The document summarizes the urea cycle, which converts toxic ammonia into urea in the liver. It describes the five steps of the cycle, which include the formation of carbamoyl phosphate in mitochondria and the other four reactions occurring in the cytosol. Deficiencies in enzymes in the cycle can cause various urea cycle disorders. Blood urea levels are monitored as high levels can indicate kidney dysfunction. Symptoms of urea cycle disorders include elevated ammonia, vomiting, and neurological issues.
Are most abundantly distributed organic compounds.
70 kg man= protein weight constitute 12 kg
Skeleton and connective tissue contains half
Body protein and other half is intracellular.
Are most abundantly distributed organic compounds.
70 kg man= protein weight constitute 12 kg
Skeleton and connective tissue contains half
Body protein and other half is intracellular.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)Ashok Katta
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
Aromatic amino acids (AAA)- are amino acids that include an aromatic ring.
Examples include:
Among 20 standard amino acids:
phenylalanine (phe)
tryptophan (trp)
histidine (His)
tyrosine (tyr)
All plants and micro-organisms must synthesize their aromatic amino acids through the shikimate pathway in order to make proteins, unlike animals, which obtain them through their diet.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)Ashok Katta
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
Aromatic amino acids (AAA)- are amino acids that include an aromatic ring.
Examples include:
Among 20 standard amino acids:
phenylalanine (phe)
tryptophan (trp)
histidine (His)
tyrosine (tyr)
All plants and micro-organisms must synthesize their aromatic amino acids through the shikimate pathway in order to make proteins, unlike animals, which obtain them through their diet.
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
this is one of bost beneficial slide to know the urea production this is not theoretical knowledge the training is done in nfl and the whole report is made on the basis of deep study of whole plant
The urea cycle, also known as the ornithine cycle, is a biochemical pathway that plays a crucial role in the removal of toxic ammonia from the body. It takes place primarily in the liver and involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert ammonia into urea, a less toxic compound that can be excreted through urine.
Urea Cycle | Energetics of Urea Cycle | Regulation of Urea Cycle | Metabolic ...kiransharma204
This PPT contains topics related to Urea Cycle, Energetics of Urea Cycle, Regulation of Urea Cycle, Metabolic disorder of Urea Cycle & Clinical Importance.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3FLX88MWT4Y30&dchild=1&keywords=satyanarayan+biochemistry&qid=1591701828&s=books&sprefix=satyanarayan+%2Cstripbooks%2C387&sr=1-1
designed for undergraduate level teaching of nitrogen metabolism in biochemistry. this is first in the series of three lectures. ideal for MBBS level teaching
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Happiness is something
comes into our lives through doors
We don’t even remember leaving it
open
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi
2. Urea - Introduction
• Urea cycle reactions converts toxic NH3 into non-
toxic and water soluble urea.
• Urea is the principle end product of the protein
or amino acid metabolism in humans.
• 80-90% of urinary nitrogen excreted is in the
form of urea nitrogen.
3. • Krebs and Henseleit were the first to
elucidate the steps. Hence Krebs Henseleit
cycle
• Other name -- Urea cycle,
Ornithine cycle.
• Site of urea synthesis– Liver
• First two reactions occur in the
mitochondria
• and later three reactions occur in cytosol
Urea synthesis
4. Requirements of urea synthesis
• Substrate:
• CO2 --- from HCO3
• NH4 --- Deamination of amino acids
• Aspartic acid --- Transamination of
OAA
• Energy: ATP 3molecules
• Modulators:
• Mg+2, N Acetyl Glutamate (NAG)
5. Steps in the urea cycle are
Cytosol
Step 3: Synthesis of Argininosuccinate
Step 4: Synthesis of Arginine
Step 5: Release of urea and Ornithine
Mitochondria
Step 1: Formation of carbamoyl
phosphate
Step 2: Formation of citrulline
6. CO2 NH3
Carbamoyl phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase - I
N – Acetyl Glutamate
2ATP
2ADP +
2Pi
Mg+2
From HCO3 From deamination
Of amino acids
+
Step 1 : Synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate
Step 1: Takes place in mitochondria
7. • In liver mitochondria
• NAG allosterically activates CPS-I
• Two high energy phosphate bonds are
utilized for the synthesis of carbamoyl
Phosphate
9. Carbamoyl phosphate
Ornithine trans Carbamoylase
Pi
Ornithine Citrulline
Step 2 : Synthesis of Citrulline
Step 2 : Takes place in mitochondria
Carrier proteins transfer Ornithine from
cytosol to mitochondria matrix
