Design of a 3-phase FC-TCR Static Var Compensator for Power factor correction...Hardik Parikh, E.I.T.
The research has shown that SVC has been proved successful to prevent negative sequence current more over it also has capabilities for Power factor correction.
• Negative-sequence current causes some problems in generator systems. Though every generator is capable of withstanding a certain level of negative-sequence current, excess and/or persistent amounts of negative sequence current may cause rotor overheating and serious damage.
• Since its frequency quite matches the natural mechanical frequency of turbine blades and the zero sequence current is blocked by delta connected step-up transformer, the negative sequence current becomes the only reason for the super synchronous resonance of a generator due to an unbalanced system, especially in an isolated power system.
• SVC has the potential to overcome some adverse effects of the negative sequence current to the turbine generator systems
LOAD BALANCING AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR MULTIPHASE POWERIAEME Publication
In recent years the area of multi-phase (phase order more than three) machines is popular. A multi-phase source may be derived from transformer connection (3- phase to 4-phase) or by DC link 4-phase inverters. There are problem of unbalance, harmonic distortion and poor power factor operation. This paper proposes the supply side load balancing and power factor correction .The proposed compensation scheme uses the shunt current source compensation whose instantaneous values are determined by the instantaneous symmetrical component theory. An ideal compensator in place of physical realization of the compensator has been proposed in form of a current controlled voltage source inverter. The compensation schemes developed in the paper are tested for their validity on 4-phase (4-wire & 5-wire) circuits through extensive simulations.
Design of a 3-phase FC-TCR Static Var Compensator for Power factor correction...Hardik Parikh, E.I.T.
The research has shown that SVC has been proved successful to prevent negative sequence current more over it also has capabilities for Power factor correction.
• Negative-sequence current causes some problems in generator systems. Though every generator is capable of withstanding a certain level of negative-sequence current, excess and/or persistent amounts of negative sequence current may cause rotor overheating and serious damage.
• Since its frequency quite matches the natural mechanical frequency of turbine blades and the zero sequence current is blocked by delta connected step-up transformer, the negative sequence current becomes the only reason for the super synchronous resonance of a generator due to an unbalanced system, especially in an isolated power system.
• SVC has the potential to overcome some adverse effects of the negative sequence current to the turbine generator systems
LOAD BALANCING AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR MULTIPHASE POWERIAEME Publication
In recent years the area of multi-phase (phase order more than three) machines is popular. A multi-phase source may be derived from transformer connection (3- phase to 4-phase) or by DC link 4-phase inverters. There are problem of unbalance, harmonic distortion and poor power factor operation. This paper proposes the supply side load balancing and power factor correction .The proposed compensation scheme uses the shunt current source compensation whose instantaneous values are determined by the instantaneous symmetrical component theory. An ideal compensator in place of physical realization of the compensator has been proposed in form of a current controlled voltage source inverter. The compensation schemes developed in the paper are tested for their validity on 4-phase (4-wire & 5-wire) circuits through extensive simulations.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
Control of Active And reactive power flow in transmission line and power Osci...AM Publications
the continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded
leading to voltage instability. This paper describe the active approach to series line compensation, in which static
voltage sourced converter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator is called as Static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It injects the compensating voltage in phase quadrature with line current, it
can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power flow in the line. With DC power supply it
can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. In addition, the series
reactive compensation can greatly increase the power oscillation damping.
Simulations have been done in MATLAB SIMULINK. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine
power system. From the result we can investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as
well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode.
In electrical engineering, a synchronous condenser (sometimes synchronous capacitor or synchronous compensator) is a device identical to a synchronous motor, whose shaft is not connected to anything but spins freely.
giving details of reactive power compensation in simple way and the study we had and on base of it d capacitor we designed... and some references are also there to get more details of reactive power and its compensation
significance of reactive power and its need of compensationShubham Sadatkar
this presentation is about the significance of the reactive power in the power grid, what are the drawbacks of the low level of the reactive power and what is the need of its compensation.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
Control of Active And reactive power flow in transmission line and power Osci...AM Publications
the continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded
leading to voltage instability. This paper describe the active approach to series line compensation, in which static
voltage sourced converter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator is called as Static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It injects the compensating voltage in phase quadrature with line current, it
can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power flow in the line. With DC power supply it
can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. In addition, the series
reactive compensation can greatly increase the power oscillation damping.
