The document provides an overview of reactive power compensation and management. It discusses the importance of reactive power and load compensation to improve power factor and voltage regulation. Various reactive power compensation techniques are described including synchronous condensers, shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, and series compensation. The objectives of reactive power coordination to control voltage and improve power transfer capability are also summarized. Demand side management techniques are introduced to encourage efficient energy usage and reduce peak demand.
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
Reactive Power Compensation in 132kv & 33kv Grid of Narsinghpur Areaijceronline
Power Sector is considered to be very important and priority sector as it leads to overall development of country. The cost of installation of new generating units is rising; hence generated electrical energy has to be utilized carefully and efficiently, which changes through each AC cycle. It is proposed to study the effect of group shunt compensation provided for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from grid sub-stations in the district of Narsinghpur, to assess its adequacy and saving in transmission losses. An optimum combination of compensators which yields maximum benefits in the system shall be worked out. Load Flow Study for the effect of group shunt compensation provided on 132KV bus of 220KV sub-station Narsinghpur and on 33KV buses of 132KV sub stations Srinagar, Narsinghpur, Gadarwara and Burman sub-stations for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from partial grid network in Narsinghpur district. If reactive power is supplied near the load, the line current can be reduced or minimized, reducing power losses and improving voltage regulation at the load terminals. The leading current drawn by the shunt capacitors compensates the lagging current drawn by the load. The selection of shunt capacitors depends on many factors, the most important of which is the amount of lagging reactive power taken by the load. Objective was to study the effect of group shunt compensation provided for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from grid sub-stations in the district of Narsinghpur and to assess the adequacy and saving in transmission losses & to work out an optimum combination of compensators which yields maximum benefits in the system. Depending on the stages of 'ON' and 'OFF', operations to be carried out in various permutations and combinations of shunt compensators i.e. switchable capacitor banks provided on 132 KV bus of 220KV substation Narsinghpur and on 33KV buses of 132 KV substations
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Reactive Power Compensation and Control via Shunt Reactors and Under Ground P...IJERA Editor
In this paper we will cover the techniques used locally to accomplish the reactive power compensation. First, the importance of reactive power compensation is explained through defining the different types of electrical power and showing the effect of power compensation on the electric power network quality. The power under ground cable is the first technique used to compensate for the inductance of overhead transmission lines and power transformers during heavy loading of the network. Then, we explore the application of the two types of shunt reactors in different locations of the network to compensate for the capacitance of the network during light loading. Finally, a conclusion is presented.
Micro-controller based Automatic Power Factor Correction System ReportTheory to Practical
This project report represents one of the most effective automatic power factor improvements by using static capacitors which will be controlled by a Microcontroller with very low cost although many existing systems are present which are expensive and difficult to manufacture. In this study, many small rating capacitors are connected in parallel and a reference power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller IC. Suitable number of static capacitors is automatically connected according to the instruction of the microcontroller to improve the power factor close to unity. Some tricks such as using resistors instead of potential transformer and using one of the most low cost microcontroller IC (ATmega8) which also reduce programming complexity that make it one of the most economical system than any other controlling system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Reactive Power Compensation in 132kv & 33kv Grid of Narsinghpur Areaijceronline
