0 introdution to Medical Microbiology
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1. The document discusses the field of medical microbiology, including the definition as the study of microorganisms too small to see with the naked eye, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. 2. It describes the key research techniques in medical microbiology including microtechnique, aseptic technique, culture technique, and staining technique. 3. The status and developments of medical microbiology are summarized, such as the discovery of new pathogens like HIV and hepatitis viruses, and the direction of further research into pathogenic mechanisms and new treatments.
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0 introdution to Medical Microbiology
- 2. What is Microbes? Microbes, or microorganisms are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye. Bacteria, fungi, viruses are examples! Many are beneficial Some are pathogenic
- 3. Microbes make the Universe There are > 5 x 1030 types microbes in the world Humans have intimate relation with microbes > 90% of the cells in our Body are covered with microbes
- 4. Microbiology defined as the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. These organisms include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Microbiologists are concerned with characteristics and functions such as morphology, cytology, physiology, ecology, taxonomy, genetics, and molecular biology. Defining Microbiology
- 5. IntroductionIntroduction • ObjectsObjects • ContentsContents • ObjectiveObjective • TechniquesTechniques • StatusStatus
- 7. Definition of microorganism an organism that is too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope
- 8. Characters of microorganisms Minute volume, simple structure wide range nutriment 、 active metabolism reproduce quickly 、 large quantity 、 widespread variation and adaptability easily
- 14. Noncellular microorganisms • Smallest • Simple structure – No cell structure • Nucleic acid • Capsid • Envelope – Either DNA or RNA • Obligate intracellular parasites – Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell • Members – Viruses • Reproduction – Replication
- 16. The Importance of MicroorganismsThe Importance of Microorganisms Circulation of materialsCirculation of materials MedicineMedicine 、、 FoodFood 、、 IndustryIndustry Micro-ecosystemMicro-ecosystem Microbes Benefit Humans
- 17. Microbes are used to produce AntibioticsMicrobes are used to produce Antibiotics Penicillin Mold Penicillium notatum 1928 Alexander Fleming
- 18. Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesize Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs, but cannot synthesize Example: E. coli B vitamins - for metabolism Vitamin K - blood clotting Example: E. coli B vitamins - for metabolism Vitamin K - blood clotting
- 19. Microbial AntagonismMicrobial Antagonism Our normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens from gaining access to our body Our normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens from gaining access to our body
- 20. Harmful activities: A portion of microbes can cause diseases and/or are poisonous to animal, plant or human being, and these which cause diseases to human are really that concern us in the study of medical microbiology. Pathogenic microorganism
- 21. Anthrax Pathogenic microorganism cause many diseases Pathogenic microorganism cause many diseases
- 22. disease ： tetanus 、 fungus infection 、 gas gangrene tetanustetanus gas gangrenegas gangreneFungus nailFungus nail
- 25. Microbiology is the biology of microorganisms. It is a bioscience for the study of the evolution, classification , morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology of microbes under certain definite conditions, the law of their life activities, and their interaction with human being, animals or plants as well as with natural environment. Microbiology
- 26. The science that study the biological characters, infectious and immune mechanisms, specific diagnosis, prevention and cure measurement of pathogenic microorganism is called medical microbiology. Medical Microbiology
- 28. Diagnostic assistance: Qualitation and/or quantitation for pathogens Therapic guidance: Detection of drug resistance Disease prevention: Development vaccines and/or new generation vaccines
- 29. Unique Research TechniquesUnique Research Techniques
- 30. The Four Classic Research TechniquesThe Four Classic Research Techniques Microtechnique Aseptic technique Culture technique Staining technique
- 31. Microtechnique 1673-1723, Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) described live microorganisms that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions.