10. Step 3: Takes place in Cytosol
Step 3 : Synthesis of Arginino succinate
Carrier
proteins
Transfer
citrulline
To cytosol
for further
reactions
Arginino succinate
Arginino succinate
synthetase
ATP
AMP
+ PPi
Mg+2
Citrulline
Aspartate
Oxaloacetate
NH4
Malate
TCA cycle
12. • Arginino succinate is cleaved to arginine and fumarate
• Enzyme is present in cytoplasm of liver and kidney
tissues
• Link between Urea cycle and TCA cycle
• Fumarate can be converted to malate and then to
oxaloacetate by the intervention of certain TCA cycle
enzyme
• Aspartate may be regenerated by transamination
14. • Release of urea and ornithine
• The guanido group of arginine
Hydrolytically cleaved by arginase
• The urea diffuses into blood from where
it is cleared by the kidneys
• Ornithine will enter mitochondria and
become substrate for reaction 2
15. Urea
Arginase
Arginine
Ornithine
Arginino succinate
Arginino succinase
Fumarate Malate
Arginino succinate
synthetase
ATP
AMP +PPi
Mg+2
Citrulline
Oxaloacetate
NH4
TCA cycle
Carbamoyl phosphate
Ornithine trans Carbamoylase
Pi
CO2 NH3
Carbamoyl phosphate
synthetase - I
N – Acetyl Glutamate
2ATP
2ADP
+2Pi
Mg+2
Mitochondrial
matrix
16. Regulation of urea cycle
• 1. Substrate availability ( feed forward )
• 2. High protein diet and prolonged starvation
increases urea synthesis
• 3. Allosteric mechanism (by N acetyl glutamate)
• 4. CPS-I, ornithine transcarbamoylase, arginino
succinate synthetase and arginase all undergo
feed back inhibition
17. Role of CPS – I
in regulation of urea cycle
• CPS-I is the rate limiting enzyme of the urea
cycle
• CPS-I is allosterically activated by N-acetyl
glutamate (NAG), which lowers its Km for ATP
• On binding with NAG, the enzyme changes its
conformation to the active form
• This will exposes specific –SH group and
increases the ATP affinity of the enzyme
18. • This promotes the transfer of phosphate group from
ATP to an enzyme bound carbamate intermediate,
changing the carbamate to carbamoyl phosphate
• Energetic – 3 molecules ATP
• Formation of 1 molecule of urea requires 4 high
energy bonds
Role of CPS – I
in regulation of urea cycle
19. Dependency of Urea cycle on TCA cycle
• For ATP
• CO2 produced in TCA cycle is used for
urea synthesis
• Aspartate supply can be replenished by
converting fumarate produced in urea
cycle to malate and oxaloacetate via
TCA cycle.
20. Urea cycle disorders
• Hyperammonemia Type I
• Hyperammonemia Type II
(Ornithinemia)
• Citrullinemia
• Arginino Succinic Aciduria
• Hyper Argininemia
21. Hyper ammonemia I
Hyper
ammonemia II
Citrullinemia Arginino succinic aciduria
Hyper Argininemia
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase -
Ornithine trans carbamoylase
Arginino succinate synthetase
Arginino
succinase
Arginase
22. Hyperammonemia Type I
• This is due to the deficiency of carbamoyl
phosphate synthetase-I in mitochondria
• Features are high levels of NH3 in blood and
urine
24. Citrullinemia
• A rare disorder
• Probably due to a mutational change in the
catalytic site of arginino succinate synthetase
• Blood level and urinary excretion of citrulline
increases
25. Arginino Succinic Aciduria
• Due to the deficiency of Arginino Succinase
• Increased level of Arginino Succinate in blood
and its increased excretion in urine
26. Hyper Argininemia
• Due to the deficiency of Arginase
• Increased level of Arginine in blood and
increased urinary excretion
27. Significance of urea cycle
1. Major route of disposal of toxic Ammonia
2. Synthesis of semi-essential amino acid
ARGININE
3. Urea cycle, Citric acid cycle and
transamination reactions are linked
28. Blood urea
• Normal level- 15 - 45 mg/dl
• Uremia or azotemia is increased blood urea level
due to renal failure
• Normally urea excretion is about 20-30 gm per day
• A high value of blood urea indicates significant
reduction in the GFR and kidney disease
• Causes for reduction in GFR--- Pre renal, Renal and
Post-renal
29. Pre-renal causes- mainly reduction in GFR
(reduction in plasma volume and fall in renal
blood flow)
–Diarrhea
–Vomiting
–Severe dehydration
–Increased protein breakdown observed in
cases of prolonged fevers, diabetic coma,
thyrotoxicosis, after major surgery
31. Post renal causes like
• Urinary tract obstruction due to
– Tumors,
–stones in the bladder
–Enlargement of prostate gland
• All these may lead to increased reabsorption of
urea from the renal tubules
32. Hyper ammonemia I
Hyper
ammonemia II
Citrullinemia Arginino succinic aciduria
Hyper Argininemia
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase -
Ornithine trans carbamoylase
Arginino succinate synthetase
Arginino
succinase
Arginase
33. Common symptoms of urea cycle
disorders includes
• Elevated blood NH3 level
• Aversion to protein intake
• Tendency for vomiting
• Mental retardation
• Coma, convulsions and death
• Lowering the dietary protein intake has been
suggested as a way of treatment