Power Sector is considered to be very important and priority sector as it leads to overall development of country. The cost of installation of new generating units is rising; hence generated electrical energy has to be utilized carefully and efficiently, which changes through each AC cycle. It is proposed to study the effect of group shunt compensation provided for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from grid sub-stations in the district of Narsinghpur, to assess its adequacy and saving in transmission losses. An optimum combination of compensators which yields maximum benefits in the system shall be worked out. Load Flow Study for the effect of group shunt compensation provided on 132KV bus of 220KV sub-station Narsinghpur and on 33KV buses of 132KV sub stations Srinagar, Narsinghpur, Gadarwara and Burman sub-stations for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from partial grid network in Narsinghpur district. If reactive power is supplied near the load, the line current can be reduced or minimized, reducing power losses and improving voltage regulation at the load terminals. The leading current drawn by the shunt capacitors compensates the lagging current drawn by the load. The selection of shunt capacitors depends on many factors, the most important of which is the amount of lagging reactive power taken by the load. Objective was to study the effect of group shunt compensation provided for the mix of rural and urban loads, catered from grid sub-stations in the district of Narsinghpur and to assess the adequacy and saving in transmission losses & to work out an optimum combination of compensators which yields maximum benefits in the system. Depending on the stages of 'ON' and 'OFF', operations to be carried out in various permutations and combinations of shunt compensators i.e. switchable capacitor banks provided on 132 KV bus of 220KV substation Narsinghpur and on 33KV buses of 132 KV substations
In the modern power system the reactive power compensation is one of the main issues, the transmission of active power requires a difference in angular phase between voltages at the sending and receiving points (which is feasible within wide limits), whereas the transmission of reactive power requires a difference in magnitude of these same voltages (which is feasible only within very narrow limits). The reactive power is consumed not only by most of the network elements, but also by most of the consumer loads, so it must be supplied somewhere. If we can't transmit it very easily, then it ought to be generated where it is needed." (Reference Edited by T. J. E. Miller, Forward Page ix).Thus we need to work on the efficient methods by which VAR compensation can be applied easily and we can optimize the modern power system. VAR control technique can provides appropriate placement of compensation devices by which a desirable voltage profile can be achieved and at the same time minimizing the power losses in the system. This report discusses the transmission line requirements for reactive power compensation. In this report thyristor switched capacitor is explained which is a static VAR compensator used for reactive power management in electrical systems.
Seminar Topic For Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
Reactive Power Compensation and Control via Shunt Reactors and Under Ground P...IJERA Editor
In this paper we will cover the techniques used locally to accomplish the reactive power compensation. First, the importance of reactive power compensation is explained through defining the different types of electrical power and showing the effect of power compensation on the electric power network quality. The power under ground cable is the first technique used to compensate for the inductance of overhead transmission lines and power transformers during heavy loading of the network. Then, we explore the application of the two types of shunt reactors in different locations of the network to compensate for the capacitance of the network during light loading. Finally, a conclusion is presented.
Micro-controller based Automatic Power Factor Correction System ReportTheory to Practical
This project report represents one of the most effective automatic power factor improvements by using static capacitors which will be controlled by a Microcontroller with very low cost although many existing systems are present which are expensive and difficult to manufacture. In this study, many small rating capacitors are connected in parallel and a reference power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller IC. Suitable number of static capacitors is automatically connected according to the instruction of the microcontroller to improve the power factor close to unity. Some tricks such as using resistors instead of potential transformer and using one of the most low cost microcontroller IC (ATmega8) which also reduce programming complexity that make it one of the most economical system than any other controlling system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
1. REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION AND
MANAGEMENT(BPEBO7)
I M. Tech I semester (Autonomous IARE R-18)
BY
Mr. P. Shivakumar
Assistant Professor, EEE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500 043
3. Introduction:
It is necessary to manage the reactive power to improve the
power factor and the quality of supply Load compensation is the
major player in it.
Load Compensation
3
4. Power factor improvement
Balanced load
It is important to maintain the voltage profile within +-5% of
the rated value.
