This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of remote sensing. It discusses that remote sensing involves acquiring information about the Earth's surface without direct contact through sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy. It describes how remote sensing can be done via satellites, which capture satellite images, and aircrafts, which capture aerial photographs. The document outlines different types of satellite images like true color composite and false color composite images. It also discusses key concepts in remote sensing like spatial resolution, radiometric resolution, spectral resolution, and components of a remote sensing system. Finally, it provides an overview of the electromagnetic spectrum and how the atmosphere can impact the quantity and quality of electromagnetic radiation captured by satellites.
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
Radiometric corrections include correcting the data for sensor irregularities and unwanted sensor or atmospheric noise, and converting the data so they accurately represent the reflected or emitted radiation measured by the sensor.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
IMAGE INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES of surveyKaran Patel
Image interpretation is the process of examining an aerial photo or digital remote sensing image and manually identifying the features in that image. This method can be highly reliable and a wide variety of features can be identified, such as riparian vegetation type and condition, and anthropogenic features
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
Radiometric corrections include correcting the data for sensor irregularities and unwanted sensor or atmospheric noise, and converting the data so they accurately represent the reflected or emitted radiation measured by the sensor.
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
IMAGE INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES of surveyKaran Patel
Image interpretation is the process of examining an aerial photo or digital remote sensing image and manually identifying the features in that image. This method can be highly reliable and a wide variety of features can be identified, such as riparian vegetation type and condition, and anthropogenic features
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
This is all about remote sensing. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. Special cameras collect remotely sensed imagesof the Earth, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
Introduction to Remote Sensing- Remote sensing” is the science (and to some e...Ange Felix NSANZIYERA
"Remote sensing” is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information."
In much of remote sensing, the process involves an interaction between incident radiationand the targets of interest. This is exemplified by the use of imaging systems where thefollowing seven elements are involved. Note, however that remote sensing also involves thesensing of emitted energy and the use of non-imaging sensors.
physics of remote sensing,ideal remote sensing,swath,platform,sensor,orbit and its characteristics,electromagnetic radiations,EMR solar radiations and its application,shortwave and long waves,spectrul reflectance curve, resolution AND multi concept,FCC,
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2. Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about the Earth's
surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and
recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analysing, and applying
that information.
Remote Sensing can be done by two different ways
1)Satellites –satellite Images 2)Aircrafts-Arial Photographs
Satellite image
Aerial photography
4. To analyze(Visual Interpretation) the satellite imagery we use
different combination of bands where it will produce two
variety of(composite) images
1)True Color Composite(RGB)
2)False Color Composite other( than RGB)
True color False Color
7. What is a satellite
image?
Satellite imagery consists of photographs
of Earth or other planets made by means
of artificial satellites which also gives an
opportunity to process the image and
conclude with analysis depending on your
requirement.
8. Description of a Satellite Image Urban area
River
Urban area
Vegetation 3500 m
The different Bands
Blue Green Red
9. Spatial resolution
23
40
Landsat TM 30 m 10
SPOT XS 10 m 70
NOAA/AVHRR 1100 m
120
IKONOS 4m
The value retained in each pixel is designated by digital number and it
translates the solar energy reflected by the earth surface (covered by the
pixel).
12. Blue Gree Red Spectral Resolution
TM 1 nTM 2 TM 3
Near Infrared Middle Infrared Middle Infrared
TM 4 TM 5 TM
7
432
743
13. Components of a remote sensing system
A – Energy source of illumination F – Transmissions, reception and processing
B – Interaction with the atmosphere G – Interpretation and analysis
C – Interaction with the target
E – Recording of energy by the sensor
14. v = frequency
(number of cycles per second
passing a fixed point)
Wavelength is measured in meters (m) or some factor of meters such as nanometres
(nm, 10-9 m), micrometers (μm, 10-6 m) or centimeters (cm, 10-2 m).
Frequency is normally measured in hertz (Hz), equivalent to one cycle per second, and
various multiples of hertz.
15. Quantity of radiant energy is expressed in energy units.
Quality of radiant energy is characterised by frequency
(u) or wavelength (l).
c=lu
c - velocity of light (3x108m/s)
Wavelength and frequency are inversely related to each
other:
• the shorter the wavelength, the higher the
frequency;
• the longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency.
16.
17. Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all
possible frequencies of electromagnetic
radiation.* The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an
object has a different meaning, and is instead the
characteristic distribution of electromagnetic
radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular
object.
*The energy in remote sensing is in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.Electro magnetic Radiation is
a particular form of energy emitted and absorbed by
charged particles
18.
19. The visible portion of the spectrum is a
very small part of the whole spectrum:
•blue - 0.4 a 0.5 mm
•green - 0.5 a 0.6 mm
•red - 0.6 a 0.7 mm.
1 mm = 10-6 m
The wavelengths smaller than 0.4
mm entails:
• gamma rays
• x rays
• ultraviolet radiation
20. The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with
wavelengths larger than 0.7 mm entails:
• infrared (0.7-10 mm),
• microwaves (1mm-1m)
• radio waves.
Infrared goes from 0.7 mm to 10 mm and can
be divided in three areas:
• Near infrared (0.7-1.0 mm),
• medium infrared (1.3-3.0 mm)
• thermal infrared (> 3 mm).
21. Interaction of electromagnetic radiation
with atmosphere
The atmosphere has a strong effect on the quantity
and quality of the electromagnetic radiation captured
by the satellite.
The atmosphere effect varies with:
• radiation path (airplane, satellite)
• wavelength
• atmospheric conditions (particles, gases, …)
• ...
22. Before radiation used for remote sensing reaches the
Earth's surface it has to travel through some distance of
the Earth's atmosphere.
Particles and gases in the atmosphere can affect the
incoming light and radiation. These effects are caused
by the mechanisms of:
• scattering
• absorption.
What is the effect of atmosphere in the satellite
images?
• Atmosphere reduces contrast
• Atmosphere may blur the images
• Atmospheres may reduce the quantity of
radiation