Epithelial tissue, also known as the epithelium, is one of the four tissues found in the human body. It exists in various parts of the body, such as our digestive system, outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Hematopoiesis: Formation of Blood Cells - An OverviewStudyFriend
Hematopoiesis or haemopoiesis is a process of formation of blood cellular components, i.e. formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells, which are derived from haematopoietic stem cells (HSC).
Epithelial tissue, also known as the epithelium, is one of the four tissues found in the human body. It exists in various parts of the body, such as our digestive system, outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Hematopoiesis: Formation of Blood Cells - An OverviewStudyFriend
Hematopoiesis or haemopoiesis is a process of formation of blood cellular components, i.e. formation, development, and differentiation of blood cells, which are derived from haematopoietic stem cells (HSC).
BLOOD composition&functions of blood,plasma proteins.(The Guyton and Hall...Maryam Fida
BLOOD composition&functions of blood,plasma proteins
Blood is a connective tissue in fluid form.
It is considered as the ‘fluid of life’ because it carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body and carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs.
It is known as ‘fluid of growth’ because it carries nutritive substances from the digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues.
The blood is also called the ‘fluid of health’ because it protects the body against the diseases and gets rid of the waste products and unwanted substances by transporting them to the excretory organs like kidneys
function
1. Nutrient Function:
Supplies nutrients like glucose, amino acids, lipids.
2. Respiratory:
carries oxygen to the tissues and transport CO² to lungs for expiration.
3. Excretory:
removes waste products from tissues and carried to the excretory organs like kidneys, skin, liver etc.
4. Regulation of body temperature
5. Defensive function:
WBCs are responsible for this function (Neutophils and monocytes) engulf the bacteria by phagocytosis.
Lymphocytes are involved in immunity.
Eosinophils are responsible for detoxification, disintegration( to break or separate into constituent elements or parts) and removal of foreign proteins.
6. Storage function
Blood cells:
1) Red blood cells or Erythroctes.
2) White blood cells or leukocytes.
3) Platelets or Thrombocytes.
Plasma is the intercellular matrix of the blood
Composition of plasma
Plasma Proteins 7-9%
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Dissolved solutes 3%
Water 90%
albumin
Smallest in molecular weight
Synthesized by liver
Provide osmotic pressure. This is needed to maintain volume and pressure of blood
GLOBULIN
Transport and storage proteins
TYPES :
Alpha & beta : transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins (liver)
Gamma globulins : antibodies produced by lymphocytes
(IgD) belong to the group of gamma globulins and serve as defense proteins (antibodies).
IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin, can cross the placental barrier (maternofetal transmission).
fibrinogen
Imp. clotting factor
Largest molecular weight
Helps in coagulation of blood
All the plasma proteins are synthesized in liver except ?? Gamma globulins (which are derived from B cells)
What is difference between plasma and serum ??
Plasma – fibrinogen = serum
BLOOD composition&functions of blood,plasma proteins.(The Guyton and Hall...Maryam Fida
BLOOD composition&functions of blood,plasma proteins
Blood is a connective tissue in fluid form.
It is considered as the ‘fluid of life’ because it carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body and carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs.
It is known as ‘fluid of growth’ because it carries nutritive substances from the digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues.
The blood is also called the ‘fluid of health’ because it protects the body against the diseases and gets rid of the waste products and unwanted substances by transporting them to the excretory organs like kidneys
function
1. Nutrient Function:
Supplies nutrients like glucose, amino acids, lipids.
2. Respiratory:
carries oxygen to the tissues and transport CO² to lungs for expiration.
3. Excretory:
removes waste products from tissues and carried to the excretory organs like kidneys, skin, liver etc.
4. Regulation of body temperature
5. Defensive function:
WBCs are responsible for this function (Neutophils and monocytes) engulf the bacteria by phagocytosis.
Lymphocytes are involved in immunity.
Eosinophils are responsible for detoxification, disintegration( to break or separate into constituent elements or parts) and removal of foreign proteins.
6. Storage function
Blood cells:
1) Red blood cells or Erythroctes.
2) White blood cells or leukocytes.
3) Platelets or Thrombocytes.
Plasma is the intercellular matrix of the blood
Composition of plasma
Plasma Proteins 7-9%
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Dissolved solutes 3%
Water 90%
albumin
Smallest in molecular weight
Synthesized by liver
Provide osmotic pressure. This is needed to maintain volume and pressure of blood
GLOBULIN
Transport and storage proteins
TYPES :
Alpha & beta : transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins (liver)
Gamma globulins : antibodies produced by lymphocytes
(IgD) belong to the group of gamma globulins and serve as defense proteins (antibodies).
IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin, can cross the placental barrier (maternofetal transmission).
fibrinogen
Imp. clotting factor
Largest molecular weight
Helps in coagulation of blood
All the plasma proteins are synthesized in liver except ?? Gamma globulins (which are derived from B cells)
What is difference between plasma and serum ??
Plasma – fibrinogen = serum
Metabolism (/məˈtæbəlɪzəm/, from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main purposes of metabolism are: the conversion of food to energy to run cellular processes; the conversion of food/fuel to building blocks for proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some carbohydrates; and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism).
Metabolic reactions may be categorized as catabolic - the breaking down of compounds (for example, the breaking down of glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration); or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). Usually, catabolism releases energy, and anabolism consumes energy.
General principles of signal transduction
G Protein-coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure and Mechanism.
GPCRs that Regulate Adenylyl Cyclase.
GPCRs that Activate Phospholipase C.
GPCRs that Regulate Ion Channels.
GPCRs that Regulate Gene Transcription.
Experiment ,patholophysiology of Pulmonary on rabbit
Pathophysioly experiment of pulmonaryedema
Pathophysiology(病理生理学)
Pathology
uploaded by prabesh 杰诗
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Biochemistry questions
1. For every molecule of glucose that enters
glycolysis, there is an initial investment of 2
molecules of ____ before the subsequent
generation of ____ .
• ATP, ATP
2. What is the purpose of glucagon?
• It slows down glycolysis when blood sugar
is low and stimulates the formation of
more glucose.
3. An enzyme that catalyzes the
phosphorylation of a molecule using ATP is
called ____
• Kinase
4. Name two molecules that carries electrons
from glycolysis and Krebs Cycle to the
electron transport system.
• NADH and FADH2
5. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is an enzyme in glycolysis.
It’s activity is controlled by a complex allosteric regulation.
What is the function of AMP in the PFK-1 regulation?
• AMP allosterically activates PFK-1
6. There are three irreversible reactions in the
glycolysis. What are the corresponding
enzymes that catalyze those reactions?
• Hexokinase or Glucokinase
• Phosphofructokinase 1 or PFK-1
• Pyruvate Kinase
7. Hexokinase is allosterically inhibited by its product Glucose
6 phosphate. The hexokinase in the liver is called
glucokinase. However, glucokinase is not subject to product
inhibition by glucose-6-phosphate. What the benefit of this
characteristics of glucokinase?
• Liver will take up & phosphorylate glucose
even when liver glucose-6-phosphate
concentration is high.
8. During the Cori cycle, _____ is transported
to the liver to regenerate glucose which is
returned to muscle tissue.
• Lactic acid or lactate
9. Insulin is produced when blood glucose is
high. How does insulin regulate the
transcription of the glycolysis enzyme in liver,
glucokinase?
• Insulin activates of transcription of
Glucokinase in liver.
10. In the liver, the most important coordinating modulator is fructose 2,6-
bisphophate (F2,6BP). It is formed from F6P by the enzyme domain,
phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2), and broken down by the same enzyme,
but at a different domain called fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-
2). How does the balance of PFK-2 to FBPase-2 activity controlled by
glucagon?
• Glucagon causes the enzyme phosphorylation.
Phosphorylation of the enzyme results in the
inactivation of the phosphofructokinase-2 activity
and activation of the fructose-2,6-
bisphosphatase activity.
11. The last product of glycolysis is ____ while
the first reactant of Krebs cycle is ____.
• Pyruvate, Acetyl Co-A
12. Briefly explain the Cori cycle which is a
linked metabolic pathways.
• The glucose can enter the blood and be
carried to muscles.
• Lactic acid is produced by anaerobic
glycolysis in the muscles
• The lactic acid is sent in the blood to the
liver which can convert it back to glucose
through gluconeogenesis.
13. What is epinephrine’s role in glycogen
and glucose metabolism?
• Epinephrine markedly stimulates glycogen
breakdown and glycolysis.
14. Palmitic acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, can
maximally yield ____ acetyl-CoAs
through ____ cycles of beta-oxidation.
• Eight, seven
15. Why can acetone be detected on
breath of diabetic patients?
• Acetone breath in diabetics is caused by an
excess production of ketone bodies.
• Glucose is abundant in blood, but uptake by
cells in muscle, liver, and adipose cells is low.
Cells, metabolically starved, turn to
gluconeogenesis and fat/protein catabolism
• However, due to excess gluconeogenesis,
oxaloacetate is low, so acetyl-CoA from
fat/protein catabolism does not go to TCA, but
rather to ketone body production.