The main objectives in load compensation are:
Improved voltage profile
4
5. DEFINATIONS OF VARIOUS POWERS
POWER : POWER can be defined as the rate of flow of
energy at a given point of circuit
REAL POWER :The portion of power that
,averaged over a complete cycle of the ac waveform
,results in net transfer of energy in one direction is
known as real power
Reactive power : The portion of power due to stored
energy , which returns to the source in each cycle is
known as reactive power
Basic concepts of power
5
7. Voltage control in an electrical power system is very
important for proper operation for electrical power
equipment to prevent damage
Decreasing reactive power causing voltage to fall while
increasing it causing voltage to rise
When reactive power supply lower voltage,
as voltage drops current must increase to maintain
power supplied , causing system to consume more
reactive power which causes cascading failures
IMPORTANCE OF REACTIVE POWER
7
8. 8
If the voltage drops too low ,some generators
will disconnect automatically to protect
themselves ,these will cause additional elements
of trip , leading further reduction In voltage and
loss of the load
Reactive power is essential to move active
power through the transmission and
distribution system to the consumer
9. Three reasons :
It must maintain adequate voltages throughout the
transmission and distribution system for both current
and contingency conditions
It seeks to maintain congestion of real power flows
It seeks to minimize real power losses
NCESSITY TO CONTROL VOLTAGE AND
REACTIVE POWER
9
10. Voltages are controlled by providing sufficient
reactive power control margin to supply needs
through
1.shunt capacitor and reactor compensations
2.dynamic compensation
3. proper voltage schedule of generation
NCESSITY TO CONTROL VOLTAGE AND
REACTIVE POWER
10
11. Reactive power does not travel very far
Usually necessary to produce it close to the location
where it is needed
A supplier/source close to the location of the need is In
a much better position to provide reactive power versus
one that is located far from the location of the need
Reactive power supplies are closely tied to the
availability to deliver real or active power
LIMITATIONS OF REACTIVEPOWER
11
12. 1.Generation
2.synchronous condensors
3. capacitors & inductors
4.static var compensators ( svcs )
5.distributed generation
6.transmission side
EFFECTS OF REACTIVE POWER ON POWER SYSTEM
12
13. TYPES OF FACTS DEVICES
13
Static VAR compensator
Static compensator(STATCOM)
Series compensation
Thyristor controlled series CAPACITORS
SSSC
14. INTRODUCTION OF POWER FACTOR
14
What is power factor
What causes low power factor
Why should I improve my power factor
How should I correct (Improve) my power factor
15. 15
KW is Working Power (also called Actual Power or Active Power or Real
Power). It is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs
useful work.
KVA is Apparent Power. It is the “vectorial summation” of KVAR and
KW.
KVAR is Reactive Power. It is the power that magnetic equipment
(transformer, motor and relay) needs to produce the magnetizing flux.
16. What causes Low Power Factor?
16
What causes Low Power Factor?
Low power factor results when KW is small in relation to KVA.
Remembering our beer mug analogy, this would occur when KVAR (foam, or Mac’s
shoulder height) is large.
What causes a large KVAR in a system? The answer is…inductive loads.
Transformers
Induction motors
Induction generators (wind mill generators)
High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
17. Why should I Improve my Power Factor?
17
• Lower the Utility bill
Why should I Improve my Power Factor?
inductive loads require reactive power, caused your low power factor. This
increase in required reactive power (KVAR) causes an increase in required
apparent power (KVA), which is what the utility is supplying.
So, a facility’s low power factor causes the utility to have to increase its
generation and transmission capacity in order to handle this extra demand.
By raising your power factor, you use less KVAR. This results in less KW,
which equates to savings from the utility.
• Increased system capacity and reduced system losses
By adding capacitors (KVAR generators) to the system, the power factor is
improved and the KW capacity of the system is increased.
Reduces I2R losses in conductors
19. The demand of the reactive power is mainly originated from
inductive load connected to the system .
These inductive loads generally electromagnetic circuit of electric
motors, electrical transformers, distribution networks and
induction furnaces etc.
Reactive power compensation is the defined as the management
of reactive power to improve the
performance of AC system . There are two aspects : -
1. Load compensation
2. Voltage support
Introduction
34
21. Active Power ( P ) : - It is the power that actuallypowers the
equipment and performs useful work . Unitof it W .
Reactive Power ( Q ) : - It is the power that
magneticequipment{ transformer , motor etc. } needs to
produce the magnetizing flux . Unit of it VAr .
Apparent Power ( S ) : - It is the “ vectorial summation ”
ofactive power ( P ) and reactive power ( Q ) . Unit of it VA .
36
22. Reactive Power
37
•The portion of power flow that is temporarily stored in the form of magnetic
or electric fields , due to inductive or capacitive network element and then
returned to source is known as reactive power .
