Atom )
sensor to show the density variations
of hot plasma around the Earth .
42. This illustration is a two-dimensional cutaway sketch of
streamlines representing solar wind particles as they passed
through Earth's magnetic field.
Editor's Notes
There are seven factors or elements involved in remote sensing. The first is a source of energy. For photography, the source is light from the sun. Other types of remote sensing, such as radar, supply their own energy source.
Remote sensing is affected by how well the illuminating energy penetrates the atmosphere. This is especially important when the distance involved is great, such as from a satellite.
What the remote sensor is really measuring is how the energy interacts with the target.
The sensor records the reflected energy it receives
All remote sensing systems have some method of transmitting, receiving, and processing the data. Some satellites actually drop film canisters to Earth using parachutes. Most remote sensing is now done digitally, and the data is transmitted using radio waves.
Computers can do some analysis, but the final interpretation is up to the human element.
Remotely sensed data isn’t much use unless it is gathered for a purpose or application.
There are seven factors or elements involved in remote sensing. The first is a source of energy. For photography, the source is light from the sun. Other types of remote sensing, such as radar, supply their own energy source.
We are now to the point where we can collect high resolution photography from spaceborne digital camera systems on a commercial