This document discusses optimal reactive power compensation in an electric transmission line using STATCOM. It analyzes the reactive power compensation provided by STATCOM in different locations along a 150km long 132kV transmission line in MATLAB simulation. STATCOM is placed at the receiving end, middle point, and at 2/3 distance from the sending end. The simulation results show the relative performance of STATCOM in these different locations for controlling power flows in the transmission line.
This document discusses power control in power systems and summarizes key concepts. It outlines four main constraints: 1) active power constraint, 2) reactive power constraint, 3) voltage magnitude constraint, and 4) load angle constraint. It also describes different reactive power compensation devices and methods for voltage control, including excitation control, tap changing transformers, and the use of capacitors, reactors, and FACTS devices. Load flow analysis is presented as a balanced mechanism between demand and generation under changing load conditions.
LOAD BALANCING AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR MULTIPHASE POWERIAEME Publication
In recent years the area of multi-phase (phase order more than three) machines is popular. A multi-phase source may be derived from transformer connection (3- phase to 4-phase) or by DC link 4-phase inverters. There are problem of unbalance, harmonic distortion and poor power factor operation. This paper proposes the supply side load balancing and power factor correction .The proposed compensation scheme uses the shunt current source compensation whose instantaneous values are determined by the instantaneous symmetrical component theory. An ideal compensator in place of physical realization of the compensator has been proposed in form of a current controlled voltage source inverter. The compensation schemes developed in the paper are tested for their validity on 4-phase (4-wire & 5-wire) circuits through extensive simulations.
Design of a 3-phase FC-TCR Static Var Compensator for Power factor correction...Hardik Parikh, E.I.T.
This document describes a project to design a three-phase individual controlled fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) static VAR compensator (SVC) to perform power factor correction and prevent negative sequence current. It includes an abstract discussing the issues with negative sequence current, an introduction to the FC-TCR SVC design, the design procedure and algorithm, results showing the SVC reduces negative sequence current both with and without power factor correction, the source code implementing the design, and a conclusion stating the SVC approach is effective and unique.
Control of Active And reactive power flow in transmission line and power Osci...AM Publications
the continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded
leading to voltage instability. This paper describe the active approach to series line compensation, in which static
voltage sourced converter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator is called as Static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It injects the compensating voltage in phase quadrature with line current, it
can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power flow in the line. With DC power supply it
can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. In addition, the series
reactive compensation can greatly increase the power oscillation damping.
Simulations have been done in MATLAB SIMULINK. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine
power system. From the result we can investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as
well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode.
This document provides an overview of reactive power compensation methods. It discusses the need for reactive power compensation to improve AC system performance by regulating power factor and voltage stability. The main methods covered are shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation using capacitive and inductive elements, static VAR compensators (SVCs) using thyristor-controlled reactors, static compensators (STATCOMs) using voltage source converters, and synchronous condensers.
Reactive power compensation using statcomAmit Meena
This document describes a study on reactive power compensation using STATCOM conducted by students under the guidance of Dr. Supriyo Das. It provides background on reactive power and the need for reactive power compensation. It then describes Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) and includes the simulation diagram and output of a voltage source converter used in STATCOM. The conclusion discusses designing a VSC using PWM to inject compensated reactive power into the main power line and future work on improving the design.
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
This document discusses power control in power systems and summarizes key concepts. It outlines four main constraints: 1) active power constraint, 2) reactive power constraint, 3) voltage magnitude constraint, and 4) load angle constraint. It also describes different reactive power compensation devices and methods for voltage control, including excitation control, tap changing transformers, and the use of capacitors, reactors, and FACTS devices. Load flow analysis is presented as a balanced mechanism between demand and generation under changing load conditions.
LOAD BALANCING AND POWER FACTOR CORRECTION FOR MULTIPHASE POWERIAEME Publication
In recent years the area of multi-phase (phase order more than three) machines is popular. A multi-phase source may be derived from transformer connection (3- phase to 4-phase) or by DC link 4-phase inverters. There are problem of unbalance, harmonic distortion and poor power factor operation. This paper proposes the supply side load balancing and power factor correction .The proposed compensation scheme uses the shunt current source compensation whose instantaneous values are determined by the instantaneous symmetrical component theory. An ideal compensator in place of physical realization of the compensator has been proposed in form of a current controlled voltage source inverter. The compensation schemes developed in the paper are tested for their validity on 4-phase (4-wire & 5-wire) circuits through extensive simulations.
Design of a 3-phase FC-TCR Static Var Compensator for Power factor correction...Hardik Parikh, E.I.T.
This document describes a project to design a three-phase individual controlled fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) static VAR compensator (SVC) to perform power factor correction and prevent negative sequence current. It includes an abstract discussing the issues with negative sequence current, an introduction to the FC-TCR SVC design, the design procedure and algorithm, results showing the SVC reduces negative sequence current both with and without power factor correction, the source code implementing the design, and a conclusion stating the SVC approach is effective and unique.
Control of Active And reactive power flow in transmission line and power Osci...AM Publications
the continuous demand in electric power system network has caused the system to be heavily loaded
leading to voltage instability. This paper describe the active approach to series line compensation, in which static
voltage sourced converter, is used to provide controllable series compensation. This compensator is called as Static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC). It injects the compensating voltage in phase quadrature with line current, it
can emulate as inductive or capacitive reactance so as to influence the power flow in the line. With DC power supply it
can also compensate the voltage drop across the resistive component of the line impedance. In addition, the series
reactive compensation can greatly increase the power oscillation damping.
Simulations have been done in MATLAB SIMULINK. Simulation results obtained for selected bus-2 in two machine
power system. From the result we can investigate the effect of this device in controlling active and reactive power as
well as damping power system oscillations in transient mode.
This document provides an overview of reactive power compensation methods. It discusses the need for reactive power compensation to improve AC system performance by regulating power factor and voltage stability. The main methods covered are shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation using capacitive and inductive elements, static VAR compensators (SVCs) using thyristor-controlled reactors, static compensators (STATCOMs) using voltage source converters, and synchronous condensers.
Reactive power compensation using statcomAmit Meena
This document describes a study on reactive power compensation using STATCOM conducted by students under the guidance of Dr. Supriyo Das. It provides background on reactive power and the need for reactive power compensation. It then describes Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) and includes the simulation diagram and output of a voltage source converter used in STATCOM. The conclusion discusses designing a VSC using PWM to inject compensated reactive power into the main power line and future work on improving the design.