•Reactive power can best be described as thequantity of “unused” power
that is stored in reactive components , such as inductors or capacitors . In
other words , the reactive circuit returns as muchpower to the supply as it
consumes .
23. In resistive loads the current produces the heat energy which
produces the desired output but incase of inductive loads the
current creates the magnetic field which further produces the
desired work.
Therefore reactive power is the non working power caused by
the magnetic current to operate and sustain magnetism in the
device .
Reactive power (vars) is required to maintain the voltage to
deliver active power (watts) through transmission lines.
When there is not enough reactive power the voltage sags
down and it is not possible to deliver the required power to
load through the lines.
Why do we need reactive
power
38
24. 1
40
: -
Reactive power generated by the ac power source is stored in a reactor during a
quarter of a cycle and in the next quarter of the cycle it is sent back to the power
source.
Therefore the reactive power oscillates between the ac source and the reactor at
a frequency equals to two times the rated value (50 or 60 Hz). So to avoid the
circulation between the load and source it needs to be compensate t o improve
system power factor .
Need for reactive power
compensation
25. Reduce losses associated with the system .
Improves the voltage regulation in the network .
Increased system stability .
Reactive power levels have an effect on voltage
collapse .
41
28. Synchronous Condenser
44
Synchronous condensers are the active shunt compensators and
have been used to improve the voltage profile and system
stability . It is installed at the receiving end of the line .
When machine is overexcited , it acts as shunt capacitor as it
supplies VAr to the system and when under excited it acts as a
shunt coil as it absorbs reactive power to maintain terminal
voltage.
29. The device that is connected in parallel with the transmission
line for reactive power compensation is called the shunt
compensator
It can be provided by either a current source, voltage source
or a capacitor.If XC = 1/ωC be the reactance of the shunt
capacitorthen the reactive power generated of leading VAr
Shunt Compensation
45
31. Capacitor are connected in series in the lines and are used
mainly for boosting the receiving end voltage, increase in
transmission capacity and reduction in losses in the lines .
The capacitive reactance of series capacitor neutralizes the
inductive reactance of the line hence ,reduces effective
reactance of the line. Thereby , voltage regulation of the
system is improved .
Series Compensation
47
35. Control objectives contributing to efficient and
reliable operation of power system:
56
•Voltage at terminals of all equipment are within
acceptable limits
•both utility and customer equipment designed to
operate at certain voltage rating
•prolonged operation outside allowable range
could cause them damage
•System stability is satisfactory
•voltage levels and reactive power control have
significant impact on stability
•The reactive power flow is minimized so as to reduce
I 2R and I 2X losses to a practical minimum
• ensures transmission system operates efficiently
36. Production and Absorption of
Reactive Power (Q)
57
•Synchronous Generators
•can generate or absorb Q depending on excitation
•capability limited by field current, armature current, and end-region
heating limits
•automatic voltage regulator continuously adjusts excitation to control
armature voltage
•primary source of voltage support!
•Overhead lines
•at loads below natural or surge impedance load (SIL), produce Q
•at loads above SIL, absorb Q
37. Transformers
absorb Q due to shunt magnetizing reactance and series
leakage inductance
Loads
a typical "load bus" is composed of a large number of
devices
composite characteristics are normally such that a load bus
absorbs Q
industrial loads usually have shunt capacitors to improve
power factor
Production and Absorption of Q
58
38. Methods of Voltage Control
59
Control of voltage levels is accomplished by controlling the
production, absorption, and flow of reactive power at all levels
in the system
Generating units provide the basic means of voltage control
39. Shunt capacitors and reactors, and series capacitors provide
passive compensation
are either permanently connected to the transmission and
distribution system, or switched
contribute to voltage control by modifying the network
characteristics
Synchronous condensers and SVCs provide active
compensation; the reactive power absorbed/ supplied by
them are automatically adjusted so as to maintain voltages of
the buses to which they are connected
Methods of Voltage Control
60
40. Objectives of Reactive Power
Compensation
61
To control voltage and/or improve maximum
power transfer capability
41. Used to compensate the undesirable voltage effects associated
with line capacitance
limit voltage rise on open circuit or light load
Shunt compensation with reactors:
Shunt Reactors
62
42. Used in transmission systems to compensate for I 2X losses
Connected either directly to H.V. bus or to tertiary winding of
transformers
Normally distributed throughout the system so as to minimize
losses and voltage drops
Usually switched: a convenient means of controlling voltage
Shunt capacitor compensation of transmission lines in effect
decreases ZC
increases θ, i.e., electrical length
Advantages: low cost and flexibility of installation and
operating
Shunt Capacitors
63
43. Connected in series with the line
Used to reduce effective inductive reactance of line
increases maximum power
reduces I2X loss
Series capacitive compensation in effect reduces both:
characteristic impedance ZC, and
electrical length θ
Reactive power produced increases with increasing power transfer
Self regulating !
