Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to in situ observation. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the surface, and in the atmosphere and oceans) by means of propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into active remote sensing (when a signal is first emitted from aircraft or satellites)[1][2][3] or passive (e.g. sunlight) when information is merely recorded.
passive and active remote sensing systems, characteristics and operationsNzar Braim
passive and active remote sensing systems,
characteristics and operations
The development of remote sensing technologies increases the potential to support more
precise, efficient, and ecologically-sensitive approaches to forest resource management. One of
the primary requirements of precision forest management is accurate and detailed 3D spatial
data relating to the type and condition of forest stands and characteristics of the underlying
terrain surface.
Remote sensing in plants, botany, application in vegetation classification and conservation, basic mechanism of remote sensing,how it works, satellite mapping techniques and aerial mapping
This is all about remote sensing. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. Special cameras collect remotely sensed imagesof the Earth, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
What is remote sensing?
Observing or measuring things from a distance
How is remote sensing useful?
It enables us to study nature in ways that would otherwise be beyond human capability, across great distances and at wavelengths of light invisible to human eyes.
How is remote sensing done?
By employing special detectors to record light as it’s emitted or
reflected by the objects of interest to us; and
By studying and manipulating the recorded images we get, so that we can answer our questions about nature.
Effect of Bi Content on Optical Properties of Se-Sb-Bi Chalcogenide Amorphous...ijsrd.com
Se90-xSb10Bix (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10) chalcogenide glasses were prepared by well-established melt quenching technique. The glassy nature was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thin films of these samples were deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The transmission spectra of thin films have been taken using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 500) in the wavelength range 200 nm to 1500 nm. The refractive index and film thickness are calculated by using envelope method proposed by Swanepoel. The results indicate that n increases with the increasing Bi content which is related to the increased polarizability of the larger Bi atomic radius 1.46 Å compared with the Se atomic radius 1.16 Å. The value of absorption coefficient (α) and hence extinction coefficient (k) has been determined from transmission spectra. Optical band gap (Eg) is estimated using Tauc's extrapolation and is found to decrease from 1.46eV to 1.24 eV with the Bi addition. This behavior of optical band gap is interpreted in terms of electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and cohesive energy of the system. The variation of optical band gap with Bi content has been studied. This study is aiming to examine such structures if they are employed as photonic devices such as photo-detectors, LED's and optical switches.
Audio/Speech Signal Analysis for Depressionijsrd.com
The word “depressed†is a common everyday word. People might say "I am depressed" when in fact they mean "I am fed up because I have had a row, or failed an exam, or lost my job", etc. These ups and downs of life are common and normal. Most people recover quite quickly. Depression is identified by different methods. Here we are identified depression by MFCC (Mel Frequency Ceptral Coefficient) method. There are different parameters used for the identification of depressed speech and normal speech, but MFCCs based parameter is the most applicable information then other parameter because depressive speech or audio signal can contain more information in the higher energy bands when compared with normal speech.
passive and active remote sensing systems, characteristics and operationsNzar Braim
passive and active remote sensing systems,
characteristics and operations
The development of remote sensing technologies increases the potential to support more
precise, efficient, and ecologically-sensitive approaches to forest resource management. One of
the primary requirements of precision forest management is accurate and detailed 3D spatial
data relating to the type and condition of forest stands and characteristics of the underlying
terrain surface.
Remote sensing in plants, botany, application in vegetation classification and conservation, basic mechanism of remote sensing,how it works, satellite mapping techniques and aerial mapping
This is all about remote sensing. Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth.Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. Special cameras collect remotely sensed imagesof the Earth, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
What is remote sensing?
Observing or measuring things from a distance
How is remote sensing useful?
It enables us to study nature in ways that would otherwise be beyond human capability, across great distances and at wavelengths of light invisible to human eyes.
How is remote sensing done?
By employing special detectors to record light as it’s emitted or
reflected by the objects of interest to us; and
By studying and manipulating the recorded images we get, so that we can answer our questions about nature.