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
This document summarizes reactive power management in India. It begins by defining the different types of power: active power, which does actual work; reactive power, which doesn't do work but is needed to support voltage; and apparent power, which is the combination of active and reactive power. It then discusses the necessity of reactive power to support voltage and enable the transmission of active power. The document outlines issues India faced with an electricity blackout in 2012 due to underestimating the importance of reactive power. It describes various methods to compensate for reactive power, such as shunt compensation, series compensation, and FACTS devices. It concludes by discussing India's growing need to strengthen its transmission network through improved reactive power management to meet increasing power
1) Reactive power (Q) in an AC system represents power that is transferred back and forth between the source and load, rather than producing work.
2) Adding capacitors near an inductive load can compensate for the load's reactive power (QL) by providing an opposing reactive power (QC) , reducing voltage drops and power losses on the transmission line.
3) Increasing the level of compensation (QC) improves the system's power factor and increases its capacity to serve additional real power loads (ΔSC).
The document discusses using a Static Var Compensator (SVC) to increase voltage stability and power limits on a transmission network in Venezuela. It analyzes placing a SVC at the "Malena" bus to:
1) Increase power flow through overhead transmission lines after a three-phase fault at the "Guri" bus, allowing over 48% more power while maintaining voltages between 0.8-1.2 p.u.
2) Maintain voltage levels during transient states like faults and load increases to prevent voltage collapse.
3) The SVC consists of a Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) and fixed capacitors that can generate or absorb reactive power quickly to control voltage
Reactive power management and voltage control by using statcomHussain Ali
This document summarizes the use of STATCOM devices for reactive power management and voltage control in transmission lines. It defines reactive power and explains the need for reactive power compensation. It then defines FACTS devices and specifically STATCOMs, describing their basic structure and principle of operation for generating and absorbing reactive power. The document discusses how STATCOMs can provide benefits like reactive power control, voltage regulation, and increased transmission capacity. It provides an example of a 500 MVAR STATCOM installed between Qatar and Bahrain for reactive power compensation and concludes that STATCOMs allow tighter voltage control and improved reliability compared to traditional capacitor banks.
Review of facts devices and reactive power compensationBABYHONEY1
This document provides an overview of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and reactive power compensation in smart grids. It discusses various FACTS devices like static VAR compensators (SVCs), thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSCs), and static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). It also covers the need for reactive power compensation to control voltage and power flow, and the benefits it provides like reduced losses, improved voltage regulation and system reliability. In conclusion, FACTS devices and reactive power compensation are important technologies for grid stability and power transfer that will continue growing in importance.
1. The document discusses a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), a type of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that controls electric power flow by injecting a controlled voltage in series with a transmission line.
2. The SSSC can provide either capacitive or inductive compensation, depending on whether the injected voltage lags or leads the line current.
3. Digital simulations show that the SSSC can increase or decrease the dynamic power flow in the transmission line depending on the mode of compensation.
This document is a study report on reactive power compensation using STATCOM. It includes an introduction to reactive power and compensation techniques like shunt and series compensation. It discusses FACTS devices used for compensation with a focus on STATCOM. The report studies load flow analysis, phase angle control of STATCOM, and includes acknowledgments and an abstract analyzing the effects of implementing STATCOM on a six bus system.
This document compares the effectiveness of STATCOM, SSSC, and UPFC FACTS devices in improving power system stability. It presents a single machine infinite bus system model with each device and analyzes the response to a 3-phase fault. All FACTS devices reduce oscillations and stabilize the system after the fault, while the uncompensated system becomes unstable. STATCOM and SSSC effectively suppress oscillations and stabilize the rotor angle, velocity, and generator output power. UPFC combines features of STATCOM and SSSC to regulate real and reactive power flow and make the system stable.
Reactive Power : Problems and SolutionsAbhinav Dubey
Reactive power supplies stored energy in reactive elements and must be supplied to magnetic equipment like motors and transformers. Problems with reactive power include excess heat from reactive current, inaccurate utility billing that doesn't account for reactive power, and potential equipment issues if not properly handled. Solutions include fixed capacitors/inductors to produce or limit reactive power, static VAR compensators to provide reactive power on transmission networks using automated impedance matching, and static compensators using synchronous voltage sources to generate or absorb reactive power.
This document discusses voltage and reactive power control methods in power systems. It covers the need for reactive power to maintain voltage levels and deliver active power through transmission lines. Various reactive power compensation devices are described such as series and shunt capacitors/reactors, synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators, and static synchronous compensators. Common voltage and reactive power control methods include excitation control at generating stations, using tap changing transformers, and switching shunt reactors/capacitors depending on load levels.
Importance of reactive power in determining the cost of power system in futur...Shubham Sachan
This document discusses the importance of reactive power in power systems. Reactive power is necessary to control voltage and supports the voltage that must be maintained for system reliability. It is also needed to avoid circulation between the load and source. The cost of reactive power includes transmission losses and capacity requirements. Proper reactive power management can improve system efficiency and voltage stability while lowering costs.
This document discusses reactive power compensation in power systems. It defines reactive power as power that is temporarily stored and returned to the source due to inductive loads. Reactive power compensation is needed to improve power factor, reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and stability. The main compensation techniques discussed are synchronous condensers, shunt compensation using capacitors connected in parallel, and series compensation using capacitors connected in series to reduce line inductive reactance. The document provides examples of transmission lines with shunt and series compensation and concludes that reactive power compensation is important for improving AC system performance.
This document summarizes a seminar on reactive power compensation. It discusses the different types of power, including active power, reactive power, and apparent power. It explains that reactive power is needed by magnetic equipment like transformers and motors to produce magnetizing flux. The document outlines the need for reactive power compensation to improve power factor, reduce losses, increase capacity, and improve voltage regulation. It then describes different compensation techniques like shunt compensation using capacitors at the load, substation, or transmission level. The document also discusses synchronous condensers and power electronics devices like thyristor controlled reactors, static VAR compensators, and thyristor controlled series compensators for reactive power compensation.
This document describes a project to improve power factor using static variable compensation. It contains 5 chapters that discuss: 1) an introduction to power factor and the objectives of the project, 2) a literature review and theoretical background, 3) the main components of the project including a zero crossing detector and triac, 4) the methodology including closed and open loop control approaches, and 5) results and conclusions from testing the project. The project aims to minimize the effects of reactive power flow on transmission lines by using a thyristor switched capacitor to generate reactive power and control the power factor, providing advantages over traditional capacitor banks and synchronous condensers.
power factor correction using smart relayHatem Seoudy
This document summarizes active, reactive, and apparent power. It defines these three types of power and provides equations to calculate them for different load types, including resistive, reactive, and resistive/reactive loads. It explains power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power and discusses causes of low power factor. Typical power factor values are provided for different load types. Improving power factor provides benefits like reduced electricity bills and equipment costs.
