Pull up & pull-down resistors
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This document discusses using pull-up and pull-down resistors with a microcontroller input pin connected to a switch. Without a resistor, the pin would float high when the switch is open. A pull-up resistor connects the pin to the power supply through a resistor, keeping it high when open but pulling it low when the switch closes. A pull-down connects the pin to ground through a resistor instead, pulling it low when open but high when the switch closes. The resistor prevents shorts and allows clean high/low signals on the input pin.
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- Only a small leakage current flows, as the channel is not fully "turned on".
- The transistor is not fully on or off in this region - it is said to be weakly inverted. Current has an exponential relationship with Vgs.
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The following presentation is a part of the level 5 module -- Electronic Engineering. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments. Simple Automatic Water Level Controller by using ic 555 timer.
It is a very simple project.present situation all are facing water problems.to over come that water wasteges we are made this project.It is very easy to do and low cost.the cost in between 200 to 300.without human involving it will work.
Clap switch mini project using 555 timer IC
We are going to make a simple clap switch, how to switch on the lights, for a while, with a single clap. This will help us to search some objects in the dark, when you are watching TV or lying on bed etc.
Components
• 1-mic
• BC547 two
• IC LM358
• Resistor 1k, 10k, 100k
• 7805 voltage regulator
• LED
• Buzzer
• 555 timer IC
• 100nf, 10uf capacitor
• Step down transformer.
Simple Automatic Water Level Controller
by
T.SELVALAKSHMI,
FINAL YEAR ECE
DR.G.U.POPE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
SAWYARPURAM
switch circuit control
This document describes a wireless switch circuit control system that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) to detect hand gestures and switch electronic appliances on and off. When a hand is placed over the LDR, it causes the circuit to toggle a JK flip-flop, changing the output and switching the appliance. The circuit provides contactless switching to reduce electric shocks while allowing children to safely operate devices. It uses common electronic components like an LDR, capacitor, resistor, transistor, diode and operational amplifier.
Fed vonverter project design and progress report
This project report summarizes the design and simulation of a current fed DC-DC converter. Key aspects include:
- The converter uses an inductor as a constant current source and switches to direct current through transformer windings, enabling voltage conversion.
- Proteus simulation used a 12V DC source, MOSFET switches, step-down transformer, diodes, inductors and capacitors. Microcontroller code provides switching.
- Practical implementation used a 27V DC source, 2uH inductor, 75NF75 MOSFET switches, 13V/250V transformer, diodes and 2uF capacitor. It achieved a 1V output from 27V input.
Ic555
The 555 timer IC gets its name from the three 5 kilo-ohm resistors in its internal circuit. It consists of two comparators, two transistors, a flip-flop, and an output stage. The comparators reference voltages of 1/3Vcc and 2/3Vcc are produced by a voltage divider of three equal 5k resistors connected in series. The 555 timer can operate in three modes - astable, monostable, and bistable - and is used for applications like precision timing, pulse generation, time delay generation, and sequential timing.
UNIT-5.pptx.ppt
The 555 timer IC is a versatile timing circuit that can generate accurate time delays or oscillations. It has applications as a monostable multivibrator which produces a single pulse of set duration, or as an astable multivibrator which continuously switches back and forth producing a square wave. The 555 timer contains two comparators, an RS flip-flop, and a discharge transistor. By connecting external resistors and capacitors differently, it can be configured as a monostable or astable multivibrator to generate pulses or oscillations.
Comparator
The document discusses different types of comparators and their applications. It begins by explaining how a comparator works by comparing an input signal voltage to a reference voltage. It then describes two types of comparators - non-inverting and inverting - based on which input terminal receives the signal. Several applications of comparators are listed including zero crossing detectors, window comparators, and Schmitt triggers. The document goes on to explain these applications in more detail and discusses other comparator topics such as hysteresis and integrated circuit comparators.
3.Arduino projects.pptx
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) can be used to generate analog-like output voltages from digital pins. PWM works by rapidly switching a pin between on and off to simulate voltages between 0V and 5V. Arduino boards have PWM-enabled pins marked with a ~ symbol that can output values from 0-255. Connecting an LED to a PWM pin with a resistor allows dimming the LED by varying the duty cycle of the on/off pulses. Pull-up and pull-down resistors are used on digital input pins to prevent floating inputs by defaulting high or low when buttons are not pressed.
Switches and LEDs interface to the 8051 microcontroller
This powerpoint contains a simplified description about the switches and leds used in the 8051 MC, and simple assembly language programs.
Sepic
This document discusses the design and analysis of a Single-Ended Primary-Inductor Converter (SEPIC) circuit. It provides an overview of SEPIC converters and how they allow the output voltage to be greater than, less than, or equal to the input voltage. The document then describes the methodology for analyzing a SEPIC circuit operating in continuous mode. It includes calculations for determining the output voltage, inductor and capacitor values, voltage ripple, current stresses, and MOSFET selection. Simulation results are presented and disadvantages of SEPIC converters are noted.