- 32. Anton van Leeuwenhoek - 1st person to actually see living microorganisms “wee animalcules” （ Leeuwenhoek ） 1632-1723 32
- 33. He assembled over 247 microscopes, some of which magnified objects 270 times. In the course of his examination of innumerable microorganisms and tissue samples, he gave the first complete descriptions of the bacteria, the protozoans (which he called animalcules), spermatozoa, and striped muscle. He also observed the red blood cells in his detailed study of capillary circulation. He was elected to the Royal Society of England in recognition of his work. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- 34. Magnifier Light microscope electron microscope atomic force microscope
- 35. Aseptic technique 1859, Louis Pasteur discoved that the deterioration was caused by microbes and invented pastereurization.
- 36. Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, in the Region of Jura, France. Hisin Dole, in the Region of Jura, France. His discovery that most infectious diseases are causeddiscovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the"germ theory of disease", isby germs, known as the"germ theory of disease", is one of the most important in medical history. Hisone of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation for the science ofwork became the foundation for the science of microbiology, and a cornerstone of modernmicrobiology, and a cornerstone of modern medicine.medicine.
- 37. In 1865, Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, established antiseptic surgery by introducing aseptic technique to this field. For many years he had explored the inflammation of wounds at the Glasgow infirmary. These observations had led him to considered that infection was not due to bad air alone, and that 'wound sepsis' was a form of decomposition
- 38. Cuture technique In 1881, Robert KochIn 1881, Robert Koch, a German bacteriologist, isolated bacteria using solid medium and then he associated many diseases with specific microbes. In 1884, he devised a hypothesis known as Koch’s Postulates designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease .
- 39. Koch’s postulatesKoch’s postulates 1. The same organisms must be found in all cases of a given disease. 2. The organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. The isolated organism must reproduce the same disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible animal. 4. The original organism must be isolated again from the experimentally infected animal.
- 40. Staining technique Amidobenzene was applied to stain bacteria in suspension by German pathologist named Weigert, then Koch improved it and stained the bacteria on a slide. In 1884, Christian Gram, a famous Denmark pathologist invented a stain technique which is known as Gram Stain now to stain bacteria on a slide, by this technique, all bacteria can be classified as G+ and C-
- 41. The protocol of Gram stain
- 42. Gram stain morphology Shape cocci bacilli spiral or curved Single or multiple cells clusters (e.g. streptococci) chains (e.g. streptococci) Gram positive or negative
- 48. A Diagnosis——pathogen and its antigen, nucleic acid, metabolites, antibody Prevention——vaccines Therapy——antibiotics The first medical revolution Achievements The second medical revolution
- 51. NowadaysNowadays New pathogens emerged continuously Hepatitis viruse HIV TTV Prions Coronavirus and SARS Reemerging of traditional pathogens Drug resistance became more severe Mycobacterium toberculosis New pathogens emerged continuously Hepatitis viruse HIV TTV Prions Coronavirus and SARS Reemerging of traditional pathogens Drug resistance became more severe Mycobacterium toberculosis
- 52. Progress of Hepatitis VirusesProgress of Hepatitis Viruses 1947, concepts of hepatitis A and serum transmitted hepatitis 1970, Dane particle was observed (hepatitis B virus) 1973, hepatitis A virus 1978, nonA, nonB hepatitis viruses (NANBV) 1989, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) 19901994, non AE hepatitis viruses 1995, hepatitis G virus (HGV) 1997, TT virus (TTV) 1947, concepts of hepatitis A and serum transmitted hepatitis 1970, Dane particle was observed (hepatitis B virus) 1973, hepatitis A virus 1978, nonA, nonB hepatitis viruses (NANBV) 1989, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) 19901994, non AE hepatitis viruses 1995, hepatitis G virus (HGV) 1997, TT virus (TTV)
- 53. Human Immunodeficiency Virus & AIDSHuman Immunodeficiency Virus & AIDS 1981, the first cases report about AIDS 1983, HIV was isolated 1990s, HAART (cocktail therapy) was employed So far, no effective vaccine available 1981, the first cases report about AIDS 1983, HIV was isolated 1990s, HAART (cocktail therapy) was employed So far, no effective vaccine available