Reactive power

1. REACTIVE POWER management in
india
Undertheguidanceof:
Dr. s.k. mohapatra
(h.o.d. of ee department)
PRESENTEDBY:
CHINMAYA KUMAR SAHANI
ELECTRICAL 3 (A)
REG NO: 1301227640

2. TYPES OF POWER
ACTIVE POWER: It is power that does actual work - e.g: creating heat, lifting
loads, etc. (unit-KW)
REACTIVE POWER: It is the power that doesn't do any real work.-e.g: Current
that charges a capacitor, or current that creates the magnetic field around a coil for
another. (unit- KVAR)
APPARENT POWER: It is the mathematical combination of these two.(REAL +
REACTIVE) .(Unit-KVA)

3. ANALOGY OF POWER
• ACTIVE POWER=
CHIPS
• REACTIVE
POWER=AIR
• APPARENT
POWER=WHOLE
PACKET

4. Power triangle
Cos(Φ)=
𝐴𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑉𝐸 𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅
𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅

5. Necessity of Reactive power
 Real power accomplishes useful work while reactive power
supports the voltage that must be controlled for system
reliability. so the reactive power affects voltages throughout
the system.
 If voltage on the system is not high enough, active power
cannot be supplied.
 Motor loads and other loads require reactive power to convert
the flow of electrons into useful work.
 It required to establish the magnetic and/or electric fields so
that energy conversion can take place.
 Due to reactive power transformer transform the power.

6. Need of compensation of reactive power
 Power factor improvement: It regulate the power factor of the system and
maintain the voltage stability we need to compensate reactive power .
 Minimize the losses: It reduces the copper loss by minimizing current flow
through line.
 Improving generator capability: reactive power production can limit a
generator’s real power capability.
 Quality of power improvement: it helps in maintaining the voltage profile
 Blackouts : dangerous black out may occure due improper compensation

7. 2012 blackout in india
 2 days total outage of supply(30th and 31st july)
 Over 600 million people suffered.
 Over 250 electric train stopped before reaching
the platform.
 Loss of Over 11,00,00,00,000 rupee(1100 cores).
 HAPPENED DUE TO UNDERESTIMATING
THE POWER OF REACTIVE POWER

8. EXAMPLE OF A TRANSMISSION LINE

9. How to compensate reactive power
 Shunt compensation:
• connected in parallel in the system
• Mainly used for power factor correction
• Also known as load compensator
 Series compensation :
• Connected in series in the line
• Mainly used for boosting the receiving voltage
• Self regulating type live compensator
Shunt compensation
Series compensation

10. Series capacitors bank

11. Implementing the compensation in the network
M M M
M
*A
*B
*C
*D
 Shunt compensation of reactive power can be employed either at load level,
substation level or at transmission level.
 Compensation should be provided as close as possible to the
consumption point to avoid having to distribute this power
in the other part of network.
Location is primarily determined by the reason for compensation.
•*A : Direct Compensation
•*B : Group Compensation
•*C : Central Compensation at LV side
•*D : Central Compensation at HV side

12. Facts devices
( Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) ):
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR:
 A static VAR compensator (or SVC) is an electrical
device for providing reactive power on
transmission networks. The term "static" refers to the
fact that the SVC has no moving parts.
 The SVC is an automated impedance matching device,
designed to bring the system closer to unity power
factor.
 Under inductive (lagging) conditions, the capacitor
banks are automatically switched in, thus providing a
higher system voltage.
 ADVANTAGES:
 They are more reliable .
 Faster in operation .
 Smoother control and more flexibility can be provided
with the help of thyristors.

13. Power factor before and
after VAR compensation

14.  STATCOM (STATIC SYNCHRONOUS
COMPENSATER):
 The devices use synchronous voltage sources for generating
or absorbing reactive power. A synchronous voltage source
(SVS) is constructed using a voltage source converter (VSC).
Such a shunt compensating device is called static
compensator or STATCOM .
 ADVNTAGES:
 The reactive components used in the STATCOM are much
smaller than those in the SVC.
 The characteristics of STATCOM are superior. .
 Reduction of harmonic filter capacity.
 Reduction of size of high value air-cored reactor.
 Reduction of equipment volume and foot-print.
STATCOM

15.  Synchronous Condenser ;
 A device whose main function is the improvement of pf of the electrical system is known as
the synchronous condenser. It is installed at the receiving end of the line .
 When a synchronous condenser is introduced it supplies the kVAR to the system , and hence
the current is reduced .
 Therefore the losses are reduced and provides a better efficiency . Hence more power can be
delivered to the load and improves the pf of the system.
 ADVANTAGES:
 Easy to use and maintenance.
 Power factor is improved
automatically .

16. Improvement of active power by compensation

17. new generation of FACTS DEVICES:
 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
 Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS)
 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
 Dynamic power flow controller (DPFC).
 Fault current limiter (FCL).
 Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)-
- (Controls voltage and power)
 Static Synchronous Series Controller (SSSC)
 Benefits :
•Better utilization of existing transmission system assets
•Increased transmission system reliability and availability
•Increased dynamic and transient grid stability and reduction of loop flows
•Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries
•Environmental benefits Better utilization of existing transmission system assets
COMPARISSIONOF FACTS

18. Future of reactive power compensation in INDIA
Its been 20 years of The first FACTS device installed in India is
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) with Fixed
Series Compensation (FSC) at 400 kV transmission line
between Kanpur (U.P) and Ballabgarh (Haryana) in the
Northern Grid.
 Siemens receives order for largest Statcom reactive power compensation project
in India Erlangen, 2016-Jun-27.
 The total estimated cost of Statcom project is Rs 704 Cores and
it will plan located in different parts of India from north to
south.
 Raipur-Rourkela 400 kV, D/C ,412 Km transmission line with FSC-TCSC installed
 Punjab signed agreement with Korean company (The boltz)
For reactive power compensation in 2015 December.

19. Conclusion:
 In developing nation like India, power demand in near
future is very high and to meet this increased power
demand; not only installed capacity has to be increased but also transmission
network to be strengthened.
 With the installation of Fixed Series Capacitor with TCSC
improve dynamic performance under various
contingencies of operation and may avoid disintegration
of grid as faced a number of times in the past.
 Under Indian circumstances, it is important to utilize existing
systems as efficiently as possible, to increase both the
capacity and the quality of present transmission networks,
even if for limited period, through various innovative
methods with minimum investment.

20. REFFERENCES:
 Ganesh Barve,”Application Study of FACTS Devices in Indian
Power System”IJCAT - International Journal of Computing and Technology
Volume 1, Issue 1, February 2015
 H. K. Tyll, and F. Schettler, “Historical overview on dynamic reactive
power compensation solutions from the begin of AC power transmission
towards present applications,” Power Systems Conference and
Exposition, 2015. PSCE'15. IEEE/PES. IEEE, 2015.
 Report on ” The Grid Disturbances on 30th July and 31st July 2012”, Submitted in Compliance
to CERC Order in Petition No. 167/Suo-Motu/2012 dated 1st Aug2012 ,SUBMITTED 8th August
2012.
 Y. jun Zhang and Z. Ren, “ Reactive power compensation: A morden headache,” Power Systems,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 20, pp. 1349–1356, Aug 2005.
 Biplab Bhattacharyya and Sanjay Kumar ,“Approach for the solution of transmission
congestion with multi-type FACTS devices” IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution (
Volume: 10, Issue: 11, 8 4 2016 )

21. Any Questions?????