Integrated circuit
The document provides information about integrated circuits (ICs). It discusses the need for ICs and how John Kilby created the first IC in 1958. The main types of ICs are described as analog/linear ICs and digital ICs. Advantages of ICs include their small physical size, low power consumption, and increased operating speed compared to discrete circuits. Disadvantages include limited power handling and inability to include components like coils. The document then focuses on operational amplifiers (op-amps) and the 555 timer IC, outlining their applications, pinouts, characteristics, and how they can be used in monostable, astable, and bistable configurations.
zero cross detector.pptx
Zero crossing detector detects how many times the input signal crossed the Zero value or Zero voltage level. Zero cross detector is basically a comparator circuit that compares the input sinusoidal signal or Sine wave signal with the zero voltage level, In other words, we can say that this detects the voltage changing from positive level to negative level and negative level to positive level. The output of the zero-cross detector changes when the input voltage crosses the zero level to High or High to zero.
Pass Transistor Logic
This presentation discusses the basics of Pass Transistor Logic, its advantages, limitation and finally implementation of Boolean functions/Combinational Logic circuits using Pass Transistor Logic.
10 lm 555 timer
- The OpEL will close at 4:30PM on Thursday Nov 8. Week 9 assignments are due Wednesday Nov 7 as usual.
- The make-up lab (photoflash) is due Wednesday Nov 14.
- The document provides information about operating a 555 timer chip in astable mode to generate pulses for a metronome circuit. It describes the internal components and operation of the 555 timer and how varying resistor values changes the output pulse frequency and duty cycle.
Mains operated under voltage over voltage trip switch
Main aim of this project is to develop a low voltage and high voltage trip switch mechanism to protect load from voltage fluctuations in indutries.
LIGHT DETECTOR USING NAND GATE
This project report describes building a light detector circuit using a NAND gate integrated circuit. The circuit uses a light dependent resistor (LDR) and resistors in a voltage divider configuration to produce different logic levels at the inputs of the NAND gate depending on light conditions. When dark, the LDR has high resistance and the NAND gate output is low, turning off an LED. When light, the LDR resistance drops and the NAND gate output goes high, powering the LED. The circuit exploits how an LDR's resistance changes with light to effectively detect light and dark conditions.
WIRE BREAK CIRCUIT ALARAM
This document describes a wire break alarm circuit that uses a MOSFET transistor to activate a buzzer and LED if the sensing wire is cut. When the sensing wire loop is intact, current flows through a 33k resistor. If the wire is cut, current flows through the MOSFET's gate, activating it. This allows current to flow through the buzzer and LED, alerting the user that the wire is broken. The circuit uses common electronic components, provides safety and security monitoring with a simple design, and can be adapted to control higher power loads.
Logic not gate tutorial with logic gate truth table
The document provides an overview of the digital logic NOT gate:
- It is a single input gate that inverts its input signal, outputting a 0 when the input is 1 and vice versa.
- NOT gates can be constructed using transistors or with NAND and NOR gates connected in a specific configuration.
- The symbol for a NOT gate is a triangle pointing right with a circle "inversion bubble" at the output.
- Common integrated circuit implementations of NOT gates include the 7404 and CD4009.
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Simple Automatic Water Level Controller by using ic 555 timer.
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Pull up & pull-down resistors
- 1. Pull-up & Pull-down Resistors Often we want to connect a digital input line to our microcontroller. Typically this might be to allow us to monitor the on-off state of a switch. Eg. 5V Microcontroller switch 0V (gnd or ) At first glance this seems fine. When the switch is closed, the pin on our microcontroller is tied to 0 volt, ie. low. In contrast when the switch is open we would want the pin to be 5 volts, or high.
- 2. The input pin would tend to “float” high. This however isn’t a true input signal, it is a very weak input and can readily switch from high to low through the slightest of electrical interference in any of the wiring.
- 3. A simple solution might appear to involve simply connecting the other end of the switch to our 5 volt supply 5V Microcontroller switch 0V (gnd or ) This will give us a 5 volt (high) signal on the input pin when the switch is open. When the switch is closed however we will get a short between supply and ground => zero resistance => infinite current - this is not good news.
- 4. The problem can be remedied by simply putting a resistor into the circuit. This is the pull-up resistor. 5V 10 kΩ Microcontroller switch 0V (gnd or ) When the switch is open, the input to the microcontroller is high. There is no direct connection to the 5v rail, however because the input impedence to the microcontroller is high, very little of the 5v is dropped over the pull up resistor. When the switch is closed current flows down through the resistor and through the closed switch to ground. The input pin is tied to ground and so will read low. This gives us what we want.
- 5. A variation on this is the pull-down resistor. This ties the input pin to ground rather than the supply voltage. ie. 5V switch Microcontroller 10 kΩ 0V (gnd or )