In electrical engineering, a synchronous condenser (sometimes synchronous capacitor or synchronous compensator) is a device identical to a synchronous motor, whose shaft is not connected to anything but spins freely.
This document discusses various methods of reactive power compensation including shunt compensation using shunt reactors and capacitors, series compensation using series reactors and capacitors, static VAR compensators (SVCs) which use thyristor-controlled reactors and capacitor banks to regulate voltage, and synchronous condensers which are synchronous machines that can generate or absorb reactive power by varying excitation current to control reactive power flow. The purpose of reactive power compensation is to improve power factor, regulate voltage, eliminate current harmonics, and increase transmission capacity.
This document discusses static shunt compensation on transmission lines. Shunt compensation can increase steady-state transmittable power and control voltage profiles by using shunt reactors to minimize overvoltage under light loads and shunt capacitors to maintain voltage levels under heavy loads. Midpoint shunt compensation regulates voltage along line segments by exchanging only reactive power at the midpoint, significantly increasing transmittable power as the midpoint has the maximum voltage sag. End of line shunt compensation also provides voltage support to prevent instability.
The document discusses different types of grounding or earthing systems for electrical equipment and power systems. It defines equipment grounding as connecting the non-current carrying metal parts of electrical devices to earth for safety. System grounding involves earthing parts of the electrical distribution system, such as the neutral point of a star-connected system. Neutral grounding, a type of system grounding, protects equipment and personnel by connecting the neutral point to earth and allowing fault currents to trip circuit breakers. Common methods of neutral grounding include solid grounding, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
This document summarizes reactive power management in India. It begins by defining the different types of power: active power, which does actual work; reactive power, which doesn't do work but is needed to support voltage; and apparent power, which is the combination of active and reactive power. It then discusses the necessity of reactive power to support voltage and enable the transmission of active power. The document outlines issues India faced with an electricity blackout in 2012 due to underestimating the importance of reactive power. It describes various methods to compensate for reactive power, such as shunt compensation, series compensation, and FACTS devices. It concludes by discussing India's growing need to strengthen its transmission network through improved reactive power management to meet increasing power
1) Reactive power (Q) in an AC system represents power that is transferred back and forth between the source and load, rather than producing work.
2) Adding capacitors near an inductive load can compensate for the load's reactive power (QL) by providing an opposing reactive power (QC) , reducing voltage drops and power losses on the transmission line.
3) Increasing the level of compensation (QC) improves the system's power factor and increases its capacity to serve additional real power loads (ΔSC).
The document discusses using a Static Var Compensator (SVC) to increase voltage stability and power limits on a transmission network in Venezuela. It analyzes placing a SVC at the "Malena" bus to:
1) Increase power flow through overhead transmission lines after a three-phase fault at the "Guri" bus, allowing over 48% more power while maintaining voltages between 0.8-1.2 p.u.
2) Maintain voltage levels during transient states like faults and load increases to prevent voltage collapse.
3) The SVC consists of a Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) and fixed capacitors that can generate or absorb reactive power quickly to control voltage
Reactive power management and voltage control by using statcomHussain Ali
This document summarizes the use of STATCOM devices for reactive power management and voltage control in transmission lines. It defines reactive power and explains the need for reactive power compensation. It then defines FACTS devices and specifically STATCOMs, describing their basic structure and principle of operation for generating and absorbing reactive power. The document discusses how STATCOMs can provide benefits like reactive power control, voltage regulation, and increased transmission capacity. It provides an example of a 500 MVAR STATCOM installed between Qatar and Bahrain for reactive power compensation and concludes that STATCOMs allow tighter voltage control and improved reliability compared to traditional capacitor banks.
Review of facts devices and reactive power compensationBABYHONEY1
This document provides an overview of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and reactive power compensation in smart grids. It discusses various FACTS devices like static VAR compensators (SVCs), thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSCs), and static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs). It also covers the need for reactive power compensation to control voltage and power flow, and the benefits it provides like reduced losses, improved voltage regulation and system reliability. In conclusion, FACTS devices and reactive power compensation are important technologies for grid stability and power transfer that will continue growing in importance.
1. The document discusses a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), a type of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that controls electric power flow by injecting a controlled voltage in series with a transmission line.
2. The SSSC can provide either capacitive or inductive compensation, depending on whether the injected voltage lags or leads the line current.
3. Digital simulations show that the SSSC can increase or decrease the dynamic power flow in the transmission line depending on the mode of compensation.
This document is a study report on reactive power compensation using STATCOM. It includes an introduction to reactive power and compensation techniques like shunt and series compensation. It discusses FACTS devices used for compensation with a focus on STATCOM. The report studies load flow analysis, phase angle control of STATCOM, and includes acknowledgments and an abstract analyzing the effects of implementing STATCOM on a six bus system.
This document compares the effectiveness of STATCOM, SSSC, and UPFC FACTS devices in improving power system stability. It presents a single machine infinite bus system model with each device and analyzes the response to a 3-phase fault. All FACTS devices reduce oscillations and stabilize the system after the fault, while the uncompensated system becomes unstable. STATCOM and SSSC effectively suppress oscillations and stabilize the rotor angle, velocity, and generator output power. UPFC combines features of STATCOM and SSSC to regulate real and reactive power flow and make the system stable.
Reactive Power : Problems and SolutionsAbhinav Dubey
Reactive power supplies stored energy in reactive elements and must be supplied to magnetic equipment like motors and transformers. Problems with reactive power include excess heat from reactive current, inaccurate utility billing that doesn't account for reactive power, and potential equipment issues if not properly handled. Solutions include fixed capacitors/inductors to produce or limit reactive power, static VAR compensators to provide reactive power on transmission networks using automated impedance matching, and static compensators using synchronous voltage sources to generate or absorb reactive power.
This document discusses voltage and reactive power control methods in power systems. It covers the need for reactive power to maintain voltage levels and deliver active power through transmission lines. Various reactive power compensation devices are described such as series and shunt capacitors/reactors, synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators, and static synchronous compensators. Common voltage and reactive power control methods include excitation control at generating stations, using tap changing transformers, and switching shunt reactors/capacitors depending on load levels.
