What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
What is Remote Sensing?
Process of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interaction with Atmosphere
Radiations-Target Interactions
Passive Vs Active Sensing
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
Introducation to optical properties and also relation with nano material. As most of the properties are similar for simple and nano material only some fundamental points are changed.
This presentation describes the processes affecting the movement of insolation of energy through the atmosphere and how energy from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth.
tells about history,physics of remote sensing,electromagnetic spectrum,black body radiation,atmospheric windows,interaction of EMR with atmosphere,earth surface features,spectral reflectance curves
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. TODAY’ S TOPIC
DEFINITION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY INTERACTION
ENERGY BALANCE RELATIONSHIP
FACTORS CONTROLLING ENERGY INTERACTION WITH
EARTH SURFACE FEATURES
MATERIALS CONSTITUTING EARTH SURFACE
WAVELENGTH OF ENERGY
CONDITION OF FEATURES
3. DEFINITION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
a form of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects in the
form of electrical and magnetic waves that can travel through space.
can be detected only when it interacts with matters
There are many forms of electromagnetic energy including gamma
rays, x rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation,
microwaves and radio waves.
4. Electromagnetic energy is incident on any earth
Surface feature
Three fundamental energy interactions with
the feature are possible
5. transmission (T) occurs
when radiation passes
through a target
Reflection (R) occurs when Absorption (A) occurs when
radiation "bounces" off the radiation (energy) is
target and is redirected. absorbed into the target
6. INCIDENT ENERGY (EI)
REFLECTED ENERGY (ER)
WATER SURFACE
ABSORBED
ENERGY
(EA)
TRANSMITTED ENERGY (ET)
BASIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
AND AN EARTH SURFACE FEATURE ( WATER BODY )
7. Proportion of the
energy is
absorbed,
transmitted or
reflected by a
material will
depend upon
8. IN REMOTE SENSING, WE ARE MOST
INTERESTED IN MEASURING THE
RADIATION REFLECTED FROM
TARGETS.
Reflection from surfaces
occurs in two ways:
9. SPECULAR REFLECTORS
gives the mirror-like reflection of light (or of
other kinds of wave) from a surface.
in which light from a single incoming
direction (a ray) is reflected into a single
outgoing direction.
the angle of incidence equals the angle of
reflection (θi = θr in the figure),
SPECULAR REFLECTORS
Reflections on still water are an example
of specular reflection
10. DIFFUSE REFLECTORS
gives the reflection of light
from a surface such that an
incident ray is reflected at
many angles
rough surface
DIFFUSE REFLECTORS does not give rise to images.
11. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is
the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic
radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular
object.
provides an illustrated method to show the
types of electromagnetic radiation in terms of
wavelength and frequency.
12. Here are the different types of radiation in the EM spectrum,
in order from lowest energy to highest:
RADIO WAVE :
kind of energy that radio stations emit into the air.
emitted by other things,such as stars and gases in space.
MICRO WAVE :
in space are used by astronomers to learn about the structure of
nearby galaxies, and our own Milky Way
cook your popcorn in just a few minutes!
INFRARED :
Our skin emits infrared light, which is why we can be seen in
the dark by someone using night vision goggles
IR light maps the dust between stars.
VESIBLE :
this is the part that our eyes see
emitted by everything from fireflies to light bulbs to stars also by
fast-moving particles hitting other particles.
ULTRA-VIOLET :
Stars and other "hot" objects in space emit UV radiation.
cause our skin to burn
X-RAY:
Your doctor uses them to look at your bones and your
dentist to look at your teeth
GAMMA-RAY :
Radioactive materials (some natural and others made by man in
things like nuclear power plants) can emit gamma-rays
13.
14. Characterizes any given surface is dictated by
the surface’s roughness in comparison to the
wavelength of the energy incident upon it
Sandy
beach
15. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE (Rλ)
reflected energy from earth surface is measured as function of
wavelength
SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE
ER(λ)
Rλ = EI(λ)
Energy of wavelength λ reflected from the object
= x 100
Energy of wavelength λ incident upon the object
16. A graph of spectral reflectance of an object as a function of wavelength
Clear water:
Clear water has a low spectral reflectance (<
10%) in the visible region
At wavelengths longer than 0.75 µm, water
absorbs almost all the incoming energy
Vegetation :
generally has three reflectance valleys.
one at the red spectral wavelength region
(0.65 µm) is caused by high absorptance of
energy by chlorophyll a and b in the leaves.
other two at 1.45-1.55 µm and 1.90-1.95 µm
are caused by high absorptance of energy by
water in the leaves
Dry soil :
has a relatively flat reflectance curve
When it is wet, its spectral reflectance drops
due to water absorption
17. Body of the feature is HOTTER than its surroundings
emits more radiation Absorbs less radiation
tends to cool
Body of the feature is COOLER than its surroundings
emits less radiation Absorbs more radiation
tends to warm