Simulations have been done in MATLAB SIMULINK. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine
power system. From the result we can investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as
well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode.
In electrical engineering, a synchronous condenser (sometimes synchronous capacitor or synchronous compensator) is a device identical to a synchronous motor, whose shaft is not connected to anything but spins freely.
giving details of reactive power compensation in simple way and the study we had and on base of it d capacitor we designed... and some references are also there to get more details of reactive power and its compensation
significance of reactive power and its need of compensationShubham Sadatkar
this presentation is about the significance of the reactive power in the power grid, what are the drawbacks of the low level of the reactive power and what is the need of its compensation.
Modeling control of automatic voltage regulator with proportional integral de...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) cannot respond generator output voltage quickly resulting in drop voltage and can be affected to the electrical system. AVR controller simulation model created in power system based on real data from National Electricity Company (PLN) ( Tello Power Plant Makassar case). AVR controller response time under normal conditions has the oscillation time of about 9 seconds and response time when loaded is about 15 seconds. Resulting unstable voltage in the system follows load changes. With the addition of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers acquired a controlling response time to changing loads faster and system voltage will change the voltage stability limit of ± 5% of nominal voltage. AVR controller with PID is very suitable for controlling the voltage of power generation system due to changes in load. Key Words: Automatic Voltage Regulator, Proportional Integral Derivative
Optimization of automatic voltage regulator by proportional integral derivati...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper is basically based on the optimization of working of Automatic voltage regulator by the proportional Intigral
derivative controller. In this analysis, optimization is done by very novel concept Particle Swarm Optimization and simulated
using MATLAB Simulink software. The primary reason for a programmed voltage controller framework is to keep the voltage
extent of a synchronous generator at a predetermined level the generator excitation framework keeps up the generator voltage
and controls the reactive power stream.
IndexTerms:AutomaticVoltageRegulator,MATLAB
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
Automatic voltaer regulator and it's modellingrajani51
in power supply system we have to keep the voltage constant.but when load is connected to the generator voltage difference will occur. to tackle this closed loop control of generator voltage is required. this can be achieved by AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
##CONTENT##
Introduction
Voltage control
Power system control
Control of reactive power and power factor
Interconnected control and frequency ties
Supervisory control
Line compensation
Series compensation
Series and shunt compensation schemes for ac transmission system
Evolve the Controller for Static Synchronous Series Compensator Based on Cont...IJPEDS-IAES
Real and Reactive power flow in an alternating current transmission line can be independently controlled by connecting, to the transmission line, a series- compensating voltage, which is variable in magnitude and phase angle. The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), a solid-state voltage source inverter (VSC) coupled with a transformer, is connected in series with a transmission line. An SSSC injects an almost sinusoidal voltage, of variable magnitude, in series with a transmission line. This injected voltage is almost in quadrature with the line current, thereby emulating an inductive or a capacitive reactance in series with the transmission line. This emulated variable reactance, inserted by the injected voltage source, influences the electric power flow in the transmission line. In this report, an attempt is made to evolve the model of SSSC and VSC with preliminary studies for the controller design.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. POWER CONTROL IN
POWER SYSTEMS
PRESENTED BY:
G.Abhinash(1608-12-734-001)
C.Shiva (1608-12-734-303)
CH.Sandeep(1608-12-734-317)
2. CONSTRAINTS:
CONSTRAINTS MEANS LIMITATIONS OR
BASIC OPERATING CONDITIONS IN
POWER SYSTEM
FOUR CONSTRAINTS ARE THERE.
