##CONTENT##
Introduction
Voltage control
Power system control
Control of reactive power and power factor
Interconnected control and frequency ties
Supervisory control
Line compensation
Series compensation
Series and shunt compensation schemes for ac transmission system
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Nowadays, it is very important to maintain voltage level. Controlling of that voltage is also important. This Presentation contains methods of voltage control.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical powerDr.Raja R
Introduction to reactive power control in electrical power
Reactive power in transmission line :
Reactive power control
Reactive power and its importance
Apparent Power
Reactive Power
Apparent Power
Reactive Power Formula
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
We had made a working model on static VAR compensator which is made by power electronic switch and mechanically switched. We had chosen mechanically switched capacitor method to improved receiving end voltage as well as power factor.
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback.
PWM control of inverter,
selected harmonic elimination, space vector modulation, current
control of VSI, three level inverter, Different topologies, SVM for 3
level inverter, Diode rectifier with boost chopper, PWM converter as
line side rectifier, current fed inverters with self-commutated
devices. Control of CSI, H bridge as a 4-Q drive.
In electrical engineering, a synchronous condenser (sometimes synchronous capacitor or synchronous compensator) is a device identical to a synchronous motor, whose shaft is not connected to anything but spins freely.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission LinesRajaram Meena
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines in using PSAT in GUI/matlab in that slide uses a basic deeply small instrument using power transmission lines..it's main purpose to improve knowledge skills of students..
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. CONTENTS:-
Introduction
Voltage control
Power system control
Control of reactive power and power factor
Interconnected control and frequency ties
Supervisory control
Line compensation
Series compensation
Series and shunt compensation schemes for ac transmission system
3. Introduction
Power system control and line compensation are essential for the effective
working of power system.
Voltage ,frequency and power factor are the main items to be controlled.
To get the desired voltage at the consumer end voltage control is necessary.
Frequency control is done to form a synchronous link between two systems
having different frequencies.
The control of reactive vars will automatically control the power factor of the
system.
Nowadays Supervisory control for the power system is done from the main
control room.
4. Voltage Control
The voltage control in power system is necessary mainly in the following
stages.
1. Generating end.
2. Transmission lines.
3. Receiving end.
5. Generating End Voltage Control Methods
Regulators using magnetic amplifiers
Electronic voltage regulators
Amplidyne control
Transistor voltage regulator
Thyristor automatic voltage regulator
6. SMALL DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE MODERN VOLTAGE
REGULATORS USED FOR CONTROLLING ALTERNATOR VOLTAGE.
REGULATORS USING MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS:> If the output voltage of the alternator
changes to a value other than the reference value then the ampere turns of the
control winding (combination of two dc windings arranged in opposition on the
core to have opposing magnetic field effects) changes which changes the field
current of exciter of alternator to maintain the constant output voltage.
ELECTRONIC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:> It consists of bridge circuit with thyratron
valves which control the field of exciter.
AMPLIDYNE CONTROL:> Exciter field current of the alternator is controlled using
amplidyne.
TRANSISTOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR:> Transistorised circuitary is used for the field
current control.
THYRISTOR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:> These are the completely static
voltage regulators having very fast response and they use high current thyristors.
7. EXCITATION SYSTEM USED FOR ALTERNATORS
DIRECT SELF EXCITATION
INDIRECT SELF EXCITATION
SEPARATE EXCITATION
INDIRECT SELF EXCITATION:>In this the output of the thyristor regulator
control the field of exciter(can be ac with rotating rectifiers in brushless
alternator arrangement) and the supply voltage to the regulator is fed fron
generator itself.This system is used mainly for alternators of 100KVA to
several MVA.
SEPARATE EXCITATION SYSTEM:> In this a pilot exciter act as a source to the
thyristor regulator which controls the amin excitor and supplies the field of
main generator . This system is used mainly for alternators of 100KVA to very
lagre size turbo alternators.
8.
9.
10. VOLTAGE REGULATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE
Methods used for regulation of T-line is as follows:
TAP CHANGING TRANSFORMERS:> Voltage level at the substation or the load points can be
adjusted to desired level on load as well as off load.
BOOSTER TRANSFORMER:> They are used to raise the potential at a point away from the main
transformer and are having a capacity of 10% to 20% of that of main transformers.