Series Capacitors
64
44. A synchronous machine running without a prime mover or a
mechanical load
Depending on field excitation, it can either absorb or
generate vars
With a voltage regulator, it can automatically adjust vars to
maintain constant voltage
Started as an induction motor and then synchronized
Normally connected to tertiary windings of transformers
Unlike a SVC, a synchronous condenser has an internal
voltage
Synchronous Condenser
65
45. Shunt connected static var generators and/or absorbers
whose outputs are varied so as to control specific power
system quantities
The term static is used to denote that there are no moving or
rotating components
Basic types of SVCs:
thyristor-controlled reactor
thyristor-switched capacitor
saturated reactor
Static VAR Compensators (SVC)
66
47. Supply-side management (SSM) refers to actions taken to
ensure the generation, transmission and distribution of
energy are conducted efficiently.
This has become especially important with the deregulation
of the electricity industry in many countries, where the
efficient use of available energy sources becomes essential to
remain competitive.
Utility companies may look at means of modifying their load
profile to allow their least efficient generating equipment to
be used as little as possible.
Supply side management:
80
48. Why it is necessary?
81
To Ensure sustained availability of reliable energy
To Meet increasing electricity demand
To reduce environmental impact of energy production and
supply
51. 1.Proper maintenance
2.Data and performance monitoring
3. Combustion control
4.Upgradation of generation unit
Power generation and energy conversion
84
53. SVC (Static Var Compensators),
Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) and Statcom.
PST (Phase-shifting Transformers),
IPC (Interphase Power Controllers),
UPFC (Universal Power Flow Controllers),
and DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorers).
Important devices power transmission
involving FACTS and Power Quality devices:
86
54. It is also called as Energy Demand Management.
The modification of consumer demand for energy through various
methods such as financial incentives and education is termed as
Demand Side Management.
The main goal of demand side management is to encourage the
consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the
time of energy use to off-peak times such as night time and
weekends.
Demand Side management
87
55. Definition - DSM (Demand Side Management) is the
'Scientific control of usage and demand of Electricity, for
achieving better load factor and economy, by the
Licensee/Supplier'.
88
57. i) Monopoly power market structure.
•ii) No competition which leads to traditional and inefficient
tariff structure.
•iii) Lack of creating awareness among consumers about the
efficient use of energy.
•iv) Lack of energy efficient environment.
•v) Huge gap between supply and demand of energy.
•vi) Lack of proper incentive schemes to consumer on using
energy efficient appliances and utility to implement DSM
solutions.
•vii) Power system reliability, quality and stability is not able to
keep itself in standard position.
The barriers for DSM
90
58. Initiative from the consumer side is very important for
successful DSM
•The scope of DSM includes
1. Load shifting/ Load management
2. Energy conservation
3. Increased electrification
Implementation of DSM
91
59. 1.Develop end-use Demand forecasting
•Forecasting by end-use is an essential pre-requisite for
effective DSM planning and implementation.
•Mid- and long-term forecasts of power demand variations play
a very important role in the development of a DSM
programme.
•Demand forecasting is an exercise that every electricity-
generating company should carry out regularly in order to
assess its future equipment requirements.