Effect of Bi Content on Optical Properties of Se-Sb-Bi Chalcogenide Amorphous...ijsrd.com
Se90-xSb10Bix (x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & 10) chalcogenide glasses were prepared by well-established melt quenching technique. The glassy nature was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thin films of these samples were deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The transmission spectra of thin films have been taken using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 500) in the wavelength range 200 nm to 1500 nm. The refractive index and film thickness are calculated by using envelope method proposed by Swanepoel. The results indicate that n increases with the increasing Bi content which is related to the increased polarizability of the larger Bi atomic radius 1.46 Å compared with the Se atomic radius 1.16 Å. The value of absorption coefficient (α) and hence extinction coefficient (k) has been determined from transmission spectra. Optical band gap (Eg) is estimated using Tauc's extrapolation and is found to decrease from 1.46eV to 1.24 eV with the Bi addition. This behavior of optical band gap is interpreted in terms of electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and cohesive energy of the system. The variation of optical band gap with Bi content has been studied. This study is aiming to examine such structures if they are employed as photonic devices such as photo-detectors, LED's and optical switches.
Audio/Speech Signal Analysis for Depressionijsrd.com
The word “depressed†is a common everyday word. People might say "I am depressed" when in fact they mean "I am fed up because I have had a row, or failed an exam, or lost my job", etc. These ups and downs of life are common and normal. Most people recover quite quickly. Depression is identified by different methods. Here we are identified depression by MFCC (Mel Frequency Ceptral Coefficient) method. There are different parameters used for the identification of depressed speech and normal speech, but MFCCs based parameter is the most applicable information then other parameter because depressive speech or audio signal can contain more information in the higher energy bands when compared with normal speech.
Secure High Capacity Data Hiding in Images using EDBTCijsrd.com
Block truncation coding is an efficient compression technique which has low computational complexity but it has two major issues like blocking and false counter effects .So here we have used error-diffused BTC that improves above deficiencies using visual low pass compensation on the bitmap. In this paper complementary hiding EDBTC is developed to resolve the above issue. In this project a single water mark is embedded and then multiple water marks are embedded .usually we use an adaptive external bias factor to embed the watermark but it damages the image quality and robustness .So here we use an extremely small bias factor to control the watermark embedding and this enables a high capacity scenario without significantly damaging image quality. Until now a few data hiding schemes are proposed but it damages the characteristics of BTC. The security of embedded water mark is high that it can’t be easy extracted by the malicious users. The watermark is encrypted by standard encryption algorithm and then it is embedded.
MPC-EAR : Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing in Ad hoc Networksijsrd.com
Power preservation in wireless ad hoc networks is a decisive factor as energy resources are inadequate at the electronic devices in use. Power-aware routing strategies are fundamentally route selection strategies built on accessible ad hoc routing protocols. This paper proposed a new Maximal Power Conserved And Energy Aware Routing (MPC-EAR ) topology for mobile ad hoc networks that enhances the network life span. Simulation results prove that the projected protocol has a higher performance other minimal energy usage, energy level aware and energy conserving routing protocols such as MTPR, MMECR and CMMECR.
Design, Development and Experimental Investigation of Epitrochoid Internal Lo...ijsrd.com
The trochoidal drives are widely used in the industry for the constant flow requirements. The design of the lobe profile for positive displacement internal lobe pump (Gerotor) requires MATLAB, Auto-CAD, Solidworks and MasterCAM software. The main objective behind this development of epitrochoid lobe rotor is to increase the flow as well as decrease in noise level (smooth operation). This epitrochoid curve requires set of parametric equations, which is solved with the help of MATLAB. The epitrochoid lobe profile requires modelling for the manufacturing purpose, which requires modelling as well as manufacturing software like AutoCAD, Solidworks, MasterCAM and CNC for code generating. At the last the developed profile has been manufactured and tested to check its technical feasibility. The test results are examined and compared with existing model of lob rotor.
A High Accuracy, Low Power, Reproducible Temperature Telemetry Systemijsrd.com
Sense amplifiers are extensively used in memory. Sense amplifiers are one of the most vital circuits in the periphery of CMOS memories. We know that memory is the heart of all digital systems. Today all worlds are demanding high speed and low power dissipation as well as small area. We know that speed and power dissipation of memory is overall depends upon the sense amplifier we used and their performance strongly affects both memory access time, and overall memory power dissipation. So it is important to design a good sense amplifier which performs well in both speed and power dissipation. In this dissertation, an implementation of a most efficient sense amplifier is done by comparing the best known sense amplifier in today. The dissertation focuses on design, simulation and performance analysis of sense amplifiers. In this thesis, current latch sense amplifier and body bias controlled current latch sense amplifier are designed and results compared. The result shows that the body bias controlled current latch sense amplifier is performing best. The result also shows a novel sense amplifier which consumes small power at same time its speed is faster than other sense amplifiers.