Selective load dispatching is necessary when stations in a systems are interconnected to avoid the
overloading of lines which can be done using devices given below.
IN PHASE VOLTAGE BOOSTER TRANSFORMER:>It is used to inject voltage in phase with the line
voltage.
QUADRATURE VOLTAGE BOOSTER TRANSFORMER:>It is used to inject voltage at right angle to
the line voltage.
INDUCTION REGULATOR:>This is similar to that of wound rotor induction motor in which the
rotor is not free to rotate and rotor winding is connected in series with the stator winding .
11.
12.
13. VOLTAGE REGULATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE
On Load Tap changing transformers Booster transformer
Phase shifting transformer Induction Regulator
Servo control Static voltage control
14. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL :> IT is affected by servo control having three
principal elements
1.Voltage regulating relay.
2.Intermediate relay.
3.Motor drive.
STATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL:>It is being used for high voltage transmission line upto
330 KV. The static network compensator employ ac saturating reactor for the
reactive power control and can be used in conjunction with the static compensator
which have following advantages:
o Instantaneous overvoltage prevention.
o Prevents loss of synchronism.
o Increases the capacity of transmission line.
o Increase in the stability limit.
o Possibility to increase transmission line length increases.
15. POWER SYSTEM CONTROL
The main problems of control are :
ACTIVE POWER LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL.
REACTIVE POWER VOLTAGE CONTROL.
Methods used for solving both the problems are as follows:
PF CONTROL :>This helps in controlling the frequency and real power
exchange through the outgoing lines.
QV CONTROL:>This helps in controlling the voltage |Vi|.
AUTOMATIC LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL:>This is used to control the real
power output of generators within a prescribed area in response to changes in
system frequency and line loadings in order to maintain the system frequency
and interchange of power .
16. CONTROL OF REACTIVE POWER AND POWER FACTOR
REACTIVE POWER CONTROL:>Interconnector transformers are used for the var
interchange in the power system. When the taps of transformers are changed
in the ring main circulatory current flows through it so the var distribution is
affected with the condition that reactance to resistance ratio should be high
for the ring circuit otherwise active power distribution will be there.
POWER FACTOR CONTROL:>Power factor can be controlled by following ways:
1)SYNCHRONUS MACHINES- When they are run as overexcited synchronous
motor they supply leading reactive KVA to improve the p.f and hence the voltage
regulation of the system. When operated on no load only for p.f correction they
are called as synchronous compensators.
2)PHASE ADVANCERS- For improving the p.f of industrial motors Lebano
exciter and Scherbius type phase advancers are used.
3)SHUNT CAPACITORS- Its corrective capacity is the square of applied voltage
& varies directly as the frequency and their capacity can be varied only by
changing the no. of units. They are located near the induction motor apparatus
and power losses are low as compared to other methods used. Also they can’t be
used at full load and no load for efficient operation.
17. 4) SERIES CAPACITORS- They are used to reduce the reactance between source
and distribution location so gives a better voltage regulation on lagging power
factor loads and to give better power transfer. A gap along with a C.B is set in
parallel to flashover when the voltage increases 2-4 times the normal rated
value.
18. INTERCONNECTOR CONTROL
Interconnection of power station is done to have the reliability and also power transfer can be done
from any station depending on the requirement.
Some stations can run at unity p.f and some at lagging p.f giving the reactive power.
A large change in load change the phase angle of one station w.r.t other which results in the flow of
synchronising power.
When the resistance and reactance of interconnector are numerically equal the synchronising power
becomes maximum.
Power flow through the interconnector is proportional to its reactance and share the total load in
proportion to their impedance value.
Load sharing trough interconnector are done by in phase and quadrature voltage control.
19. FREQUENCY TIES
Frequency ties which are the form of frequency convertors are required when the systems of different
frequencies are to be tied together.
Frequency ties are of following types:
1)A SYNCHRONUS MOTOR – SYNCHRONUS ALTERNATOR SET :It forms a rigid frequency tie between the two systems
and the load over each set is controlled by adjusting input the prime mover at the stations.