Importance of reactive power in determining the cost of power system in futur...Shubham Sachan
This document discusses the importance of reactive power in power systems. Reactive power is necessary to control voltage and supports the voltage that must be maintained for system reliability. It is also needed to avoid circulation between the load and source. The cost of reactive power includes transmission losses and capacity requirements. Proper reactive power management can improve system efficiency and voltage stability while lowering costs.
This document discusses reactive power compensation in power systems. It defines reactive power as power that is temporarily stored and returned to the source due to inductive loads. Reactive power compensation is needed to improve power factor, reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and stability. The main compensation techniques discussed are synchronous condensers, shunt compensation using capacitors connected in parallel, and series compensation using capacitors connected in series to reduce line inductive reactance. The document provides examples of transmission lines with shunt and series compensation and concludes that reactive power compensation is important for improving AC system performance.
This document summarizes a seminar on reactive power compensation. It discusses the different types of power, including active power, reactive power, and apparent power. It explains that reactive power is needed by magnetic equipment like transformers and motors to produce magnetizing flux. The document outlines the need for reactive power compensation to improve power factor, reduce losses, increase capacity, and improve voltage regulation. It then describes different compensation techniques like shunt compensation using capacitors at the load, substation, or transmission level. The document also discusses synchronous condensers and power electronics devices like thyristor controlled reactors, static VAR compensators, and thyristor controlled series compensators for reactive power compensation.
This document describes a project to improve power factor using static variable compensation. It contains 5 chapters that discuss: 1) an introduction to power factor and the objectives of the project, 2) a literature review and theoretical background, 3) the main components of the project including a zero crossing detector and triac, 4) the methodology including closed and open loop control approaches, and 5) results and conclusions from testing the project. The project aims to minimize the effects of reactive power flow on transmission lines by using a thyristor switched capacitor to generate reactive power and control the power factor, providing advantages over traditional capacitor banks and synchronous condensers.
power factor correction using smart relayHatem Seoudy
This document summarizes active, reactive, and apparent power. It defines these three types of power and provides equations to calculate them for different load types, including resistive, reactive, and resistive/reactive loads. It explains power factor as the ratio of active power to apparent power and discusses causes of low power factor. Typical power factor values are provided for different load types. Improving power factor provides benefits like reduced electricity bills and equipment costs.
In electrical engineering, a synchronous condenser (sometimes synchronous capacitor or synchronous compensator) is a device identical to a synchronous motor, whose shaft is not connected to anything but spins freely.
This document discusses various methods of reactive power compensation including shunt compensation using shunt reactors and capacitors, series compensation using series reactors and capacitors, static VAR compensators (SVCs) which use thyristor-controlled reactors and capacitor banks to regulate voltage, and synchronous condensers which are synchronous machines that can generate or absorb reactive power by varying excitation current to control reactive power flow. The purpose of reactive power compensation is to improve power factor, regulate voltage, eliminate current harmonics, and increase transmission capacity.
This document discusses static shunt compensation on transmission lines. Shunt compensation can increase steady-state transmittable power and control voltage profiles by using shunt reactors to minimize overvoltage under light loads and shunt capacitors to maintain voltage levels under heavy loads. Midpoint shunt compensation regulates voltage along line segments by exchanging only reactive power at the midpoint, significantly increasing transmittable power as the midpoint has the maximum voltage sag. End of line shunt compensation also provides voltage support to prevent instability.
The document discusses different types of grounding or earthing systems for electrical equipment and power systems. It defines equipment grounding as connecting the non-current carrying metal parts of electrical devices to earth for safety. System grounding involves earthing parts of the electrical distribution system, such as the neutral point of a star-connected system. Neutral grounding, a type of system grounding, protects equipment and personnel by connecting the neutral point to earth and allowing fault currents to trip circuit breakers. Common methods of neutral grounding include solid grounding, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
The document discusses linear bushings and bearings, including technical specifications, load ratings, factors that affect service life, lubrication methods, installation guides, and standards. It provides examples of how to calculate load capacity and choose the proper bushing for an application. Dimensional tolerances and equations for calculating shaft deflection are also included.
significance of reactive power and its need of compensationShubham Sadatkar
this presentation is about the significance of the reactive power in the power grid, what are the drawbacks of the low level of the reactive power and what is the need of its compensation.
This presentation summarizes the process for manufacturing power transformers at BHEL Jhansi. It discusses the key components of a power transformer including the core, coils, insulation, tap changer, and tank. The manufacturing process is then outlined, including design and drawings, winding manufacturing, core building, coil-core assembly, terminal gear mounting, tanking, and testing. Cooling systems are also briefly discussed. The presentation provides an overview of the end-to-end process for building power transformers at BHEL Jhansi.
This document discusses reactive power compensation in power systems. It defines reactive power as power that is temporarily stored and returned to the source due to inductive loads. Reactive power compensation is needed to improve power factor, reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and stability. The main compensation techniques discussed are synchronous condensers, shunt compensation using capacitors connected in parallel, and series compensation using capacitors connected in series to reduce line inductive reactance. The document provides examples of transmission lines with shunt and series compensation and concludes that reactive power compensation is important for improving AC system performance.
giving details of reactive power compensation in simple way and the study we had and on base of it d capacitor we designed... and some references are also there to get more details of reactive power and its compensation
A surge arrester is a device connected to electrical conductors that protects electrical equipment from overvoltage transients such as lightning. It diverts excess current from surges to ground through changes in its internal composition. Different types of surge arresters are discussed, including rod gap, horn gap, multi-gap, expulsion, valve, silicon carbide, and metal oxide arresters. Each type has advantages and limitations in protecting equipment from damaging surges on electrical systems.
This document summarizes the key components and manufacturing process of a power transformer. It discusses the core materials used, including cold rolled grain oriented silicon steel which has excellent magnetic properties and reduces hysteresis losses. It describes the winding assembly process and different types of windings like spiral, helical, and sandwich windings. It also covers the different insulation materials and methods used, as well as testing procedures to ensure quality.
This document provides information about transformers, including their components, principles of operation, and applications. It discusses how transformers transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction, changing the voltage and current magnitudes but not the frequency. The key components are the core, primary winding, and secondary winding. Transformers operate based on the principle of mutual induction between the windings. They are used in various applications like power transmission and audio/radio frequencies.
Capacitor bank and improvement of power factorAhshan Kabir
In these presentation ,we have discussed about power factor, disadvantages of low power factor and how to improve it. Also, capacitor bank and how to install capacitor bank are discussed.