16. High cholesterol diet leads to ____
(promotion/repression) of LDL receptor synthesis.
• repression
17. Chylomicrons are vesicles found in the blood and lymphatic
fluid where they serve to transport lipid from the intestine to
the liver and to adipose tissue. Of what are the chylomicrons
composed? List at least 3 components.
• Triglycerides
• Cholesterols
• lipoproteins
• phospholipids
• Cholesteryl ester
18. What is the effect of epinephrine and
glucagon on triglyceride metabolism?
• Epinephrine and glucagon trigger the
mobilization of stored triglycerides
19. What is oxidative phosphorylation?
• Answer1: Oxidative phosphorylation
transfers energy from NADH to ATP. (via
chemiosmosis)
• Answer2: Oxidative phosphorylation is the
process of converting this high redox
potential into energy-rich ATP molecules.
20. Oxidative phosphorylation is accomplished
via two separate systems in the
mitochondrion. What are those two systems?
• Electron transport chain system and ATP
synthesis system.
21. ATP synthesis is driven by proton motive
force. What are the two types of gradient
associated with proton motive force?
• a proton gradient or pH gradient
• a electrical gradient or ion gradient
22. Metabolism of amino acids differs, but all of
them require the removal of amino groups.
What are the two types of reactions to
remove amino groups?
• Transamination
• Deamination
23. Disposal of ammonia from amino acid metabolism
as _____ in most tissues especially in the brain
and kidneys, as _____ in the liver, and as _____
in the skeletal muscles.
• Glutamine, urea, alanine
24. Based on the catabolic fates of carbon
skeleton of amino acids, the amino
acids can be classified as ____ or
_____.
• Glucogenic, ketogenic
25. Dietary nucleotides _____ (do/do not)
contribute energy as an energy source
material and _____ (are/are not)
incorporated into RNA or DNA.
• Do not, are not
26. The purine nucleotides are synthesized via
two pathways in the body. One is ____
synthesis pathway while the other is ____
pathway.
• De novo, salvage
27. The purine synthesis is _____ by PRPP,
_____ by IMP, _____ by AMP, and _____by
GMP. Fill the blank with activated or
inhibited.
• Activated, Inhibited,
Inhibited, Inhibited,
28. What are the carbohydrate and fat
metabolic events occurred in liver
during fasting?
• The liver first starts glycogen degradation,
then gluconeogenesis to maintain blood
glucose levels.
• The fatty acid oxidation and ketone body
production are increased.
29. Insulin promotes the translocation of
______ to the plasma membrane.
• GLUT or glucose transporter
30. Why do we say that DNA replication is
semiconservative?
• The new strands composed of one original
strand and one daughter strand
31. DNA polymerases cannot initiate synthesis of a
polynucleotide; they can only add nucleotides to
the 3’ end. Therefore, a short _____ is required to
initiate nucleotide synthesis.
• RNA primer
32. Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have
special nucleotide sequences at their ends called
______.
• telomeres
33. Why is DNA replication semi-discontinuous?
• DNA strands are antiparallel. And,
replication process obeys the principle that
DNA is synthesized from the 5´ end to the
3´end.
• Leading strand synthesized continuously
while lagging strand synthesized
discontinuously
34. List at least 3 differences between
replication and transcription.
replication transcription
template double strands single strand
substrate dNTP NTP
primer yes no
Enzyme DNA polymerase RNA polymerase
product dsDNA ssRNA
base pair A-T, G-C A-U, T-A, G-C
The whole genome of DNA needs to be replicated, but only small
portion of genome is transcribed
35. During transcription, one of the DNA strands
called ______ strand is the strand from which
the RNA is actually transcribed. The other
strand called _____ strand is the strand whose
base sequence specifies the amino acid
sequence of the encoded protein.
• Template, coding
36. What is asymmetric transcription?
• Only the template strand is used for the transcription, but
the coding strand is not.
• The transcription direction on different strands is
opposite.
5'
3'
3'
5'
39. Explain mRNA splicing
• During splicing, introns are removed from
the strand, and the exons that remain are
assembled into a finished strand of mRNA
that is ready for translation.
40. What is the consequence of
frameshift mutation?
• Frameshift mutations result in all
subsequent reading frames (codons)
being shifted by one or two nucleotides.
These shifted frames will code for different
amino acids than before, and will result in
the creation of a malfunctioning protein.
41. The GUU GUA transition still codes for
Val and it therefore called to be ______
mutation.
• nonsense
42. The insertion or deletion of a nucleotide
into a gene results in a _____ mutation.
• frameshift