Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) forms microwave images of terrain by transmitting radar beams from the side of an aircraft. SLAR uses the Doppler effect to measure target velocity and provides resolution determined by pulse length and antenna beam width. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an advanced version of SLAR that records frequency differences from multiple antenna positions to synthesize higher resolution images, as if from a larger antenna, by processing returned signals over time. SAR allows for high-resolution imaging of terrain from aircraft or spacecraft.
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
It depicts the basic information about GPS technology and its various uses in engineering and other fields. May be useful for students of engineering and for presentation.
Basic Concepts, Explanation, and Application. Fundamental Remote Sensing; Advantage/ disadvantages, Imaging/non Imaging sensors, RAR and SAR, SAR Geometry, Resolutions in the microwave, Geometric Distortions in SAR, Polarization in SAR, Target Interaction, SAR Interferometry
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
It depicts the basic information about GPS technology and its various uses in engineering and other fields. May be useful for students of engineering and for presentation.
Basic Concepts, Explanation, and Application. Fundamental Remote Sensing; Advantage/ disadvantages, Imaging/non Imaging sensors, RAR and SAR, SAR Geometry, Resolutions in the microwave, Geometric Distortions in SAR, Polarization in SAR, Target Interaction, SAR Interferometry
AESA Airborne Radar Theory and Operations Technical Training Course SamplerJim Jenkins
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3. Introduction
• The airborne radar systems that form microwave
images of adjacent terrain in fine detail, regardless of
weather or time of day or night, by looking to the
side of an aircraft.
3
Fig.1 Airborne radar in sky
4. Remote sensing
• Remote sensing is a technology used for obtaining
information about a target through the analysis of
data acquired from the target at a distance. It is
composed of three parts,
• The targets
• The data acquisition
• The data analysis
4
5. Types of Remote Sensing
• Based on Source of energy
1. Active sensors
2. Passive sensors
• Based on Range of Electromagnetic Spectrum
1. Optical Remote Sensing
2. Thermal Remote Sensing
3. Microwave Remote Sensing
5
6. Radars
• Radar represents "radio detection and ranging".
• A radar system transmits pulses in the direction of
interest and records the strength and origin of
reflection received from objects
• Radar systems may or may not produce images
6
7. Doppler radar
• Doppler radar is a specialized radar that uses
the Doppler effect to produce velocity data about
objects at a distance.
• It does this by bouncing a microwave signal off a
desired target and analyzing how the object's motion
has altered the frequency of the returned signal.
• This variation gives direct and highly accurate
measurements of the radial component of a target's
velocity relative to the radar.
7
8. Side-looking airborne radar
• The Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) is an image-
producing system.
• SLAR is an active sensor.
• Its name itself indicates radar beam is transmitted
from the side of the aircraft during data acquisition.
8
Fig.2 A Slar system transmiting radar beam
10. Ground resolution
• There is a spatial resolution which is determined by
the duration of a pulse and the depression angle.This
resolution is called ground range resolution (rg).
• The ground resolution of slar system is determined
by two independent sensing parameters: pulse
length and antenna beam width
• We then can determine the distance or the 'slant
range' between the antenna and the target
10
11. 11
where
Sr: the slant range.
c: the speed of light.
t: time period for a returned
transmitted pulse.
Fig.4 Sensing parameters
Cont.....
13. Azimuth Resolution
• The along track distinguishing ability of a SLAR system
is called azimuth resolution (ra).
where
• can be the actual physical length of an antenna or a
synthetic one
13
14. Synthetic aperture radar
• Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) an advance version of
SLAR
• SAR is used to create images of objects, such as
landscapes – these images can be either two or three
dimensional representations of the object.
• SAR is typically mounted on a moving platform such
as an aircraft or spacecraft
• The larger the aperture is, the higher the image
resolution will be.
14
15. • SAR records the frequency differences of
backscattering signal at different aircraft position
during the time period when the target is illuminated
by the transmitted energy.
15
Fig.6 A SAR system continuously generating beam
Cont......
17. • The SAR works similar of a phased array .
• The SAR-processor stores all the radar returned signals,
as amplitudes and phases, for the time period T from
position A to D.
• Now it is possible to reconstruct the signal which
would have been obtained by an antenna of length v ·
T, where v is the platform speed.
• As the line of sight direction changes along the radar
platform trajectory, a synthetic aperture is produced by
signal processing that has the effect of lengthening the
antenna.
• Making T large makes the „synthetic aperture” large
and hence a higher resolution can be achieved
17
Cont......
18. Applications
• Synthetic aperture Radar produces images of
high-resolution at great distances, that appear
to be taken from above
• Sensor Operators
• Command, Control, Intelligence training
• Research & Development
18
19. Conclusion
• Side looking airborne radar systems that form
microwave images of adjacent terrain in fine
detail, regardless of weather or time of day or
night, by looking to the side of an aircraft with
good resolution.
19