A Study on 3D Finite Element Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Behavior ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with the force and stress distribution within the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in response to an anterior tibial load with the knee at full extension was calculated using a validated three dimensional finite element model (FEM) of a human ACL. The interaction between the AM and PL bundles, as well as the contact and friction caused by the ACL wrapping around the bone during knee motion, were included in the model. The AM and PL bundles of the ACL were simulated as incompressible homogeneous and isotropic hyperelastic materials. The validated FEM was then used to calculate the force and stress distribution within the ACL under an anterior tibial load at full extension. The AM and PL bundles shared the force, and the stress distribution was non-uniform within both bundles with the highest stress localized near the femoral insertion site. The contact and friction caused by the ACL wrapping around the bone during knee motion played the role of transferring the force from the ACL to the bone, and had a direct effect on the force and stress distribution of the ACL. This validated model will enable the analysis of force and stress distribution in the ACL in response to more complex loading conditions and has the potential to help design improved surgical procedures following ACL injuries.
Survey of Wireless Sensor Network Applicationijsrd.com
Sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing, computing and communication. They lend themselves to countless applications and, at the same time, offer numerous challenges due to their peculiarities, primarily the stringent energy constraints to which sensing nodes are typically subjected. The distinguishing traits of sensor networks have a direct impact on the hardware design of the nodes at least four levels: power source, processor, communication hardware, and sensors. Various hardware platforms have already been designed to test the many ideas spawned by the re-search community and to implement applications to virtually all fields of science and technology. We are convinced that CAS will be able to provide a substantial contribution to the development of this exciting field. A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) Internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) Communication protocol stack, and (3) Network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges.
Bridge-Stage Framework for the Smartphone Application Development using HTML5ijsrd.com
Now a days, the Web has become an integral part of our everyday lives. The rapid growth of the smart phone market has brought the Web from our home desks to anywhere we are, and enabled us to access this vast source of information at any time. The mobile operating systems (OS) used by modern smart phones are too diverse such as Google's Android, Apple's iOS, Microsoft's Windows Phone, and so on. Smartphone application development is done using native platform such as iPhone using Objective-C, Android using Java, Windows Mobile using C# and so on. Therefore, a bridge stage framework which supports 'Write once and deploy everywhere' is required to support the development of Smartphone applications. This paper presents the HTML5-based bridge stage framework which uses Phone Gap and Web kit to support the development of Smartphone applications that are written as Web applications. A big problem with developing applications for mobile devices is platform fragmentation [6]. That means that there are many different mobile platforms that are further divided by the different versions available [5][2]. Users with older hardware are left without support and updates as newer devices are put out on the market [9]. This means that the developer has the choice between limiting the solutions and only aim for a minor part of the spectra or to develop for more platforms to reach as many users as possible. To maximize the amount of possible users, the developer has to create an application for each platform and make sure that they are backwards compatible so that users with older devices can use them.
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteri...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. In this present work, experimentation was carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of desert date biodiesel and its blends. For this experiment a single cylinder, four strokes, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer Kirloskar diesel engine at 1500 rpm for variable loads. Initially, desert date biodiesel and its blends were chosen. The physical and chemical properties of desert date biodiesel were determined. The tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine performance parameters studied were brake horse power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust temperature and mechanical efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, NOx and smoke opacity. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the other results of neat oils available in the literature for validation. By analyzing the graphs, it was observed that performance characteristics are reduced and emission characteristics are lowered compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity and delayed combustion process. From the analysis of graphs it is observed that B10 and B20 blends are best suited for diesel engine. The present experimental results show that fish oil biodiesel and its blends can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
BANs are commonly regarded as an enabling technology for a variety of applications, including health and fitness monitoring, emergency response and device control. Recent breakthroughs in solid-state electronics afford for the creation of low-power, low-profile devices that can be modularly interconnected in order to create so-called sensor nodes comprised of one or more sensor devices, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and a radio transceiver that eliminates the need for wires to communicate with the coordinator node in order to transfer the collected data. In this survey, a review of the on-going research in WBANs in terms of system architecture, applications, how it different from Wireless Sensor Network and also describes the MAC protocols in WBAN.