The document discusses reactive power compensation using a STATCOM. It describes various compensation schemes including shunt capacitors, synchronous condensers, SVCs, and STATCOMs. STATCOMs offer fast response times and can compensate for both lagging and leading reactive power. The document then examines the operating principle, control strategies using variable voltage and phase angle control, simulation circuits, reactive power calculations, voltage and current waveforms, and proposed control strategies for STATCOMs, including decoupling Id and Iq currents to improve system response and stability.
Power Transformer ( Summer Training presentation BHEL )Dheeraj Upadhyay
The document summarizes the manufacturing process and testing of power transformers. Power transformers have ratings above 200 KVA and are used to step up and step down voltages for power transmission. Their manufacturing involves designing, winding production, core building, fitting insulation, assembly, mounting terminal gear, and final testing. Key stages include unlacing the core, coil assembly, relacing the core, and tanking. Transformers undergo routine tests including voltage ratio checks, as well as type tests like temperature rise and noise level evaluations to ensure proper functioning.
This document provides an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as any device connected in series or parallel with a load to supply the reactive power demanded. There are two main types of compensation: shunt compensation using parallel capacitors to improve power factor and boost voltage, and series compensation using series capacitors to boost receiving end voltage and transmission capacity. Fixed compensation uses breaker controlled capacitors for constant loads, while dynamic compensation uses thyristor controlled capacitors for fluctuating loads. Benefits include better efficiency, improved voltage, reduced losses and higher load capability. Capacitors are used as they generate reactive power to supply loads.
This document provides information on various types of cables based on their construction and use. It discusses cable types for electrical, telecom, fiber optic and other applications. It also describes the construction of different cable types like XLPE and covers aspects of cable installation like laying, jointing, testing and maintenance. Common cable accessories used are also explained.
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016: chapter 9.
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller: chapter 11.
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Series & shunt compensation and FACTs Deviceskhemraj298
Series compensation is used to improve the performance of extra high voltage transmission lines by connecting capacitors in series with the line. It allows for increased transmission capacity and improved system stability by reducing the phase angle between sending and receiving end voltages for the same power transfer. Shunt compensation controls the receiving end voltage by connecting shunt capacitors or reactors to meet reactive power demand and prevent voltage drops or rises. Flexible AC transmission systems use high-speed thyristors to switch transmission line components like capacitors and reactors to control parameters like voltages and reactances to optimize power transfer.
The document presents information on earthing systems. It discusses the functions of earthing, which include providing a path for fault currents and protection from electric shock. It describes various methods of earthing, including plate earthing, pipe earthing, and rod earthing. It also discusses different types of earthing systems and applications of earthing in electrical systems. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of proper grounding and earthing in electrical engineering for safety and protection of electrical equipment.
Modern electric drives use traction motors powered by multi-stage converters to provide torque for vehicles like trains and elevators. Traction motors require high starting torque, ability to handle overloads, and withstand voltage fluctuations. Recent trends include multi-stage converters that generate near-sinusoidal voltages using fewer switches at lower frequencies than traditional converters. This improves efficiency and reduces harmonic losses and electromagnetic interference. Modular multi-level converters allow continuous current flow in all switches.
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
Optimal Location of Statcom for Power Flow ControlIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
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Aerospace Engineering.
This paper presents a method to improve transient stability and damping of low frequency oscillations in a multi-machine power system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of FACTS devices. A Simulink model of a three generator power system equipped with a UPFC is developed. Simulation results show that a UPFC controlled using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system controller more effectively improves transient stability and damps power oscillations compared to using SSSC. The neuro-fuzzy controller is trained using a hybrid learning algorithm to tune its parameters online based on generator speed deviation and acceleration as inputs.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of a 3-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controlled unified power flow controller (UPFC) placed at different locations in an IEEE 14 bus system under a line-to-ground fault. The UPFC combines a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to independently control voltage, real and reactive power flow. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that a 3-level SVPWM control strategy effectively compensates for problems related to reactive power and power quality under unbalanced fault conditions.
This document presents a new control scheme for a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. A STATCOM equipped with a battery energy storage system is connected at the point of common coupling between the wind farm and the grid. The STATCOM control scheme uses a hysteresis current control technique to inject compensating current and regulate the grid voltage. Simulation results show the STATCOM can mitigate reactive power demand and harmonics, as well as respond quickly to changes in load to help regulate voltage and current waveforms at the point of connection to the grid.
This document provides a review of the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device. It discusses the basic components and operating principles of the UPFC, which combines the functions of a STATCOM and SSSC to control active and reactive power flow. The UPFC consists of two voltage source converters connected back-to-back via a DC link. One converter injects a voltage in series with the transmission line to control power flow while the other exchanges reactive power with the line to regulate the DC link voltage. Control schemes for both converters are described. The document also presents Simulink models of the UPFC and concludes it is effective for improving power system stability
Efficacy of Facts in Power Oscillation Damping and Renewable IntegrationIOSRJEEE
This document summarizes research on using flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices to improve power oscillation damping and facilitate renewable energy integration. It discusses how power oscillations can lead to instability if not controlled and how FACTS devices like STATCOM and SVC can enhance stability. It presents simulations of the IEEE 14-bus system that demonstrate improved damping from these controllers. Eigenvalue analysis shows STATCOM shifts modes further into the stable region than SVC. Both STATCOM and SVC integration helps renewable sources by mitigating power quality issues to allow more distributed generation on the grid.
This document discusses reactive power compensation techniques using FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices. It provides an overview of reactive power and why compensation is needed to regulate voltages and improve stability. Several FACTS devices for reactive power compensation are described, including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC. The document compares these devices based on their ability to control load flow, voltage, and stability. UPFC is found to be most effective for higher load flow control and voltage regulation, while STATCOM is suitable for smaller distribution systems. Reactive power compensation using FACTS devices can enhance power transfer capability and stability.
Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTs) technology opens up new opportunities for
controlling power flow and enhancing the usable capacity of present, as well as new and upgraded lines. These
FACTs device which enables independent control of active and reactive power besides improving reliability and
quality of the supply. This paper describes the real and reactive power flow control through a short transmission
line and then compensated short transmission line with different FACTs devices are used to selection of FACTs
devices for better reactive power compensation with change in line capacitance/shunt capacitance to observe
power flow. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to determining better reactive power.
TCSC, STATCOM, UPFC and SSSC FACTs controller with different capacitance are tested for controlling
reactive power flow.