1.ACTIVE POWER CONSTRAINT
2.REACTIVE POWER CONSTRAINT
3.VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE CONSTRAINT
4.LOAD ANGLE CONSTRAINT
3. ACTIVE POWER
The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated in a
circuit is called active power
It is also called as true power
True power is a function of a circuit’s dissipative elements,
usually resistances(R)
It is measured in watts(symbolized by the capital letter P, as
always)
4. Reactive Power
Power is referred as the product of voltage and current
P = V x I
In an ac transmission, when the voltage and current go up
and down at the same time, i.e. when voltage and current are
in phase or in synch, only real power is transmitted and when
there is a time shift between voltage and current both active
and reactive power are transmitted.
5. Need for Reactive Power Compensation
Reactive power generated by the ac power source is stored in a
capacitor or a reactor during a quarter of a cycle and in the next
quarter of the cycle it is sent back to the power source. Therefore the
reactive power oscillates between the ac source and the capacitor or
reactor at a frequency equals to two times the rated value (50 or 60
Hz). So to avoid the circulation between the load and source it
needs to be compensated .
Also to regulate the power factor of the system and maintain the
voltage stability we need to compensate reactive power .
6. Reactive Power Compensation Devices
Series Compensation (Capacitors or Reactors)
Shunt Compensation (Capacitors or Reactors)
Synchronous Condensors
Static VAR Compensators
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
7. Excitation Control and Voltage
Regulation in generating Stations
The induced emf of synchronous generator (E) depends upon the
excitation current (field current). The terminal voltage V of synchronous
generators are given by V = E – IX The generators have excitation and
automatic voltage regulation systems (AVR). The function of this systems
are:
To control the load under steady state operating conditions for operating
near steady state stability limit
To regulate voltage under fault conditions (faults in the grid system
beyond generator protection zone)
To enable sharing of reactive power. The reactive power shared by a
generator depends upon its excitation level The terminal voltage of the
synchronous generator is held within the permissible limits by automatic
voltage regulators (AVR) systems
8. Voltage Control by Tap changing in
transformers
The voltage control of transmission and distribution
systems is obtained basically by tap-changing Tap
changers are either on-load or off load tap changers.
By changing the turns ratio of the transformer the
voltage ratio and the secondary voltage is changed and
voltage control is obtained. Tap changing is widely used
voltage control method employed at every voltage level
The voltage control of the range + 15 to -15 % can be
achieved by tap changing transformers
9. Off load tap changing voltage control
Adjustment of voltage ratio can be made by off-circuit tap changing.
These adjustments are usually for seasonal load variations of special
operational requirement of local substations and adjusting the
voltage in distribution transformer at consumer end.
10. On-Load tap changing voltage
control
Such an arrangement of on-load tap changing is employed
for changing the turn-ratio of the transformer to regulate the
system voltage while the transformer is delivering load.
11. OTHER METHODS OF
VOLTAGE CONTROL
Using shunt reactors
Using shunt capacitors
Using static shunt compensation
Using synchronous condenser
Using series capacitors
Using FACT devices
12. WHAT IS LOAD ANGLE..?
Load angle “delta” is angle between the generator induced
E.M.F & Generator terminal voltage.
Physically, this is the angle by which the reference line made
on the generator shaft front deviates from no load to load
condition.
13. Causes:
Sudden increase in load
Sudden change in excitation to the generator
Control of load angle
By using automatic voltage regulators
14. 1.ACTIVE POWER CONSTRAINT:
Pmin < P < Pmax
2.REACTIVE POWER CONSTRAINT:
Qmin < Q < Qmax
3.VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE CONSTRAINT:
|V|min < |V| < |V|max
4.LOAD ANGLE CONSTRAINT:
min < max
15. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS:
* IT IS A BALANCED MECHANISM
BETWEEN DEMAND AND GENERATION
UNDER INCREMENTAL LOADING
CONDITIONS
*AT PRESENT,, FOR SAFE OPERATION
OF THE SYSTEM AND IN FUTURE,, FOR
THE EXTENSION OF POWER SYSTEM