Problems Causing due to Chemical Pesticides and its Effect on Environmentijsrd.com
Agriculture has been facing the destructive activities of numerous pests like insects, weeds and fungi, from time immemorial, leading to radical decrease in yields. To encounter these problems and for protection of the crops application of pesticides is primary and old method. The pesticides residues create severe problems as cause toxicity to humans and warm-blooded animals. Include the development of insecticide resistance, resurgence, secondary pest outbreak and use-cancellation or de-registration of some insecticides due to human health and environmental concerns. Pesticides pollution is categorized into diffuse and point sources. Diffuse contamination via leaching, runoff, drainage and drift usually contributes only the smaller part of pesticide pollution of surface and groundwater. However, point sources or farmyard activities are significant contributors to pesticide pollution of surface water. This article reviews the different type of pesticides and its effect of on environment.
WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay ...ijsrd.com
The recent advancements in the wireless arena and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For example, jamming and device tampering at the physical layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer; routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
Comparison of Several PaaS Cloud Computing Platformsijsrd.com
Today, the question is less about whether or not to use Platform as a Services (PaaS), but rather which providers to use. PaaS is a computing platform that abstracts the infrastructure, OS, and middleware to drive developer productivity. PaaS offerings are "polyglot" and "polyhost". Selection of Platform as a Service provider is an important process because an ideal vendor will be able to continue to partner with company as company grows. There are many components to be consider while selecting PaaS vendor like Scalability, Availability, Manageability, Performance, Security, Accessibility, Billing At a high-level a PaaS helps organizations, specifically by providing a fast and scalable way to host applications in the cloud.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Utilization of Coconut Shell in Different Forms in Concreteijsrd.com
The rising cost of material is a matter of concern in this developing construction environment. The prices of building material such as cement, sand, gravel etc. are increasing day by day. The reason for increase in cost is high demand and less availability of material. Nowadays, most of the researchers are doing research on the material which can reduce the cost of construction as well as increase the strength. Research on waste material such as fly ash, rice husk, slag and sludge from treatment of industrial and domestic waste water demolished building material is being done. Use of coconut shell in concrete is not only useful economically but also environmentally useful for human being. Coconut shell is one of the main contributors of pollution problem as a solid waste. Coconut shell used as coarse aggregate in concrete encouraged sustainable and environmentally helpful material in the construction field. Since cement rate increases day per day and its availability is decreasing as per time so it can be useful to use coconut shell ash used as substitute of cement in concrete. Coconut shell can be used in the form of powder with epoxy resins or epoxy matrixes in concrete also. Composites are made by combining two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
Design, Analysis and weight optimization of Crane Hook: A Reviewijsrd.com
Crane hook are highly liable component and are always subjected to failure due to accumulation of large amount of stress which can eventually lead to its failure .In this present work, to study the different design parameter & stress pattern of crane hook in its loaded condition for different cross section, the design and drafting of crane hook will be prepared by using ANSYS 14.5. By finite element analysis, the stress which is to be formed in various cross section are compared with design calculation .The stress concentration factors are used in strength and durability evaluation of structure and machine element. In this work and also we observe the parameter that affects the weight reduction.
REMOTE SENSING A VERY USEFUL TECHNOLOGY TO MANKINDkaushikakumar
Hi! I am Kaushika i have given a clear explanation about remotesensing and its types.I have aso explained about the advantages of remote sensing technology.I hope it will be very useful for u.
Element Of Civil Engineering and surveying subject as per GTU syllabus 1st sem carry out all content. also usefull for general idea about civil branch.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
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1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 09, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 409
Remote Sensing
Sumeet Patel1
Rakesh Patel2
Shivani Shukla3
1,3
Student 2
Lecturer
1,2,3
Department of Information Technology
1,2,3
Kirodimal Institute of Technology Raigarh, chhattisgarh, India
Abstract— Remote sensing is the acquisition of information
about an object or phenomenon without making physical
contact with the object and thus in contrast to in situ
observation. In modern usage, the term generally refers to
the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify
objects on Earth (both on the surface, and in the atmosphere
and oceans) by means of propagated signals (e.g.
electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into active remote
sensing (when a signal is first emitted from aircraft or
satellites)[1][2][3]
or passive (e.g. sunlight) when information
is merely recorded.
Keywords: RADARSAT, TerraSAR-XMagellan,
electromagnetic radiation
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Remote Sensing of Environment — An Interdisciplinary
Journal
Remote Sensing of Environment serves the remote
sensing community with the publication of results on the
theory, science, applications, and technology of remote
sensing of Earth Resources and Environment. Thoroughly
interdisciplinary, RSE publishes on terrestrial, oceanic and
atmospheric sensing. The emphasis is on biophysical and
quantitative approaches to remote sensing at local to global
scales. In addition to original research papers,
comprehensive, state-of-the-art review articles are welcome.