2) AN INDUCTION MOTOR – SYNCHRONUS ALTERNATOR SET : It do not form a rigid frequency tie between the two
system but as load varies frequency also vary owing to slip of induction motor.
3) SYNCHRONUS CONVERTOR SET – It consists of two rotary convertor operated in series .First one converts ac to
dc supply and the second dc to ac of the frequency of second power system . Load control can be arranged at
convertor and it has wide range of frequency ratio.
4)DC LINK – Large power system with the different frequencies can be interconnected using high power rectifiers
at each end and the dc link in between them . The dc link do not carry do not carry wattles power or reactive
power from one system to another.
20. SUPERVISORY CONTROL
It is defined as control of electrical apparatus from the place other than apparatus installed.
It enables the remote control of apparatus, indicates the position –ON/OFF, enables to transmit metering at
various distant substations to be controlled.
It may use the pilot wires or telephone channels or carrier current or microwave radio for transmitting
information and operating switches.
Operation performed by supervisory control may be opening and closing of C.B and isolators , indication of
C.B operation, transformer tap changing, telemetering indicating metre readings centrally by transferring
information from various substations, showing the position of water intake gates, starting equipments ,
speed and excitation control etc.
Its applications results in advantages in the manual operation and in unattended automatic stations. It helps
in maintaining services, under emergency conditions , by giving the operator a complete picture of entire
system at all the times.
21. LINE COMPENSATION
Long distance EHV(extra high voltage) ac transmission system require the use
of series capacitors and shunt reactors to artificially reduce the series
reactance and shunt susceptance of the lines and act as line compensation.
Their use results in improving the system stability and voltage control ,in
increasing the efficiency of power transmission , facilititating line
energisation and reducing temporary and transient overvoltages.
22. Line compensation Advantages
This is done to control the reactive var flow control.
The advantages of using line compensation methods in the power system are
Power transmission capability is increased
Power factor of the system is improved.
The voltage regulation is minimum.
23. Types of line compensation
There are two types of line compensation
• Series compensation
• Shunt compensation
24. Series compensation
Series capacitors are used to increase the transmission capability and they are
economical for distances less than 300km.
P=(V*V)/(Xl-Xc) where P means power transmitted, Xl is the inductive
reactance and Xc is the capacitive reactance.
Hence as Xc increases implies P increases.
To achieve surge impedance loading switching of the capacitive banks is
done.
25. Shunt compensation
To compensate a shunt capacitor is connected which draws current leading the source voltage.
The net results in improvement of power factor.
Shunt inductors are used when there is a requirement of supply of leading vars in the power
system.
It improves the damping to power oscillations.
26. Series & Shunt Compensation Schemes
for ac Transmission Systems
There can be a number of arrangements of connecting capacitors and reactors
in the system for compensation.
The assumptions made are :
1) The capacitor banks and reactors are not more than two per line section,
2) the capacitors are located at line section ends or at the midpoints and the
reactors are located at section ends.
27.
28. Comparative Examination of Compensation
Effectiveness of the symmetrical schemes
Evaluation of compensation effectiveness can be made in two ways:-
1) For assigned total Mvars of series capacitors and shunt reactors ,determine
the transmission capabilities at the stability limit of the systems differing only
by compensation schemes;
2) For an assigned transmission capacity, determine the required Mvars of the
series and shunt compensation for various schemes.
29. Modern practice:
3.1 STATCOM
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is a part of the Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
systems (FACTS) device family. They are fast acting, precise, and adjustable amount of reactive power
to the ac power system to which they are connected.
STATCOMs can be used for Voltage regulation at the receiver end of ac transmission lines, thus
replacing banks of shunt capacitors. When used for this purpose, STATCOMs offer a number of
advantages over banks of shunt capacitors, such as much tighter control of the voltage compensation
at the receiver end of the ac transmission line and increased line stability during load variations.
STATCOMs are commonly used for dynamic power factor correction (i.e., dynamic reactive power
compensation) in industrial plants operating with large random peaks of reactive power demand and
also maintains the power Quality in premises. STACOMs increase the power factor of the plant,
minimise the voltage fluctuations at the plant input (which prevents damage to the equipment), and
reduce the plant’s operating costs.
30. References
1. M V Deshpande
2. I.J Nagrath and Kothari
3. C.L Wadhwa