Transformer-Less UPFC for Wind Turbine ApplicationsIJMTST Journal
In this paper, an innovative technique with a new concept of transformer-less unified power flow controller
(UPFC) is implemented. The construction of the conventional UPFC that consists of two back-to-back inverters
which results in complexity and bulkiness which involves the transformers which are complication for
isolation & attaining high power rating with required output waveforms. To reduce a above problem to a
certain extent, a innovative transformer-less UPFC based on less complex configuration with two cascade
multilevel inverters (CMIs) has been proposed. Unified power flow controller (UPFC) has been the most
versatile Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device due to its ability to control real and reactive power
80w on transmission lines while controlling the voltage of the bus to which it is connected. UPFC being a
multi-variable power system controller it is necessary to analyze its effect on power system operation. The
new UPFC offers several merits over the traditional technology, such as Transformer-less, Light weight, High
efficiency, Low cost & Fast dynamic response. This paper mainly highlights the modulation and control for
this innovative transformer-less UPFC, involving desired fundamental frequency modulation (FFM) for low
total harmonic distortion (THD), independent active and reactive power control over the transmission line,
dc-link voltage balance control, etc. The unique capabilities of the UPFC in multiple line compensation are
integrated into a generalized power flow controller that is able to maintain prescribed, and independently
controllable, real power & reactive power flow in the line. UPFC simply controls the magnitude and angular
position of the injected voltage in real time so as to maintain or vary the real and reactive power flow in the
line to satisfy load demand & system operating conditions. UPFC can control various power system
parameters, such as bus voltages and line flows. The impact of UPFC control modes and settings on the
power system reliability has not been addressed sufficiently yet. Cascade multilevel inverters has been
proposed to have an overview of producing the light weight STATCOM’s which enhances the power quality at
the output levels.When the multilevel converter is applied to STATCOM, each of the cascaded H-bridge
converters should be equipped with a galvanically isolated and floating dc capacitor without any power
source or circuit. This enables to eliminate a bulky, heavy, and costly line-frequency transformer from the
cascade STATCOM. When no UPFC is installed, interruption of either three-phase line due to a fault reduces
an active power flow to half, because the line impedance becomes double before the interruption. Installing
the UPFC makes it possible to control an amount of active power flowing through the transmission system.
Results has been shown through MATLAB Simulink
This document provides an overview of system stability analysis and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices. It discusses how FACTS devices like STATCOM, SVC, TCSC, and UPFC can improve power system stability, voltage stability, and transient stability through reactive power compensation and active power flow control. Mathematical models of various FACTS devices are also presented to analyze their control capabilities and impact on power flow.
In this paper a grid interconnected system with wind energy source linked with a FACTs based SSFC device ( Static switched filter compensator ) at load for enhancing power quality is considered .Analysis is done for the proposed system by varying Carrier frequency over a wide range and observed system performance at all 3 busses wise Grid bus, Generator Bus and Load Bus. Two regulators are used to organize the FACTS SSFC-device, these are based on a tri-loop dynamic error obsessed inter-coupled input to VSC controller. Investigation is made in MATLAB/SIMULINK Environment for the proposed system ,it is observed that system performance in terms of percentage Total harmonic Distortion is satisfactory along with the Enhanced Power Quality.
Power Flow Control In A Transmission Line Using Unified Power Flow ControllerIJMER
This paper concentrates on FACT device UPFC which is used for powerflow control in the
transmission side. With the growing demand of electricity, it is not possible to erect new lines to face the
situation. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) makes use of the thyristor controlled devices and optimally
utilizes the existing transmission network. One of such device is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) on
which the emphasis is given in this present work. Real, reactive power, and voltage balance of the unified
power-flow control (UPFC) system is analyzed. A novel coordination controller is proposed for the UPFC.
The basic control method is such that the shunt converter controls the transmission line reactive power
flow and the dc-link voltage. The series converter controls the real power flow in the transmission line and
the UPFC bus voltages. Experimental works have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the
UPFC in power flow control in the transmission line. The simulation model was done in
MATLAB/SIMULINK platform.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
Comparison of Shunt Facts Devices for the Improvement of Transient Stability ...IJSRD
This paper presents, the performance of STATCOM placed at midpoint of the two machine power system and compared with the performance of SVC. The comparison of various results found for the different type of faults (single line, double line & three phase fault) occur in long transmission line, and their removal by using shunt FACTS devices is analysed. Computer simulation results under a severe disturbance condition (three phase fault) for different fault clearing times, and different line lengths are analyzed. Both controllers are implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results shows that the STATCOM with conventional PI controller installed with two machine three bus systems provides better damping oscillation characteristics in rotor angle as compared to two machine power system installed with SVC. The transient stability of two machine system installed with STATCOM has been improved considerably and post settling time of the system after facing disturbance is also improved.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a FACTS-based Static Switched Filter Compensator (SSFC) scheme for improving power quality when integrating wind energy into smart grids. The SSFC scheme uses controlled switching between two capacitor banks to provide series and shunt compensation. It is controlled using a tri-loop dynamic error controller and VSC controller to mitigate harmonics, stabilize voltages, improve power factor, and reduce losses. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the SSFC scheme improves voltage regulation, reduces current and voltage harmonics to within IEEE limits, and enhances the power factor at generator, load and grid buses compared to without SSFC.
Introduction System stability analysis represents one of the common.pdfbkbk37
This document discusses system stability analysis in electrical systems and the role of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices in enhancing stability. It provides an overview of different FACTS devices like STATCOM, TCSC, TCPST, SVC, and UPFC. Mathematical models for some key FACTS devices are presented, including the UPFC model using a back-to-back voltage source representation. The controllable power flow regions for TCSC, TCPST and UPFC are compared, showing the UPFC has the largest control region. Transient stability is also discussed, noting some FACTS devices can damp power oscillations and improve transient stability following disturbances.