Brief papers containing significant new data or techniques
may be published as Short Communications
II. WHAT IS APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING DATA
Conventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic
control, early warning, and certain large scale
meteorological data. Doppler radar is used by local law
enforcements’ monitoring of speed limits and in enhanced
meteorological collection such as wind speed and direction
within weather systems in addition to precipitation location
and intensity. Other types of active collection includes
plasmas in the ionosphere. Interferometric synthetic aperture
radar is used to produce precise digital elevation models of
large scale terrain (See RADARSAT, TerraSAR-
XMagellan).
Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have
provided a wide range of data. By measuring the
bulges of water caused by gravity, they map
features on the seafloor to a resolution of a mile or
so. By measuring the height and wavelength of
ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds
and direction, and surface ocean currents and
directions.
Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is well
known in examples of weapon ranging, laser
illuminated homing of projectiles. LIDAR is used
to detect and measure the concentration of various
chemicals in the atmosphere, while airborne
LIDAR can be used to measure heights of objects
and features on the ground more accurately than
with radar technology. Vegetation remote sensing
is a principal application of LIDAR.
Radiometers and photometers are the most
common instrument in use, collecting reflected and
emitted radiation in a wide range of frequencies.
The most common are visible and infrared sensors,
followed by microwave, gamma ray and rarely,
ultraviolet.
2. Remote Sensing
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/093)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 410
III. LEVEL DESCRIPTION
Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument and
payload data at full resolution, with any and all
communications artifacts (e. g., synchronization
frames, communications headers, duplicate data)
removed.
Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument data at full
resolution, time-referenced, and annotated with
ancillary information, including radiometric and
geometric calibration coefficients and
georeferencing parameters (e. g., platform
ephemeris) computed and appended but not applied
to the Level 0 data (or if applied, in a manner that
level 0 is fully recoverable from level 1a data).
Level 1a data that have been processed to sensor
units (e. g., radar backscatter cross section,
brightness temperature, etc.); not all instruments
have Level 1b data; level 0 data is not recoverable
from level 1b data.
Derived geophysical variables (e. g., ocean wave
height, soil moisture, ice concentration) at the same
resolution and location as Level 1 source data.
Variables mapped on uniform spacetime grid
scales, usually with some completeness and
consistency (e. g., missing points interpolated,
complete regions mosaicked together.
3. Remote Sensing
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All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 411
We perceive the surrounding world through our
five senses. Some senses (touch and taste) require contact of
our sensing organs with the objects. However, we acquire
much information about our surrounding through the senses
of sight and hearing which do not require close contact
between the sensing organs and the external objects. In
another word, we are performing Remote Sensing all the
time.
Generally, Remote sensing refers to the activities
of recording/observing/perceiving (sensing) objects or
events at far away (remote) places. In remote sensing, the
sensors are not in direct contact with the objects or events
being observed. The information needs a physical carrier to
travel from the objects/events to the sensors through an
intervening medium. The electromagnetic radiation is
normally used as an information carrier in remote sensing.
The output of a remote sensing system is usually an image
representing the scene being observed. A further step of
image analysis and interpretation is required in order to
extract useful information from the image. The human
visual system is an example of a remote sensing system in
this general sense.
In a more restricted sense, remote sensing usually
refers to the technology of acquiring information about the
earth's surface (land and ocean) and atmosphere using
sensors onboard airborne (aircraft, balloons) or spaceborne
(satellites, space shuttles) platfo What is Remote
Sensing?
IV. OPTICAL AND INFRARED REMOTE SENSING
In Optical Remote Sensing, optical sensors detect
solar radiation reflected or scattered from the earth, forming
images resembling photographs taken by a camera high up
in space. The wavelength region usually extends from the
visible and near infrared (commonly abbreviated as VNIR)
to the short-wave infrared (SWIR).
Different materials such as water, soil, vegetation,
buildings and roads reflect visible and infrared light in
different ways. They have different colours and brightness
when seen under the sun. The interpretation of optical
images require the knowledge of the spectral reflectance
signatures of the various materials (natural or man-made)
covering the surface of the earth.
There are also infrared sensors measuring the
thermal infrared radiation emitted from the earth, from
which the land or sea surface temperature can be derived.
V. MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING
There are some remote sensing satellites which carry
passive or active microwave sensors. The active sensors
emit pulses of microwave radiation to illuminate the areas to
be imaged. Images of the earth surface are formed by
measuring the microwave energy scattered by the ground or
sea back to the sensors. These satellites carry their own
"flashlight" emitting microwaves to illuminate their targets.
The images can thus be acquired day and night. Microwaves
have an additional advantage as they can penetrate clouds.
Images can be acquired even when there are clouds covering
the earth surface.
A microwave imaging system which can produce
high resolution image of the Earth is the synthetic aperture
radar (SAR). The intensity in a SAR image depends on the
amount of microwave backscattered by the target and
received by the SAR antenna. Since the physical
mechanisms responsible for this backscatter is different for
microwave, compared to visible/infrared radiation, the
interpretation of SAR images requires the knowledge of
how microwaves interact with the targets.
4. Remote Sensing
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VI. REMOTE SENSING IMAGES
Remote sensing images are normally in the form of digital
images. In order to extract useful information from the
images, image processing techniques may be employed to
enhance the image to help visual interpretation, and to
correct or restore the image if the image has been subjected
to geometric distortion, blurring or degradation by other
factors. There are many image analysis techniques available
and the methods used depend on the requirements of the
specific problem concerned. In many cases, image
segmentation and classification algorithms are used to
delineate different areas in an image into thematic classes.
The resulting product is a thematic map of the study area.
This thematic map can be combined with other databases of
the test area for further analysis and utilization.
VII. CONCLUSION
They may also be used to detect the emission spectra of
various chemicals, providing data on chemical
concentrations in the atmosphere.
Stereographic pairs of aerial photographs have
often been used to make topographic maps by imagery and
terrain analysts in trafficability and highway departments for
potential routes, in addition to modelling terrestrial habitat
features. Simultaneous multi-spectral platforms such as
Landsat have been in use since the 70’s. These thematic
mappers take images in multiple wavelengths of electro-
magnetic radiation (multi-spectral) and are usually found on
Earth observation satellites, including (for example) the
Landsat program or the IKONOS satellite. Maps of land
cover and land use from thematic mapping can be used to
prospect for minerals, detect or monitor land usage,
deforestation, and examine the health of indigenous plants
and crops, including entire farming regions or forests.[3]
5. Remote Sensing
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/093)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 413
Landsat images are used by regulatory agencies such as
KYDOW to indicate water quality parameters including
Secchi depth, chlorophyll a density and total phosphorus
content. Weather satellites are used in meteorology and
climatology
REFRENCES
[1] Schowengerdt, Robert A. (2007). Remote sensing:
models and methods for image processing (3rd ed.).
Academic Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-12-369407-2.
[2] Schott, John Robert (2007). Remote sensing: the
image chain approach (2nd ed.). Oxford University
Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-517817-3.
[3] Guo, Huadong; Huang, Qingni; Li, Xinwu; Sun,
Zhongchang; Zhang, Ying (2013). "Spatiotemporal
analysis of urban environment based on the
vegetation–impervious surface–soil model" (Full text
article available). Journal of Applied Remote Sensing
8: 084597. Bibcode:2014JARS....8.4597G.
doi:10.1117/1.JRS.8.084597.
[4] Liu, Jian Guo & Mason, Philippa J. (2009). Essential
Image Processing for GIS and Remote Sensing.
Wiley-Blackwell. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-470-51032-2.
[5] http://hurricanes.nasa.gov/earth-
sun/technology/remote_sensing.html
[6] Mills, J.P., et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry from
Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring". The
Photogrammetric Record 15 (89): 715–724.
doi:10.1111/0031-868X.00080.
[7] Twiss, S.D., et al. (2001). "Topographic spatial
characterisation of grey seal Halichoerus grypus
breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain".
Ecography 24 (3): 257–266. doi:10.1111/j.1600-
0587.2001.tb00198.x.
[8] Stewart, J.E., et al. (2014). "Finescale ecological
niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray
seals (Halichoerus grypus) prefer access to fresh
water in order to drink". Marine Mammal Science 30
(4): 1456–1472. doi:10.1111/mms.12126.
[9] Begni G. Escadafal R. Fontannaz D. and Hong-Nga
Nguyen A.-T. (2005). Remote sensing: a tool to
monitor and assess desertification. Les dossiers
thématiques du CSFD. Issue 2. 44 pp.