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60. 2. Undertake Load/ Market Research to identify end-use
patterns and market barriers
•To design effective DSM programmes it is important to know
how electricity is used and what barriers are preventing
customers from using efficient technologies.
•Load research should be undertaken to estimate load curves for
each sector or region, using local sub-metering, customer bill
analysis and customer surveys.
•Major areas of interest to DSM programmes include the
residential, commercial, industrial, and public utility sectors.
•Market research is needed to understand the target market,
identify barriers and evaluate possible solutions.
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62. 4. Identify target sectors, end-uses, and measures
•The collected information is normally useful in determining a
typical load curve for each end-use.
•Find out load-curve management objectives
•Choose sectors and end-uses that account for the largest
power consumption and peak loads, or will do so in the
future.
•Select DSM measures which will have the largest impact on
peak demand and electricity use.
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63. 5. Identify sources of financing
•In any DSM programme, financing is needed for individual
projects undertaken by participants.
•Utilities may also require financing to cover administrative costs
and cost sharing investments.
•Government/public fund is required.
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64. 6. Review Cost Sharing and Viability Options
•Cost sharing in a DSM programme should try to maximize
viability for each partner (participant, utility, and
government).
•The wider the differences between tariffs, the higher the
utility investment can be, which in turn leads to a higher
participation rate.
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65. 7. Programme Selection and Design
•Identifying a list of programmes for each customer class.
•Formation of brief report corresponding to that program
•Uniform reporting format is required.
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66. 8. DSM Cost/Benefit Analysis
•Based on the case study /measurement
•Calculation of financial interest
9. Identify Local Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts
•Most DSM programmes provide indirect economic and
environmental benefits as well as reducing emissions and
other impacts from power supply facilities.
•Eg. employment is created in the energy services industry
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68. Control of voltage and reactive power should satisfy the
followingobjectives:
1. Voltages at the terminals of all equipment in the system
arewithin acceptable limits.
2. System stability is enhanced to maximize
utilization of thetransmission system. Voltage
and reactive power control havea significant impact on
system stability.
Methods of voltage control:
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69. A. Sources or sinks of reactive power, such as shunt
capacitors, shunt reactors, synchronous condensers, and
static var
compensators (SVCs).B. Line reactance compensators, such as
series capacitors. C. Regulating transformers, such as tap-
changing transformers and boosters.
Shunt capacitors and reactors, and series capacitors provide
passive compensation. They are either permanently
connected to the transmission and distribution system, or
switched. They contribute to voltage control by modifying the
networkcharacteristics.
Synchronous condensers and SVCs provide activecompensati
on; the reactive power absorbed/supplied bythem is
automatically adjusted so as to maintain voltagesof the buses
to which they are connected.
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70. •Shunt capacitors supply reactive power and boost local voltages.
•They are used throughout the system and are applied in a wide
range of sizes
•The principal advantages of shunt capacitors are their low
costand their flexibility of installation and operation.
• The principal disadvantage of shunt capacitors is that their
•reactive power output is proportional to the square of
the voltage.
•The reactive power output is reduced at low voltages when it is
likelyto be needed most.
Shunt capacitor
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71. Transformers with tap-changing
facilities constitute an importantmeans of controlling voltage
throughout the system at all voltagelevels.
The taps on transformers provide a
convenient means of controlling reactive power flow between
subsystems.
Coordinated control of the tap changers of all the transforme
rs interconnecting the subsystems is required if the general
level of voltage is to be changed.
During high
system load conditions, the network voltages are kept at the
highest practical level to minimize reactive power
requirements and increasethe effectiveness of shunt
capacitors and line charging.
Application of Tap-
Changing Transformers to Transmission Systems
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72. During light load conditions, it is usually required to lower
the networkvoltages to reduce line charging and avoid under
excited operation of generators.
Transformers with off-load tap-changing facilities can also
help maintainsatisfactory voltage profiles.
While transformers with ULTC can be used to take care of
daily, hourly,and minute-by-minute variations in system
conditions, settings of off-loadtap-changing transformers
have to be carefully chosen depending on long-term
variations due to system expansion, load growth, or seasonal
changes.
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