This document summarizes several FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices that can be installed in power systems to better control power flows. It discusses both shunt and series FACTS controllers, including the Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled Phase Angle Regulator (TCPAR), Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) and others. It provides an overview of how these devices work and their benefits, such as increasing transmission capacity, improving stability, and allowing for more optimal
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Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Electric Transmission Line using STATCOM
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 5, Issue 5 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 39-46
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Electric Transmission
Line using STATCOM
Manish Pal1
, Om Prakash Mahela2
, Mukesh Kumar Gupta3
1
(M.Tech Scholar, Jagannath University, Jaipur, India)
2
(Graduate Student Member IEEE & Junior Engineer-I, RRVPNL, Jaipur, India)
3
(Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, JNIT Jaipur, India)
Abstract : The increased electric power consumption causes transmission lines to be driven close to or even
beyond their transfer capacities resulting in overloaded lines and congestions. FACTS devices provide an
opportunity to resolve congestions by controlling active and reactive power flows as well as voltages. FACTS
devices can be connected to a transmission line in various ways, such as in series, shunt, or a combination of
series and shunt. Shunt FACTS devices are used for controlling transmission voltages, power flow, reducing
reactive losses, and damping of power system oscillations for high power transfer levels. The SVC and
STATCOM are two important shunt FACTS devices. In this paper the optimal location of STATCOM for
reactive power compensation in electric transmission line to control power flows is investigated. The reactive
power compensation of the STATCOM is studied with three different locations in the transmission line. The
STATCOM is located at the receiving end, middle and at 2/3 distance from the sending end of the transmission
line. The MATLAB simulation results show the relative performance.
Keywords – electric transmission line, FACTS devices, reactive power compensation, static synchronous
compensator (STATCOM), shunt FACTS devices.
I. INTRODUCTION
Modern power system is a complex network comprising of numerous generators, transmission lines,
variety of loads and transformers. Electric transmission system is the intermediate stage in the transfer of
electrical energy from the central generating station to the consumers [1]. In highly complex and interconnected
power systems, the power flows in some of the transmission lines are well below their normal limits, other lines
are overloaded, which has an overall effect on deteriorating voltage profiles and decreasing system stability and
security [2]. In present scenario, it becomes more important to control the power flow along the transmission
lines to meet the needs of power transfer. The maximum power transfer of transmission system can be increased
by shunt VAR compensation [3]. VAR compensation is defined as the management of reactive power to
improve the performance of ac power systems. The concept of VAR compensation embraces a wide and diverse
field of both system and customer problems, especially related with power quality issues, since most of power
quality problems can be attenuated or solved with an adequate control of reactive power. Reactive power
compensation in transmission systems also improves the stability of the ac system by increasing the maximum
active power that can be transmitted [4].
FACTS devices are considered one of the best available technology that reduces the transmission
congestion and allows better utilization of the existing grid infrastructure, along with many other benefits [5].
The location of FACTS devices can be based on static or dynamic performance of the system. Salim et al. [6]
described the theory and simulation by MATLAB of FACTS devices used in the distributed power systems.
Shunt FACTS devices are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reducing reactive losses, and
damping of power system oscillations for high power transfer levels. Anulekha et al. [7] investigates the
enhancement in voltage stability margin as well as the improvement in the power transfer capability in a power
system with the incorporation of fixed capacitors, STATCOM and SVC. The results obtained after Matlab
simulation demonstrate the performance of shunt capacitors, SVC and STATCOM when connected to a system
on the verge of unstability. In this paper, an analysis of active and reactive power flow in electric transmission
line when compensated by STATCOM, the shunt FACTS device is carried out. The reactive power
compensation of the STATCOM is studied with three different locations in the transmission line. The
STATCOM is located at the receiving end, middle and at 2/3 distance from the sending end of the transmission
line. The MATLAB simulation results show the relative performance. This paper is organized as follows:
section II describes the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). Section III presents the proposed model
of transmission line for location of STATCOM under study. The simulation results and their discussion are
presented in section IV.
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II. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR
The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) has received much attention in the last two decades. It
uses high current power electronic devices to control the voltage, power flow, stability etc. of a transmission
system [8]. The pressure associated with economical and environmental constraints has forced the power
utilities to meet the future demand by fully utilizing the existing resources of transmission facilities without
building new lines. FACTS devices are very effective and capable of increasing the power transfer capability of
a line, in so far thermal limits permit, while maintaining the same degree of stability [9]. The FACTS devices
can be connected to a transmission line in various ways, such as in series, shunt, or a combination of series and
shunt. The Shunt FACTS devices are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reducing reactive
losses, and damping of power system oscillations for high power transfer levels [10]. Shunt controller is a
variable impedance, variable source, or a combination of these. All shunt controllers inject current into the
system at the point of connection. As long as the injected current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the
shunt controller only supplies or consumes variable reactive power. Any other phase relationship will involve
handling of real power as well [11]. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one such controller.
The STATCOM is based on a solid state synchronous voltage source which generates a balanced set of
three sinusoidal voltages at the fundamental frequency with rapidly controllable amplitude and phase angle [12].
As per IEEE definition STATCOM is defined as “A static synchronous generator operated as a shunt connected
static VAR compensator who’s Capacitive or Inductive output current can be controlled independent of the AC
system voltage”. The STATCOM controls transmission voltage by reactive shunt compensation. It can be based
on a voltage-sourced or current-sourced converter [13]. Fig. 1 shows a one line diagram of STATCOM based on
a voltage sourced converter and a current sourced converter. Normally a voltage source converter is preferred
for most converter based FACTS controllers. STATCOM can be designed to be an active filter to absorb system
harmonics.
Detailed analysis of STATCOM relating to its configuration, control as well as installation has been
done in [14]. A comparison between shunt capacitor, SVC and STATCOM has been done to show their
performance while connected to a Multi-bus system in [15]. STATCOM has been found to provide higher
voltage stability margin as well as higher loading margin compared to other FACTS devices [16]. Devaraju et
al. [17] presented electromagnetic transient studies for the distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM).
Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device to mitigate the power quality
problems. Whei-Min Lin et al. [18] used particle swarm optimization technique for optimal location of FACTS
devices for voltage stability. A new model is proposed to improve existing power-electronics based model by
using the Norton equivalent theorem. The proposed model can be integrated with the equivalent current
injection power flow model. By using ECI algorithm and PSO, the optimal location of STATCOM can be
obtained.
Fig. 1 (a) STATCOM based on voltage-sourced converter and (b) current-sourced converter
III. PROPOSED POWER SYSTEM MODEL
The 150Km long 132 KV transmission line is modeled. The sending end bus is taken as swing bus and
receiving end bus is taken as load bus. The R-L load is connected to receiving end of the transmission line. Fig.
2(a) shows the transmission line without compensation. Fig. 2(b) shows the transmission line compensated by
STATCOM at load end. The STATCOM is connected at the middle point of the transmission line as shown in
Fig. 2(c). Fig. 2(d) shows the transmission line compensated at 2/3 distance from the sending end i.e. at distance
of 100km from the sending end and 50km from the receiving end.
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Fig.2 (a) Transmission Line without compensation (b) Transmission Line compensated by STATCOM at load end (c) Transmission
Line compensated by STATCOM at middle point and (d) Transmission Line compensated by STATCOM at 2/3 distance from
sending end.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The 132 KV transmission line with length of 150km is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
The transmission line without compensation, compensated by STATCOM at load end, compensated by
STATCOM at middle, and compensated by STATCOM at 2/3 distance from sending end is considered in
study. The transmission line parameters used are shown in Table. I [19].
TABLE I
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
S. No. Parameters of Transmission Line Value of Parameters
1 Positive sequence reactance 1.30890E-3 H/Km
2 Zero Sequence Reactance 3.27225E-3 H/Km
3 Positive sequence Resistance 0.15850 Ω/Km
4 Zero Sequence Resistance 0.39625 Ω/Km
5 Positive sequence Resistance 9.13424E-9 F/Km
6 Zero Sequence Resistance 3.27225E-9 F/Km
7 Transmission line length 150 Km
8 Voltage of swing bus 132 KV
9 Surge Impedance Loading 45MW
IV.1 Transmission Line without Compensation
The transmission line without compensation shown in Fig. 2(a) is considered in study. The
transmission line is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment and the corresponding graphs of active and
reactive power flow in the transmission line at sending end and receiving end are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4
respectively.
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Fig. 3 Active and reactive power flow at sending end of transmission line without compensation
Fig. 4 Active and reactive power flow at receiving end of transmission line without compensation
IV.2 Transmission Line Compensated by STATCOM at Load end
The transmission line compensated by STATCOM at receiving end as shown in Fig. 2(b) is considered
in study. The transmission line is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment and the corresponding graphs of
active and reactive power flow in the transmission line at sending end and receiving end are shown in Fig. 5 and
Fig. 6 respectively.
Fig. 5 Active and reactive power flow at sending end of transmission line compensated by STATCOM at load end
5. Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Electric Transmission Line using STATCOM
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Fig. 6 Active and reactive power flow at receiving end of transmission line compensated by STATCOM at load end
IV.3 Transmission Line Compensated by STATCOM at Middle
The transmission line compensated by STATCOM at middle as shown in Fig. 2(c) is considered in
study. The transmission line is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment and the corresponding graphs of
active and reactive power flow in the transmission line at sending end and receiving end are shown in Fig. 7 and
Fig. 8 respectively.
Fig. 7 Active and reactive power flow at sending end of transmission line compensated by STATCOM at middle
Fig. 8 Active and reactive power flow at receiving end of transmission line compensated by STATCOM at middle
6. Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Electric Transmission Line using STATCOM
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IV.4 Transmission Line Compensated by STATCOM at 2/3 distance from sending end
The transmission line compensated by STATCOM at 2/3 distance of line length from sending end as
shown in Fig. 2(d) is considered in study. The transmission line is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment
and the corresponding graphs of active and reactive power flow in the transmission line at sending end and
receiving end are shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 respectively.
Fig. 9 Active and reactive power flow at sending end of transmission line compensated by STATCOM at 2/3 distance from sending
end
Fig. 10 Active and reactive power flow at receiving end of transmission line compensated by STATCOM at 2/3 distance from
sending end
Fig. 3 to Fig. 10 shows that the active power flow through the transmission line increases as well as
transmission line losses decreases with compensation by STATCOM. Fig. 5 to Fig. 10 shows that the reactive
power requirement is fully meet out by the STATCOM when it is located at distance of 2/3 from the sending
end of the transmission line and transmission lines is loaded near surge impedance loading and power flow
through the line is active power. The maximum available capacity of the transmission line is used for active
power transfer from sending end to the receiving end. In this location of the STATCOM, the active power loss
in the transmission line is also minimum.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper investigates the opportunities to install STATCOM and its optimal location in electric
transmission line for optimal reactive power compensation. The active and reactive power flow in the
transmission line studied. The study shows that the transmission capacity of the line increases with
compensation by STATCOM and reactive power flow in the line deceases in the line. The transmission line loss
also decreases with compensation by the STATCOM. The maximum benefits of compensation are obtained
when STATCOM is installed at 2/3 distance from sending end i.e. at distance of 100Km from sending end and
50Km from receiving end of the 150Km long transmission line under study..
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REFERENCES
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BIOGRAPHIES
Manish Pal was born in Barisadri (Chittorgarh) in Rajasthan State of India on February
10, 1988. He studied at Jaipur Engineering College Kukas Jaipur and received the
Electrical Engineering Degree from Rajasthan Technical University Kota, Rajasthan ,India
in 2010. He is currently Pursuing M.Tech (Power System) from Jagannath University
Jaipur, India.
He was Site Engineer in R.M.S.I Pvt ltd. From 2010 to 2011, he has been project
engineer with Tech Martz Engineer (Bajaj Group) Jaipur since 2011. His special fields of
interest are reactive power management in transmission and distribution networks and
FACTS devices.
Om Prakash Mahela was born in Sabalpura (Kuchaman City) in the Rajasthan state of
India, on April 11, 1977. He studied at Govt. College of Engineering and Technology
(CTAE), Udaipur, and received the electrical engineering degree from Maharana Pratap
University of Agriculture and Technology (MPUAT), Udaipur, India in 2002. He is
currently pursuing M.Tech. (Power System) from Jagannath University, Jaipur, India.
From 2002 to 2004, he was Assistant Professor with the RIET, Jaipur. Since
2004, he has been Junior Engineer-I with the Rajasthan Rajya Vidhyut Prasaran Nigam
Ltd., Jaipur, India. His special fields of interest are Transmission and Distribution (T&D) grid operations,
Power Electronics in Power System, Power Quality, Load Forecasting and Integration of Renewable Energy
with Electric Transmission and Distribution Grid, Applications of AI Techniques in power system. He is an
author of 22 International Journals and Conference papers. He is a Graduate Student Member of IEEE. He is
member of IEEE Communications Society. He is Member of IEEE Power & Energy Society. He is Reviewer of
8. Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Electric Transmission Line using STATCOM
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TJPRC International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research. Mr. Mahela is recipient of
University Rank certificate from MPUAT, Udaipur, India, in 2002.
Mukesh Kumar Gupta completed his B.E. Degree in Electronic Instrumentation &
Control Engineering Branch in 1995 and M.E. Degree in Power System in 2009 from
Engineering College Kota (RTU Kota) Rajasthan, India and he is pursuing Ph.D on Solar
Energy from Jagannath University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.